Fibers are considered class evidence that can provide circumstantial evidence linking a victim, suspect, and crime scene. Fibers originate from various sources like clothing, carpeting, and rope. They can be transferred from a victim to a suspect or vice versa and analyzed based on their physical and chemical properties to help determine if a suspect was in contact with a victim or crime scene. Statistics are important for determining the probative value of fiber evidence. Fibers are a common form of trace evidence found at crime scenes.
Fibres and hairs are important evidence that can be collected at crime scenes. Fibres come from clothing, carpeting, and other materials and can be natural like cotton, silk, and wool or man-made like polyester and nylon. Hairs come from humans and animals. Analysis of fibres and hairs examines characteristics like cuticle patterns, medullas, pigmentation, and damage to help determine type, match samples, and provide clues in criminal investigations. While not definitive, fibre and hair evidence combined with other factors can help corroborate relationships between suspects, victims, and crime scenes.
Hairs and fibers are important forms of trace evidence that can provide clues in forensic investigations. Hair has a cuticle, cortex, and sometimes a medulla, and characteristics like these can be used to identify a sample's origin. Fiber analysis examines properties such as the fiber's structure, color, and chemical composition to determine its type (natural or synthetic) and match it to a potential source. Due to their tendency to shed easily, fibers are commonly found as trace evidence and can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim.
This document provides an overview of fiber analysis for forensic science. It discusses the different types of textile fibers including natural fibers from animals and plants, as well as manufactured fibers. The document outlines the characteristics and properties of fibers that are analyzed, such as fiber size, shape, color, crimp, and optical properties when viewed under microscopes. Different fabric constructions are also summarized, including woven, knitted and non-woven fabrics. The document provides context for how fiber analysis is used in criminal investigations and casework.
Forensic Science - 03 Fibres and fabricsIan Anderson
A closer look at how forensic scientists investigate fibres and fabrics as part of a criminal investigation for Year 9 students at Saint Ignatius College Geelong.
This document discusses fibers and hair analysis in forensic science. It provides details on different types of fibers like natural, synthetic and mineral fibers. It also discusses characteristics used in fiber analysis like size, cross section, color, crimp. Methods of fiber analysis like microscopy, diameter measurement, studying delusterants, refractive index measurement, color analysis using spectroscopy are presented. Chemical analysis methods of fibers like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography are also summarized. The document also provides details on structure, types, growth cycle and racial differences in human hair. Methods used in forensic hair analysis like microscopic investigation, neutron activation analysis and DNA analysis from hair follicles are described.
This document provides information on the structure, characteristics, and analysis of human and animal hair. It describes the three main layers of hair - cuticle, cortex, and medulla. The key differences between human and animal hair are discussed, including the width and pigment distribution in the cortex and nature of the medulla. Methods for sampling, examining, and preparing hair samples microscopically are also outlined.
Fibre: types, collection and preservation; Identification and comparison of fibres: Microscopic examination, dye composition, chemical composition, significance of match, floatation, solubility and flame test; Analytical techniques in fibre examination
Fibres and hairs are important evidence that can be collected at crime scenes. Fibres come from clothing, carpeting, and other materials and can be natural like cotton, silk, and wool or man-made like polyester and nylon. Hairs come from humans and animals. Analysis of fibres and hairs examines characteristics like cuticle patterns, medullas, pigmentation, and damage to help determine type, match samples, and provide clues in criminal investigations. While not definitive, fibre and hair evidence combined with other factors can help corroborate relationships between suspects, victims, and crime scenes.
Hairs and fibers are important forms of trace evidence that can provide clues in forensic investigations. Hair has a cuticle, cortex, and sometimes a medulla, and characteristics like these can be used to identify a sample's origin. Fiber analysis examines properties such as the fiber's structure, color, and chemical composition to determine its type (natural or synthetic) and match it to a potential source. Due to their tendency to shed easily, fibers are commonly found as trace evidence and can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim.
This document provides an overview of fiber analysis for forensic science. It discusses the different types of textile fibers including natural fibers from animals and plants, as well as manufactured fibers. The document outlines the characteristics and properties of fibers that are analyzed, such as fiber size, shape, color, crimp, and optical properties when viewed under microscopes. Different fabric constructions are also summarized, including woven, knitted and non-woven fabrics. The document provides context for how fiber analysis is used in criminal investigations and casework.
Forensic Science - 03 Fibres and fabricsIan Anderson
A closer look at how forensic scientists investigate fibres and fabrics as part of a criminal investigation for Year 9 students at Saint Ignatius College Geelong.
This document discusses fibers and hair analysis in forensic science. It provides details on different types of fibers like natural, synthetic and mineral fibers. It also discusses characteristics used in fiber analysis like size, cross section, color, crimp. Methods of fiber analysis like microscopy, diameter measurement, studying delusterants, refractive index measurement, color analysis using spectroscopy are presented. Chemical analysis methods of fibers like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography are also summarized. The document also provides details on structure, types, growth cycle and racial differences in human hair. Methods used in forensic hair analysis like microscopic investigation, neutron activation analysis and DNA analysis from hair follicles are described.
This document provides information on the structure, characteristics, and analysis of human and animal hair. It describes the three main layers of hair - cuticle, cortex, and medulla. The key differences between human and animal hair are discussed, including the width and pigment distribution in the cortex and nature of the medulla. Methods for sampling, examining, and preparing hair samples microscopically are also outlined.
Fibre: types, collection and preservation; Identification and comparison of fibres: Microscopic examination, dye composition, chemical composition, significance of match, floatation, solubility and flame test; Analytical techniques in fibre examination
This document discusses ear prints and their use in criminal identification and solving crimes. It provides details on ear anatomy and development. Ear prints are 2D impressions of the outer ear that can be left on surfaces. The first successful ear print identification of a criminal was in 1965 in Switzerland. The document then describes a 1983 murder case in Brno, Czech Republic where the murderer was identified through an ear print left on the victim's front door. Jan Holub was convicted based on a match between the ear print from the crime scene and his ear print. His conviction was upheld, and he was executed in 1986.
Gun shot residue (GSR) comprises gases and particles that are ejected from a firearm when it is discharged. GSR can be found on the hands of the shooter, clothing of victims, and other surfaces near the firearm. It is composed of inorganic particles like lead, antimony, and barium as well as organic compounds from the propellant. GSR is collected using wet or dry methods and analyzed using chemical tests that detect specific elements or compounds, or instrumental methods like scanning electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis, and x-ray fluorescence which can identify elemental components. Analyzing GSR is forensically relevant for determining the firing range, reconstructing crime scenes, identifying the firearm and cartridge used, and linking suspects
Hair can provide class evidence but not individual identification unless follicle cells are attached for DNA analysis. Hair is tough and can be left at crime scenes, adhering to clothes and surfaces. Chemical analysis of hair can provide information about drug use, toxins, and nutrition. Forensic analysis of hair as trace evidence began in the 1800s and comparison microscopy was first used in 1934.
Compound Microscope and Its Forensic Applications Parth Chuahan
The document discusses the compound microscope and its forensic applications. It provides a brief history of the compound microscope, describing its key inventors like Galileo Galilei and Zacharias Janssen. It then explains the working principle and main parts of a compound microscope, including the mechanical support system, optical system, illumination system, and adjustment system. The document outlines specimen slide preparation techniques and standard operating procedures. It notes some limitations and drawbacks of the compound microscope. Finally, it discusses various forensic applications, including examination of blood and other biological samples, as well as examination of banknotes and security documents.
This document discusses paint as forensic evidence. It describes the typical components of paint, including binders, pigments, and solvents. It outlines different types of paints like household and automotive paints. The document then discusses various forensic analysis techniques that can be used to analyze paint evidence like microscopy, spectroscopy, micro-chemical tests, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. It provides an example case study of how paint evidence was used to identify a vehicle involved in a hit and run accident. In conclusion, paint is described as trace evidence that contains information about its components that can be examined using various technical approaches.
This document provides an overview of fingerprint development and composition. It discusses the different types of fingerprints, including latent prints invisible to the eye, visible prints made with colored substances, and plastic prints made in soft materials. It also outlines the major components of sweat, including water, inorganic ions, proteins, lipids, and amino acids. Fingerprint residue is described as a complex three-dimensional matrix made up of these compounds that can change over time. The document provides background information on fingerprint science concepts for a forensic dermatoglyphics course.
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
1. The document discusses techniques for restoring obliterated marks on items like vehicles and firearms for identification purposes. 2. It describes different types of marks like cast, engraved, and punched marks and principles of restoration using chemical reagents that dissolve strained metal at different rates. 3. The techniques discussed involve cleaning surfaces, taking photographs, applying etchants like acids selectively to restore serial numbers, and preserving restored marks.
This document discusses the analysis of soil samples for forensic purposes. It defines soil and describes the various types of soil including sand, clay, silt, peat, chalk, and loam. It outlines methods for analyzing soil samples, such as simple observations under a microscope, ignition testing to determine organic content, measuring pH, and determining particle size and density distributions. The document explains the importance of soil analysis for forensic investigations, noting that soil is common evidence found at crime scenes that can help identify the source or make comparisons between samples.
Soham Bhattacharya's document discusses hair evidence in forensic investigations. It provides background on the history of using hair analysis dating back to the late 1800s. Hair is considered class evidence that cannot identify a specific individual unless the follicle is present for DNA analysis. Hair can persist for long periods on surfaces and clothes due to its tough outer coating and resist decomposition. The recovery of hair evidence can occur at the crime scene or in laboratories.
A digital imaging instrument manufactured by Foster + Freeman that employs combinations of light sources and filters to examine document evidence under various wavelengths of radiation ranging from ultraviolet to the infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
VSC is a preferred tool as it supports non destructive examination of documents. VSC uses multiple parameters like IR, UV, and White light providing accurate results.
This document discusses latent fingerprint development and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It begins with definitions of fingerprints and latent prints. It then discusses the chemical composition of latent print residue and why fingerprints are important evidence. The document outlines where latent prints can be found and the contents of a fingerprint field kit. It describes both physical methods like powdering and chemical methods like silver nitrate and ninhydrin staining to develop latent prints and make them visible for analysis.
The document discusses the identification and analysis of bodily fluids in forensic investigations. It explains that serology, the analysis of bodily fluids, precedes DNA analysis and involves visual examination of stains as well as presumptive and confirmatory tests to identify fluids like blood, semen, and saliva. A variety of chemical tests are used to detect enzymes or proteins in different bodily fluids that can identify the fluid and potentially link it to a individual.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
The document discusses hair examination to answer key questions:
1) Is the material hair or fiber?
2) Is the hair human or animal? Differences include cortex/medulla thickness.
3) For human hair - can it be identified to an individual? Macro/microscopic analysis examines features, attached materials like blood/semen, and DNA fingerprinting is most accurate.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
This presentation discusses various aspects of wildlife crime management and conservation, some aspects related to genetics and new discoveries and techniques are also added.
age of document , document, paper, writing matter, typescript, printed matter, signature and handwriting, typewriter and various types of type writing devices
Fibres are classified into two main groups:
1) Natural fibres from plant and animal sources like cotton, jute, silk, and wool.
2) Man-made fibres produced from chemical substances like rayon, polyester, nylon, and acrylic.
Fibres are also classified based on their length as either staple (short) fibres or filament (long) fibres. Fibres are spun into yarns which are made up of twisted fibres. Yarns are then interlaced in various weaves and knitting techniques to form fabrics for clothing and other uses.
The document discusses fibers as an important form of trace evidence that can be found at crime scenes and used to link suspects, victims, and locations. It provides background on different types of fibers, both natural and synthetic, and how they can be characterized and identified through various tests. Fiber evidence has probative value in court cases and has been crucial in solving crimes when fibers match between suspects and victims or crime scenes.
This document discusses ear prints and their use in criminal identification and solving crimes. It provides details on ear anatomy and development. Ear prints are 2D impressions of the outer ear that can be left on surfaces. The first successful ear print identification of a criminal was in 1965 in Switzerland. The document then describes a 1983 murder case in Brno, Czech Republic where the murderer was identified through an ear print left on the victim's front door. Jan Holub was convicted based on a match between the ear print from the crime scene and his ear print. His conviction was upheld, and he was executed in 1986.
Gun shot residue (GSR) comprises gases and particles that are ejected from a firearm when it is discharged. GSR can be found on the hands of the shooter, clothing of victims, and other surfaces near the firearm. It is composed of inorganic particles like lead, antimony, and barium as well as organic compounds from the propellant. GSR is collected using wet or dry methods and analyzed using chemical tests that detect specific elements or compounds, or instrumental methods like scanning electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis, and x-ray fluorescence which can identify elemental components. Analyzing GSR is forensically relevant for determining the firing range, reconstructing crime scenes, identifying the firearm and cartridge used, and linking suspects
Hair can provide class evidence but not individual identification unless follicle cells are attached for DNA analysis. Hair is tough and can be left at crime scenes, adhering to clothes and surfaces. Chemical analysis of hair can provide information about drug use, toxins, and nutrition. Forensic analysis of hair as trace evidence began in the 1800s and comparison microscopy was first used in 1934.
Compound Microscope and Its Forensic Applications Parth Chuahan
The document discusses the compound microscope and its forensic applications. It provides a brief history of the compound microscope, describing its key inventors like Galileo Galilei and Zacharias Janssen. It then explains the working principle and main parts of a compound microscope, including the mechanical support system, optical system, illumination system, and adjustment system. The document outlines specimen slide preparation techniques and standard operating procedures. It notes some limitations and drawbacks of the compound microscope. Finally, it discusses various forensic applications, including examination of blood and other biological samples, as well as examination of banknotes and security documents.
This document discusses paint as forensic evidence. It describes the typical components of paint, including binders, pigments, and solvents. It outlines different types of paints like household and automotive paints. The document then discusses various forensic analysis techniques that can be used to analyze paint evidence like microscopy, spectroscopy, micro-chemical tests, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. It provides an example case study of how paint evidence was used to identify a vehicle involved in a hit and run accident. In conclusion, paint is described as trace evidence that contains information about its components that can be examined using various technical approaches.
This document provides an overview of fingerprint development and composition. It discusses the different types of fingerprints, including latent prints invisible to the eye, visible prints made with colored substances, and plastic prints made in soft materials. It also outlines the major components of sweat, including water, inorganic ions, proteins, lipids, and amino acids. Fingerprint residue is described as a complex three-dimensional matrix made up of these compounds that can change over time. The document provides background information on fingerprint science concepts for a forensic dermatoglyphics course.
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
1. The document discusses techniques for restoring obliterated marks on items like vehicles and firearms for identification purposes. 2. It describes different types of marks like cast, engraved, and punched marks and principles of restoration using chemical reagents that dissolve strained metal at different rates. 3. The techniques discussed involve cleaning surfaces, taking photographs, applying etchants like acids selectively to restore serial numbers, and preserving restored marks.
This document discusses the analysis of soil samples for forensic purposes. It defines soil and describes the various types of soil including sand, clay, silt, peat, chalk, and loam. It outlines methods for analyzing soil samples, such as simple observations under a microscope, ignition testing to determine organic content, measuring pH, and determining particle size and density distributions. The document explains the importance of soil analysis for forensic investigations, noting that soil is common evidence found at crime scenes that can help identify the source or make comparisons between samples.
Soham Bhattacharya's document discusses hair evidence in forensic investigations. It provides background on the history of using hair analysis dating back to the late 1800s. Hair is considered class evidence that cannot identify a specific individual unless the follicle is present for DNA analysis. Hair can persist for long periods on surfaces and clothes due to its tough outer coating and resist decomposition. The recovery of hair evidence can occur at the crime scene or in laboratories.
A digital imaging instrument manufactured by Foster + Freeman that employs combinations of light sources and filters to examine document evidence under various wavelengths of radiation ranging from ultraviolet to the infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
VSC is a preferred tool as it supports non destructive examination of documents. VSC uses multiple parameters like IR, UV, and White light providing accurate results.
This document discusses latent fingerprint development and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It begins with definitions of fingerprints and latent prints. It then discusses the chemical composition of latent print residue and why fingerprints are important evidence. The document outlines where latent prints can be found and the contents of a fingerprint field kit. It describes both physical methods like powdering and chemical methods like silver nitrate and ninhydrin staining to develop latent prints and make them visible for analysis.
The document discusses the identification and analysis of bodily fluids in forensic investigations. It explains that serology, the analysis of bodily fluids, precedes DNA analysis and involves visual examination of stains as well as presumptive and confirmatory tests to identify fluids like blood, semen, and saliva. A variety of chemical tests are used to detect enzymes or proteins in different bodily fluids that can identify the fluid and potentially link it to a individual.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
The document discusses hair examination to answer key questions:
1) Is the material hair or fiber?
2) Is the hair human or animal? Differences include cortex/medulla thickness.
3) For human hair - can it be identified to an individual? Macro/microscopic analysis examines features, attached materials like blood/semen, and DNA fingerprinting is most accurate.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
This presentation discusses various aspects of wildlife crime management and conservation, some aspects related to genetics and new discoveries and techniques are also added.
age of document , document, paper, writing matter, typescript, printed matter, signature and handwriting, typewriter and various types of type writing devices
Fibres are classified into two main groups:
1) Natural fibres from plant and animal sources like cotton, jute, silk, and wool.
2) Man-made fibres produced from chemical substances like rayon, polyester, nylon, and acrylic.
Fibres are also classified based on their length as either staple (short) fibres or filament (long) fibres. Fibres are spun into yarns which are made up of twisted fibres. Yarns are then interlaced in various weaves and knitting techniques to form fabrics for clothing and other uses.
The document discusses fibers as an important form of trace evidence that can be found at crime scenes and used to link suspects, victims, and locations. It provides background on different types of fibers, both natural and synthetic, and how they can be characterized and identified through various tests. Fiber evidence has probative value in court cases and has been crucial in solving crimes when fibers match between suspects and victims or crime scenes.
Classification of fibers and their matching properties.pptxShahrukhKhan373491
This document provides an overview of fiber classification and properties relevant to forensic science analysis. It discusses the main types of natural, artificial, and synthetic fibers as well as their distinguishing microscopic, chemical, and physical characteristics. These properties, such as color, diameter, composition, and melting point, can be analyzed and compared between questioned and known fiber samples to potentially identify matches in criminal investigations.
The document discusses fibers as class evidence that are commonly found at crime scenes and can be characterized and identified through microscopic observation, burning tests, density tests, and other chemical and physical analysis. Various types of fibers are described including natural, synthetic, and mineral fibers as well as different fabric weaves. Fibers are useful forensic evidence that can be used to connect a suspect to a victim or crime scene.
Fibers are the smallest unit of textile material with a length much greater than its diameter. There are natural fibers from plants like cotton and silk, synthetic fibers made by humans like nylon and polyester, and mineral fibers from materials like asbestos and fiberglass. Fibers can be identified through tests like burning, solubility, and chromatography. Fiber evidence must be carefully collected and packaged separately at crime scenes to avoid cross-contamination. A solved case from 1992 involved fiber evidence matching fibers found on victims to those in a suspect's apartment.
The document discusses wool fiber crimp properties and testing equipment. It defines crimp as the natural wave formation in wool fibers caused by differences in expansion of orthocortex and paracortex cells when absorbing moisture. Finer fibers have more distinct crimp arrangements leading to higher crimp. Testing devices like OFDA 100 and Vibrochrom 400 can measure fiber properties including diameter, crimp frequency and amplitude, and color. The crimp gives wool qualities like softness, bulk, and insulation by trapping air between fibers.
The document discusses fibers and their use as evidence in forensic investigations. It describes how fibers can be transferred from a suspect to a victim or crime scene, or vice versa, providing a link between the two. Fibers can be identified through microscopic analysis, burning tests, solubility tests, and other chemical analyses. Their identification and comparison to other samples can connect a suspect to a victim or crime scene in court.
This document discusses fibers as trace evidence in forensic science. It covers Locard's Principle of exchange, and describes different types of fibers including natural plant, animal, and mineral fibers as well as man-made cellulose and petroleum plastic fibers. Specific fiber types are given like cotton, wool, silk, asbestos, rayon, nylon, and polyester. The document notes that fibers can be observed and identified through a microscope.
Fibers are considered class evidence that can provide probative value in criminal cases. Fibers can be transferred directly between a victim and suspect or indirectly through secondary transfer. Fibers found on victims and at crime scenes can be characterized and compared to fibers on a suspect's clothing or belongings through techniques like FTIR, microscopy, and PGC-MS. This fiber evidence has been used successfully in court cases to connect suspects to victims or crime scenes, as in the 1982 Wayne Williams case where carpet fibers linked him to multiple murder victims.
This document discusses fibers and their use as forensic evidence. It provides information on different types of fibers, weaves, polymers used to create synthetic fibers, and tests used to identify unknown fiber samples. Fiber evidence can directly link a suspect to a victim or crime scene through transfer of fibers between individuals and locations. Their analysis in court cases, like that of Wayne Williams, has significantly impacted case outcomes.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, assessment objectives, content, and assessment details of the course. The aims are to provide students with an educational experience in biology, develop relevant skills and attitudes, and stimulate interest in biology. The course is assessed through multiple choice, structured, and practical exam papers that test knowledge, handling information, and experimental skills. The syllabus content is divided into core topics and applications.
This document outlines two extra credit opportunities for Ms. Donohue's class: Classroom Supply Extra Credit and Novel Extra Credit. For Classroom Supply Extra Credit, students can receive points for donating classroom supplies like copy paper, dry erase markers, or latex gloves, with a maximum of 25 points. For Novel Extra Credit, students can receive 20 points for donating their copy of one of the specified class novels.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, objectives, content, and assessment of the course. The aims are to provide students with an understanding of biology, scientific skills, and interests in further study. Students can take AS exams after 1 year or complete the full A Level after 2 years. Assessment includes multiple choice, structured questions, practical exams, and essays. The content covers core biological principles and applications.
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa and have evolved several times as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations throughout hominid evolution include bipedal locomotion, increasing brain size, facial structure changes, decreasing jaw and tooth size, opposable thumbs, and tool usage. The earliest known hominid genus is Australopithecus, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis, with modern humans emerging in the last 10,000 years.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management:
1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration.
2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution.
3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.
Water is a vital resource that sustains life. Freshwater sources include groundwater, which infiltrates underground, and surface water. Groundwater depletion can occur when withdrawals exceed recharge, causing water tables to fall and land to subside. Increasing supplies involves desalination or reverse osmosis. Water pollution reduces water quality and harms organisms. Major pollutants include pathogens, nutrients, chemicals, sediments and heat. Pollution can be from point sources like factories or nonpoint sources like runoff. Treating sewage reduces pollution levels. Large-scale water diversions for uses like irrigation and cities can deplete rivers and harm ecosystems.
The document provides information about aquatic biodiversity including definitions of key terms like plankton, nekton, benthos, and decomposers. It also discusses aquatic ecosystems like coastal zones, wetlands, and intertidal zones. Multiple choice questions test comprehension of topics like ocean acidification, plankton types, eutrophic lakes, and aquaculture. A free response question asks why aquatic plants tend to be smaller while some marine mammals are extremely large.
The document summarizes different types of waste (hazardous, solid), waste disposal methods (open dumps, sanitary landfills, incineration), types of recycling (primary, secondary, composting), types of radioactive waste (high level, low level), types of environmental hazards (biological, chemical, physical, cultural, lifestyle), specific biological and chemical hazards, and cultural and lifestyle hazards. It also includes multiple choice questions about these topics.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy gabriel rileyMaria Donohue
Here are responses to the questions about hydroelectric power:
a) The series of energy transformations in a hydroelectric plant are:
1) Potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy as water flows through pipes/turbines.
2) The kinetic energy of flowing water is used to spin turbines.
3) The spinning turbines are connected to generators which convert the kinetic energy of the spinning turbines into electrical energy.
b) Once a hydroelectric dam is constructed, the source of fuel (falling water) is replenished by nature through the water cycle. As long as rainfall continues to fill reservoirs, the dams can generate electricity without incurring significant ongoing fuel costs.
c) One species
Amamda and robert air pollution and ozone pptMaria Donohue
Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
E) Gases in the atmosphere absorb visible light but allow most infrared radiation to
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula, and then a gastrula with three germ layers.
2. The embryo develops organs and tissues during the first trimester and is then referred to as a fetus. It continues to grow and develop throughout the second and third trimesters.
3. The male and female reproductive systems produce and transport gametes through various glands and structures. In females, eggs mature in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes, while in males sperm mature in the testes and epididymis and
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa. They have evolved several times, as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations in hominid evolution included bipedal locomotion, larger brains and cranial capacities, changes in skull shape and jaw size, and opposable thumbs. Major hominid species included Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis. Homo sapiens are the only surviving hominid lineage.
Evolution is the process by which species change over time based on genetic variations and natural selection. Organisms must compete for limited resources and reproduce, so individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Evidence for evolution includes fossils that show how species have changed over millions of years, as well as anatomical and genetic similarities between organisms that indicate common ancestry. Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce and leave more descendants.
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth. It describes the early conditions on the primitive Earth that allowed for life to emerge, including the presence of liquid water, moderate temperatures, sunlight, and gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from volcanoes. Early life forms like bacteria emerged around 3.8 billion years ago. The document then discusses theories for how life began like spontaneous generation, the Miller-Urey experiment that produced amino acids from conditions simulating early Earth, and chemical evolution in underwater vents. Early life was in the form of prokaryotes for over a billion years before oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere around 2 billion years ago due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, allowing for more complex aerobic life
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth and the evolution of species over time. It describes the early conditions on Earth that allowed life to form, including the presence of water, moderate temperatures, and various gases like carbon dioxide. It explains how early life forms like prokaryotes evolved and how oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere due to photosynthetic bacteria. It also summarizes key ideas in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including inherited variation within populations, the struggle for existence, differential reproduction of offspring, and descent with modification over generations.
#2 villalobos brain, heart, reproductive syste and embryo developmentMaria Donohue
The document discusses the nervous system and its major divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and controls the body's functions. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and thalamus. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into sensory and motor divisions. The document also discusses the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation.
#1 donohue immune system, vaccines, and antibioticsMaria Donohue
The document summarizes the immune system's three lines of defense against pathogens:
1. Barriers to infection like skin and mucous membranes that keep pathogens out of the body.
2. The inflammatory response that responds when pathogens enter, causing swelling and fever to fight the infection.
3. The immune response involving specialized white blood cells like macrophages, T cells, and B cells that mount a specific attack against the pathogen through antibodies and memory cells to prevent future infections.
1. The document provides a review of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It contains 14 multiple choice questions about DNA replication, molecular clocks, sickle cell anemia treatment via gene therapy, DNA's role in controlling cells, transcription errors, the universal genetic code, DNA and RNA structures, transcription, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning human genes in bacteria.
2. Key concepts covered include that DNA replication involves DNA polymerase joining nucleotides to produce two new complementary DNA strands. Molecular clocks can be used to estimate how long ago species diverged from a common ancestor. Gene therapy for sickle cell anemia may involve inserting DNA that provides a blueprint for normal hemoglobin synthesis.
3. DNA in
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
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2. Fibers
Objectives
You will understand:
Why fibers are class evidence.
How fibers can be used as circumstantial
evidence to link the victim, suspect,
and crime scene.
Why statistics are important
in determining the value of evidence.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 22
3. Fibers
Objectives, continued
You will be able to:
Distinguish and identify different types of
fibers.
Understand polymerization.
Carry out an experiment in thin-layer
chromatography.
Judge the probative value of fiber evidence.
Design and carry out scientific
investigations.
Use technology and mathematics to
improve investigations and
communications.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 33
4. Fibers
Fibers
Are considered class evidence
Have probative value
-common fibers, such as white
cotton and blue denim, have less
probative value
Are common trace evidence at a
crime scene
Can be characterized based on
comparison of both physical and
chemical properties
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 44
5. Fibers
Trace Evidence Locard Principle
Can originate from Fibers can be left
linen, furniture, clothi behind and picked up
ng, carpet, insulation,
by suspect and/or
or rope
victim
The more fibers
collected from different Fibers are used to
parts of suspects, the create a LINK
easier it is to link the
suspect to the crime between suspect and
scene if all those fibers crime
are found
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 55
6. Fibers
Direct Transfer Secondary Transfer
Fibers directly from Victim has fibers on
victim to suspect him that he/she
Fibers directly from picked up from
suspect to victim elsewhere and
transferred them to
suspect
Suspect picked up
fibers from elsewhere
and transferred the to
victim
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 66
7. Fibers
Early Collection CRITICAL Example:
With in 24 hours, 95% may Would you
examine pink
have fallen from victim or been fibers on a
lost at a crime scene victim if she
Collect from scene and lived in a
house with
victims body (and any wall to wall
suspects if available) pink
carpeting?
Only fibers not expected to be
found at the scene are
investigated
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 77
8. Fibers
Questions a Forensic Scientist Must Ask When Analyzing Fibers
Type of Fiber
Composition; common or rare; what suspect/victim/part of crime scene had fiber on them/it?
Fiber Color
Does color of suspects clothes match the color of the fiber found on victim/scene? Is it the same dye?
Number of Fibers Found
How many fibers—1 or 100?More fibers =possibly more violence/struggle or longer contact
Where the fiber was found
How close can you place suspect to the scene of the crime?
Textile the fiber originated from
From carpet, upholstery, car, etc.
Multiple Fiber transfers
Is there only one type or many different types at the scene? More sources suggest longer contact or possible violence.
Type of crime committed
Was it violent, breaking and entering , kidnapping? Each type of crime has expected pattern of contact between suspect, victim
and scene that is reflected in transfer of fibers.
Time between crime and discovery of the fiber
How long ago did transfer take place—an hour ago, a day, a week? Unless the fiber location is undisturbed, the value of the
fiber found is gradually reduced as time goes by (b/c fibers will be expected to fall off or fibers not related to crime can be
picked up)
88
9. Fibers
Terms
Textile Yarns
Things like carpeting, Made up of fibers
clothing, upholstery that are spun together
Constructed by
weaving or
intertwining yarns
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 99
10. Fibers
Fabric
Fabric is made of fibers. Fibers
are made of twisted
filaments.
Types of fibers and fabric:
Natural—animal, vegetable, or
inorganic
Artificial—synthesized or
created from altered
natural sources
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11. Fibers
Types of Fibers
Synthetic Natural
Rayon Silk
Nylon Cotton
Acetate Wool
Acrylic Mohair
Spandex Cashmere
Polyester
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12. Fibers
Classification
Natural fibers are classified
according to their origin:
1.)Plants/Vegetable or cellulose
- seeds, fruits, stems and
leaves
-cellulose (insoluble in
water)
-short (2-5 cm)
2.) Animal or protein
3.) Mineral
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1212
13. Fibers
Cellulose Fibers
Cotton—vegetable fiber;
strong, tough, flexible, moisture-
absorbent, not shape-retentive
Rayon—chemically altered
cellulose; soft, lustrous, versatile
Cellulose acetate—cellulose that is
chemically altered to create an
entirely new compound not found
in nature
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14. Fibers
Fiber Comparison
Can you describe the difference(s) between the cotton on
the left and the rayon on the right?
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15. Fibers Animal
Fibers
3 sources
Hair
Brushed out of animals coat
Shed or clipped
Wool is most common animal hair used in textiles
Fur
Skin of animal treated, remains flexible and retains fur…found in coats and
gloves
Not a textile
Webbing
Ex. Silk
Collected from a cocoon of caterpillar Bombax mori
Fibers very long , they tend to not shed as easily as hair fibers
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16. Fibers
Protein Fibers
Wool—animal fiber coming most
often from sheep, but may be goat
(mohair), rabbit
(angora), camel, alpaca, llama, or
vicuña
Silk—insect fiber that is spun by a
silkworm to make its cocoon; the
fiber reflects light and has
insulating properties
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17. Fibers
Mineral Fibers ( come from rocks)
Asbestos—a natural fiber that has been used in fire-resistant
substances
Rock wool—a manufactured mineral fiber
Fiberglass—a manufactured inorganic fiber
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1717
18. Fibers
Synthetic Fibers
Made from derivatives of petroleum, coal, and natural gas
Nylon—most durable of man-made fibers; extremely lightweight
Polyester—most widely used man-made fiber
Acrylic—provides warmth from a lightweight, soft, and resilient
fiber
Spandex—extreme elastic properties
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1818
19. Fibers
Fabric Production
Fabrics are composed of individual threads or yarns that are made of
fibers and are knitted, woven, bonded, crocheted, felted, knotted, or
laminated. Most are either woven or knitted. The degree of
stretch, absorbency, water repellence, softness, and durability are all
individual qualities of the different fabrics.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1919
20. Fibers
Weave Terminology
Yarn—a continuous strand of fibers or filaments that may be twisted
together
Warp—lengthwise yarn
Weft—crosswise yarn
Blend—a fabric made up of two or
more different types of fibers
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2020
22. Fibers
Plain Weave
The simplest and most common weave
pattern
The warp and weft yarns pass under
each other alternately
Design resembles a checkerboard
Characteristics:
Firm and wears well
Snag resistant
Low tear strength
Tends to wrinkle
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23. Fibers
Twill Weave
The warp yarn is passed over one to three
weft yarns before going under one.
Makes a diagonal weave pattern.
Design resembles stair steps.
Denim is one of the most common
examples.
Characteristics:
Very strong
dense and compact
different faces;
diagonal design on surface
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2323
24. Fibers
Satin Weave
The yarn interlacing is not uniform
Creates long floats
Interlacing weave passes over four or
more yarns
Satin is the most obvious example
Characteristics:
Not durable
Tends to snag and break during wear
Shiny surface
Little friction with other garments
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2424
25. Fibers
Basket
Alternating pattern of two weft threads
crossing two warp threads
Characteristics:
Does not wrinkle
Open, porous weave
Not very durable
Shrinks when washed
Tends to distort as yarn shifts
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2525
26. Fibers
Leno
This uses two warp threads and a double weft thread
The two adjacent warp threads cross over one
another.
The weft travels left to right and is woven between
the two warp threads
Characteristics:
Open weave
Easily distorted with wear and washing
Stretches in one direction
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27. Fibers
Knitted Fabric
Knitted fabrics are made by
interlocking loops into a specific
arrangement.
It may be one continuous thread or a
combination.
Either way, the yarn is formed into
successive rows of loops and then
drawn through another series of
loops to make the fabric.
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28. Fibers
Polymers
Synthetic fibers are made of polymers, which are long chains of
repeating chemical units.
The word polymer means many (poly) units (mer).
The repeating units of a polymer are called monomers.
By varying the chemical structure of the monomers or by varying the
way they are joined together, polymers are created that have
different properties.
As a result of these differences, they can be distinguished from one
another forensically.
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29. Fibers
Filament Cross Sections
Round 4-lobed
Octalobal
Trilobal
Irregular
Dogbone or Multi-lobed
Dumbbell or Serrate
Synthetic fibers are forced out of a nozzle when they are hot, and then
they are woven. The holes of the nozzle are not necessarily round;
therefore, the fiber filament may have a unique shape in cross
section.
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30. Fibers
Testing for Identification
Microscopic observation
Burning—observation of how a
fiber burns, the odor, color of
flame, color of smoke, and the
appearance of the residue
Thermal decomposition—gently
heating to break down the fiber
to the basic monomers
Chemical tests—solubility and
decomposition
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31. Fibers
Testing for Identification
Density—the mass of an object
divided by the volume of the
object
Refractive index—measurement
of the bending of light as it
passes from air into a solid or
liquid
Fluorescence—absorption and
reemission of light; used for
comparing fibers as well as
spotting fibers for collection
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32. Fibers
Using Density
1 cc = 1 cm3 =1 mL
D= mass/ vloume…. Measured using “g/cc”
Used to confirm a fiber
Useful for single fibers and are non-destructive
Use columns with specific liquids to analyze
density
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34. Fibers
Dyes
Components that make up dyes can
be separated and matched to an
unknown.
There are more than 7,000 different
dye formulations.
Chromatography is used to separate
dyes for comparative analysis.
The way a fabric accepts a particular
dye may also be used to identify
and compare samples.
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35. Fibers
Collection of Fiber Evidence
Bag clothing items individually in paper bags. Make sure that different
items are not placed on the same surface before being bagged.
Make tape lifts of exposed skin areas and any inanimate objects.
Removed fibers should be folded into a small sheet of paper and stored
in a paper bag.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 3535
36. Fibers
Fiber Evidence
Fiber evidence in court cases can be
used to connect the suspect to the
victim or to the crime scene. In the
case of Wayne Williams, fibers
weighed heavily on the outcome of
the case. Williams was convicted in
1982 based on carpet fibers that
were found in his home, in his
car, and on several murder victims.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 3636
37. Fibers
More about Fibers
For additional information about fibers and other trace evidence, check out
truTV’s Crime Library at:
www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/trace/1.html
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 3737