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Protocols are sets of rules that allow devices and applications to communicate over a telecommunication connection. Protocols exist at different levels, such as the hardware level and application level. Well-known protocols, like TCP/IP, consist of multiple related protocols that define rules for exchanging messages and transferring files between internet devices. Protocols are often documented in industry or international standards.
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The document discusses network protocols and routing protocols. Network protocols regulate the flow of data between routers and determine the path data packets take in transit. Routing protocols specify how routers communicate with each other and provide information to select the fastest way to pass packets. Routing protocols allow routers to receive information about external nodes outside their local group.
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Firewalls prevent unauthorized access to corporate networks from outside by only allowing certain connections and traffic. They inspect packets and filter them based on rules. Firewalls work with routers to relay data between networks and use different protocols like FTP. FTP uses two TCP connections - one for control and one for data transfer. When firewalls block standard FTP, passive mode is used to connect securely.
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The document discusses networking concepts like routers, switches, and protocols. It explains that routers operate at the network layer and use layer 3 addresses to transmit data between networks, while switches operate at layer 2 and use MAC addresses. It describes common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP and how they calculate paths between networks. The document also provides configuration steps that can be taken to secure routers and switches, such as applying vendor patches and disabling unnecessary routing updates.
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Data transfer is the process of transmitting electronic or analog data between computer nodes using computing techniques. It involves moving data in the form of bits and bytes over digital or analog mediums to enable communications and movement of data between devices. Data transfer uses various communication mediums to move data of any type, size, or nature between one or more nodes, with digital data transfer converting information into digital bit streams like transferring data from a remote server to a local computer.
Ncp
1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite and is responsible for reliable data delivery between applications on networked devices.
2) TCP operates at a higher level than IP (Internet Protocol), ensuring error-free and in-order delivery of data streams between programs on different computers, such as web browsers and servers.
3) TCP was developed in 1974 by Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn in a paper that proposed separating the monolithic Transmission Control Program into the connection-oriented TCP layer and the internetworking IP layer, forming what is now known as the TCP/IP protocol suite.
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This document discusses several protocols used for data transmission. It begins by explaining that data transmission involves sending and receiving data via cables or wireless systems. It then provides details on three specific protocols: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) which transfers files between hosts over TCP-based networks; Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is the foundation for data exchange on the World Wide Web; and Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) which allows electronic musical instruments and devices to connect and exchange music performance data. It also briefly discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable data delivery over networks, and defines what a protocol is in terms of computer communications standards.
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Discianni
The document discusses network protocols and routing protocols. Network protocols regulate the flow of data between routers and determine the path data packets take in transit. Routing protocols specify how routers communicate with each other and provide information to select the fastest way to pass packets. Routing protocols allow routers to receive information about external nodes outside their local group.
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Firewalls prevent unauthorized access to corporate networks from outside by only allowing certain connections and traffic. They inspect packets and filter them based on rules. Firewalls work with routers to relay data between networks and use different protocols like FTP. FTP uses two TCP connections - one for control and one for data transfer. When firewalls block standard FTP, passive mode is used to connect securely.
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on network protocols. It defines what a protocol is and discusses some common network protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and Ethernet. It also covers different types of network protocols including Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Benefits of using network protocols include standardized communication between hardware and software. Protocols are needed for computers to effectively communicate over a network.
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Data transfer is the process of transmitting electronic or analog data between computer nodes using computing techniques. It involves moving data in the form of bits and bytes over digital or analog mediums to enable communications and movement of data between devices. Data transfer uses various communication mediums to move data of any type, size, or nature between one or more nodes, with digital data transfer converting information into digital bit streams like transferring data from a remote server to a local computer.
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1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite and is responsible for reliable data delivery between applications on networked devices.
2) TCP operates at a higher level than IP (Internet Protocol), ensuring error-free and in-order delivery of data streams between programs on different computers, such as web browsers and servers.
3) TCP was developed in 1974 by Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn in a paper that proposed separating the monolithic Transmission Control Program into the connection-oriented TCP layer and the internetworking IP layer, forming what is now known as the TCP/IP protocol suite.
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This document discusses several protocols used for data transmission. It begins by explaining that data transmission involves sending and receiving data via cables or wireless systems. It then provides details on three specific protocols: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) which transfers files between hosts over TCP-based networks; Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is the foundation for data exchange on the World Wide Web; and Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) which allows electronic musical instruments and devices to connect and exchange music performance data. It also briefly discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable data delivery over networks, and defines what a protocol is in terms of computer communications standards.
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protocols and types of protocols.
contents
Protocol
Types of protocol
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
internet protocol (IP)
Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP)
Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
File transfer protocol (FTP)
Layers
protocol:-A protocol is a set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and computer or between two computers. Think of protocol as a sort of recommunication agreement about the form in which a message or data is to be sent and receipt is to be acknowledge.
transmission control protocol(TCP):-This protocol ensures the delivery of information packets across network.
internet protocol (IP):-This important protocol is responsible for providing logical addressing called IP address to route information between networks.
hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP):- This protocol is used to access, send and receive Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the Internet.
simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP):-This protocol is used for transferring email between computers.
file transfer protocol(FTP):-FTP is responsible for allowing file to be copied between devices.
layers:-In computer programming, layering is the organization of programming into separate functional components that interact in some sequential and hierarchical way, with each layer usually having an interface only to the layer above it and the layer below it.
thankyou.
Osi Seven Layer Model
The document discusses three Internet protocols:
1) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) which is used to exchange and manipulate files over an IP network using separate control and data connections.
2) Internet Protocol (IP) which delivers data packets from source to destination solely based on addresses and defines addressing methods.
3) Network Time Protocol (NTP) which synchronizes computer clock times over packet networks and uses UDP on port 123, designed to resist variable latency.
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The document discusses several key concepts relating to internet protocols:
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) allows data to be sent between computers over the internet by assigning each computer a unique IP address.
2. TCP/IP is the basic communication protocol of the internet that allows for end-to-end transmission of data packets in an unreliable manner, with packets possibly getting lost, corrupted, or delivered out of order.
3. Common internet application layer protocols that operate on top of TCP/IP include HTTP, FTP, and UDP. HTTP is used to transfer files on the world wide web, FTP transfers files between computers over a network, and UDP provides an unreliable datagram service.
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The document discusses the client-server model of interaction. A client is a program that makes a request and awaits a response, while a server accepts requests over a network, performs services, and returns results. Protocols like UDP, FTP, TCP, and HTTP play a major role in transferring data from source to destination, with UDP being a core Internet protocol that allows applications to send datagrams between hosts on an IP network without requiring prior communication.
The First Class of Data Communication
Data communication involves the transfer of data between devices using specific elements: a message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. There are two main methods for data transmission - parallel transmission which sends multiple bits simultaneously through separate paths, and serial transmission which sends bits one after another as a sequential stream. The basic functions and processes of computers are also important for understanding how data communication works at a fundamental level.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and server. It uses separate control and data connections and operates at the application layer of the OSI model. FTP supports both active and passive modes of connection. While FTP allows transferring multiple files and directories with resume capability, it has security issues as usernames, passwords and files are sent in clear text.
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facebook: https://www.facebook.com/saman.malmufti
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Ta 104-tcp
The TCP/IP model was developed by DARPA in the late 1970s and defines the protocols used for network communication on the internet. It has four layers - the lowest is the host to network layer which connects hosts to different networks using various protocols. Above this is the internet layer which allows data packets to be routed independently to their destination using the Internet Protocol. The transport layer segments messages and uses protocols like TCP and UDP. The highest application layer provides services that applications use for functions like file transfer, email, and web browsing.
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This document outlines several common internet protocols: HTTP is the foundation of web data communication; FTP transfers computer files between locations; SMS allows short text messages between phones and computers; HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP; IMAP enables shared access to mailboxes; SSL securely transmits important documents online; and SSH securely communicates between computers on the same network. The document provides brief definitions of these key internet protocols.
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This document discusses network software and protocols. It covers two main types of network software: network operating systems and network protocols. It provides examples of network operating systems like UNIX, Windows NT, Linux, Novell NetWare, and Windows 2000. It also discusses the seven-layer OSI model and provides examples of protocols at the application, transport, and network layers, such as SMTP, FTP, TCP, IP, and SPX.
Note 6
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that characterizes networking functions into seven abstraction layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw data bits across a network. The data link layer packages data into frames and corrects errors. The network layer routes frames to their destinations using logical addresses. The transport layer manages reliable delivery and error checking of data packets using protocols like TCP. The session layer controls conversations between systems by setting up and managing connections. The presentation layer formats data for applications. The application layer interacts directly with software applications and identifies communication partners.
The internet
The document defines key terms related to internet addressing and networking. It explains that an IP address is a unique identifier for each device on a network, while a domain name provides an easy-to-remember name associated with one or more IP addresses. It also describes data packets as formatted units of data transmitted over packet-switched networks, and routers as devices that select the best path for packets to travel between different networks.
Tcp
This document discusses the TCP/IP protocol and its layers. It compares TCP/IP, which has 4 layers (application, transport, network, physical), to the OSI model which has 7 layers. The application layer handles process communication across networks. The transport layer includes TCP which originated with the initial internet protocol. The network layer routes packets between devices. The physical layer deals with bit-level transmission and physical connections.
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The document discusses data communication protocols, including the Open Systems Interconnect model and common protocols like Ethernet, TCP/IP, TCP, UDP, and IP. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and what each protocol handles. Ethernet is described as having collisions when multiple nodes transmit simultaneously on a wired network. TCP/IP was developed for the Department of Defense and became the protocol suite of the Internet. TCP provides guaranteed delivery over IP. UDP is used for applications where delay needs to be minimal. IP routes packets through routers using addresses with four octets separated by dots.
Osi model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model:
1) The physical layer transmits raw unstructured data bits electrically or optically across a network.
2) The data link layer packages data into frames and provides flow control and error correction between directly connected nodes.
3) The network layer routes frames between networks using logical addresses like IP addresses.
4) The transport layer manages delivery, sequencing, and transfer of data packets between systems.
5) The session layer controls conversations between computers by setting up, managing and terminating connections.
Network session 1 OSI Model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model. It describes the functions of each layer, including the application layer for facilitating network communication, the presentation layer for data formatting, the session layer for establishing and terminating sessions, the transport layer for packet resending and error handling, the network layer for routing and addressing, the data link layer for preparing data for transmission, and the physical layer for defining the physical network components and signals.
network TCP/IP prenstion
The document summarizes the 4 layers of the TCP/IP model:
1) The physical layer defines how raw bits are transmitted over a physical medium and provides electrical and procedural interfaces.
2) The data link layer transfers data between adjacent nodes on a local network or wide area network and can detect and correct errors.
3) The network layer provides means to transfer variable-length data sequences between hosts while maintaining quality of service.
4) The transport layer provides end-to-end communication services like connections, reliability, flow control and multiplexing.
OSI Model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) Application layer - Contains protocols like HTTP and FTP that applications use to transfer files and browse the web.
2) Presentation layer - Converts application data into binary and performs encryption/decryption.
3) Session layer - Manages connections by allowing applications on different computers to communicate.
4) Transport layer - Controls reliability through techniques like segmentation, flow control and error control.
5) Network layer - Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets between different networks.
6) Data link layer - Performs physical and logical addressing to transmit data packets to adjacent nodes.
7) Physical layer - Moves data in the form of electromagnetic
History cerone
The Internet originated in the 1960s from the visionary ideas of researchers who wanted to enable computers to share information. J.C.R. Licklider first proposed a global network in 1962. In 1965, Lawrence Roberts connected two computers over telephone lines, confirming Kleinrock's theory of packet switching. Four computers were connected as ARPANET in 1969 under a DARPA contract, and it continued expanding to include more universities and research organizations. The TCP/IP protocols developed in the 1970s established the Internet's architecture. In the 1980s, NSFNet provided a national backbone and popularized email, FTP, and other services for non-technical users.
Gruosso
Communication is the process of exchanging information through various channels. There are four main categories of communication: spoken, non-verbal, written, and visual. Spoken communication refers to the use of language to convey a message, while non-verbal communication involves body language, gestures, and other wordless signals. Written communication transmits messages through a physical medium like letters or email. Visual communication uses images like graphics or video to represent reality and convey messages quickly and easily.
Rossella zottarelli
The document discusses the Internet as a global network of interconnected computer networks that allows thousands of users around the world to access and share information digitally. It describes the Internet as a single, global system that enables anyone with an Internet address to connect to other people, organizations, and websites to engage in various online activities and services. Further, the document states that the Internet allows all users to both transmit and receive information, ideas, and opinions interactively without geographical boundaries or limitations.
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Protocol
This document discusses data networks and protocols. It explains that data networks work by organizing data into packets and that protocols like IP use encapsulation to embed one protocol's data inside another's packets. It provides examples of common protocols like TCP/IP, UDP/IP, HTTP, and FTP. It also defines protocols as standard rules allowing devices to communicate and notes examples include protocols for wired and wireless networking.
protocols and types of protocols.
contents
Protocol
Types of protocol
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
internet protocol (IP)
Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP)
Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
File transfer protocol (FTP)
Layers
protocol:-A protocol is a set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and computer or between two computers. Think of protocol as a sort of recommunication agreement about the form in which a message or data is to be sent and receipt is to be acknowledge.
transmission control protocol(TCP):-This protocol ensures the delivery of information packets across network.
internet protocol (IP):-This important protocol is responsible for providing logical addressing called IP address to route information between networks.
hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP):- This protocol is used to access, send and receive Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the Internet.
simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP):-This protocol is used for transferring email between computers.
file transfer protocol(FTP):-FTP is responsible for allowing file to be copied between devices.
layers:-In computer programming, layering is the organization of programming into separate functional components that interact in some sequential and hierarchical way, with each layer usually having an interface only to the layer above it and the layer below it.
thankyou.
Osi Seven Layer Model
The document discusses three Internet protocols:
1) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) which is used to exchange and manipulate files over an IP network using separate control and data connections.
2) Internet Protocol (IP) which delivers data packets from source to destination solely based on addresses and defines addressing methods.
3) Network Time Protocol (NTP) which synchronizes computer clock times over packet networks and uses UDP on port 123, designed to resist variable latency.
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET PROTOCOL BY SAIKIRAN PANJALA
The document discusses several key concepts relating to internet protocols:
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) allows data to be sent between computers over the internet by assigning each computer a unique IP address.
2. TCP/IP is the basic communication protocol of the internet that allows for end-to-end transmission of data packets in an unreliable manner, with packets possibly getting lost, corrupted, or delivered out of order.
3. Common internet application layer protocols that operate on top of TCP/IP include HTTP, FTP, and UDP. HTTP is used to transfer files on the world wide web, FTP transfers files between computers over a network, and UDP provides an unreliable datagram service.
Client server-wps office
The document discusses the client-server model of interaction. A client is a program that makes a request and awaits a response, while a server accepts requests over a network, performs services, and returns results. Protocols like UDP, FTP, TCP, and HTTP play a major role in transferring data from source to destination, with UDP being a core Internet protocol that allows applications to send datagrams between hosts on an IP network without requiring prior communication.
The First Class of Data Communication
Data communication involves the transfer of data between devices using specific elements: a message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. There are two main methods for data transmission - parallel transmission which sends multiple bits simultaneously through separate paths, and serial transmission which sends bits one after another as a sequential stream. The basic functions and processes of computers are also important for understanding how data communication works at a fundamental level.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and server. It uses separate control and data connections and operates at the application layer of the OSI model. FTP supports both active and passive modes of connection. While FTP allows transferring multiple files and directories with resume capability, it has security issues as usernames, passwords and files are sent in clear text.
Lecture 3- tcp-ip
Internet Technology Lectures
network protocols, TCP/IP Model
Lecturer: Saman M. Almufti / Kurdistan Region, Nawroz University
facebook: https://www.facebook.com/saman.malmufti
YouTube Link:https://youtu.be/JgbAWAc0fDs
Ta 104-tcp
The TCP/IP model was developed by DARPA in the late 1970s and defines the protocols used for network communication on the internet. It has four layers - the lowest is the host to network layer which connects hosts to different networks using various protocols. Above this is the internet layer which allows data packets to be routed independently to their destination using the Internet Protocol. The transport layer segments messages and uses protocols like TCP and UDP. The highest application layer provides services that applications use for functions like file transfer, email, and web browsing.
Internet protocols
This document outlines several common internet protocols: HTTP is the foundation of web data communication; FTP transfers computer files between locations; SMS allows short text messages between phones and computers; HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP; IMAP enables shared access to mailboxes; SSL securely transmits important documents online; and SSH securely communicates between computers on the same network. The document provides brief definitions of these key internet protocols.
Lesson 7
This document discusses network software and protocols. It covers two main types of network software: network operating systems and network protocols. It provides examples of network operating systems like UNIX, Windows NT, Linux, Novell NetWare, and Windows 2000. It also discusses the seven-layer OSI model and provides examples of protocols at the application, transport, and network layers, such as SMTP, FTP, TCP, IP, and SPX.
Note 6
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that characterizes networking functions into seven abstraction layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw data bits across a network. The data link layer packages data into frames and corrects errors. The network layer routes frames to their destinations using logical addresses. The transport layer manages reliable delivery and error checking of data packets using protocols like TCP. The session layer controls conversations between systems by setting up and managing connections. The presentation layer formats data for applications. The application layer interacts directly with software applications and identifies communication partners.
The internet
The document defines key terms related to internet addressing and networking. It explains that an IP address is a unique identifier for each device on a network, while a domain name provides an easy-to-remember name associated with one or more IP addresses. It also describes data packets as formatted units of data transmitted over packet-switched networks, and routers as devices that select the best path for packets to travel between different networks.
Tcp
This document discusses the TCP/IP protocol and its layers. It compares TCP/IP, which has 4 layers (application, transport, network, physical), to the OSI model which has 7 layers. The application layer handles process communication across networks. The transport layer includes TCP which originated with the initial internet protocol. The network layer routes packets between devices. The physical layer deals with bit-level transmission and physical connections.
2010fall ch6 uugantsetseg
The document discusses data communication protocols, including the Open Systems Interconnect model and common protocols like Ethernet, TCP/IP, TCP, UDP, and IP. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and what each protocol handles. Ethernet is described as having collisions when multiple nodes transmit simultaneously on a wired network. TCP/IP was developed for the Department of Defense and became the protocol suite of the Internet. TCP provides guaranteed delivery over IP. UDP is used for applications where delay needs to be minimal. IP routes packets through routers using addresses with four octets separated by dots.
Osi model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model:
1) The physical layer transmits raw unstructured data bits electrically or optically across a network.
2) The data link layer packages data into frames and provides flow control and error correction between directly connected nodes.
3) The network layer routes frames between networks using logical addresses like IP addresses.
4) The transport layer manages delivery, sequencing, and transfer of data packets between systems.
5) The session layer controls conversations between computers by setting up, managing and terminating connections.
Network session 1 OSI Model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model. It describes the functions of each layer, including the application layer for facilitating network communication, the presentation layer for data formatting, the session layer for establishing and terminating sessions, the transport layer for packet resending and error handling, the network layer for routing and addressing, the data link layer for preparing data for transmission, and the physical layer for defining the physical network components and signals.
network TCP/IP prenstion
The document summarizes the 4 layers of the TCP/IP model:
1) The physical layer defines how raw bits are transmitted over a physical medium and provides electrical and procedural interfaces.
2) The data link layer transfers data between adjacent nodes on a local network or wide area network and can detect and correct errors.
3) The network layer provides means to transfer variable-length data sequences between hosts while maintaining quality of service.
4) The transport layer provides end-to-end communication services like connections, reliability, flow control and multiplexing.
OSI Model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) Application layer - Contains protocols like HTTP and FTP that applications use to transfer files and browse the web.
2) Presentation layer - Converts application data into binary and performs encryption/decryption.
3) Session layer - Manages connections by allowing applications on different computers to communicate.
4) Transport layer - Controls reliability through techniques like segmentation, flow control and error control.
5) Network layer - Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets between different networks.
6) Data link layer - Performs physical and logical addressing to transmit data packets to adjacent nodes.
7) Physical layer - Moves data in the form of electromagnetic
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The Internet originated in the 1960s from the visionary ideas of researchers who wanted to enable computers to share information. J.C.R. Licklider first proposed a global network in 1962. In 1965, Lawrence Roberts connected two computers over telephone lines, confirming Kleinrock's theory of packet switching. Four computers were connected as ARPANET in 1969 under a DARPA contract, and it continued expanding to include more universities and research organizations. The TCP/IP protocols developed in the 1970s established the Internet's architecture. In the 1980s, NSFNet provided a national backbone and popularized email, FTP, and other services for non-technical users.
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Ashish Kumar Pandey is seeking a career to improve his skills and make creative contributions to society. He has a B.E. in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Bansal Institute of Research Technology & Science. His academic projects include an optimized and energy efficient air cooling system that reduces electricity and water consumption without affecting cooling. He has experience with embedded systems and languages like C, C++, and SQL.
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Giuzio angela
Protocols specify the rules that devices use to communicate over telecommunication connections. They are established internationally and include protocols for hardware device communication, application program data interchange, and different levels like TCP, IP, UDP, FTP, and HTTP which are part of the TCP/IP protocol suite that carries out basic web operations and is commonly used on local area networks.
1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other com.pdf
1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other computers for things such as
using the internet and sending and receiving files and emails. Protocols are the \"language\"
computers use to talk to each other. Standards are important so all networks have to follow the
same rules. Standards are a set of guidelines on how different companies need to make their
equipment.
2) a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use
when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities.
Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are
protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange
at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both
ends of the exchange must recognize and observe.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other
Internet points at the information packet level
Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet
address level
Others are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with
defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet
3)
Standards play an important role in networking. Without standards, manufacturers of networking
products have no common ground on which to build their systems. Interconnecting products
from various vendors would be difficult, if not impossible.
Standardization can make or break networking products. These days many vendors are hesitant
to support new technology unless there is a standardization base from which to work. Vendors
want to know there will be some measure of interoperability for their hardware and software.
Examples :
IEEE 802.1 (LAN/MAN)
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring)
IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN)
4)
IEEE 802 group of standards
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802
5)
File transfer protocol ( ftp)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
Solution
1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other computers for things such as
using the internet and sending and receiving files and emails. Protocols are the \"language\"
computers use to talk to each other. Standards are important so all networks have to follow the
same rules. Standards are a set of guidelines on how different companies need to make their
equipment.
2) a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use
when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities.
Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are
protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange
at t.
Protocols of network in computer science
Network protocols are sets of rules that allow computers to communicate over a network. TCP/IP is a widely used set of protocols that power the internet. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s-80s and includes protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP, and FTP. Network protocols define data formats, error handling, routing, and other aspects of network communication to ensure reliable data transmission between devices. Common protocols serve functions like file transfer, email delivery, and network management. Protocols provide benefits like increased connectivity and speed for data transmission.
installandmanagenetworkprotocols.pptx
This document provides an overview of network protocols for a training course. It defines what protocols are, their basic functions, and examples of common protocols like HTTP, FTP, and IP. It also discusses how protocols are implemented, their levels, types (standard vs proprietary), key elements (syntax, semantics, timing), and how they allow devices to communicate by establishing rules for data transmission.
install and manage network protocols.pptx
what is network protocols?
n networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network protocols are like a common language for computers. The computers within a network may use vastly different software and hardware; however, the use of protocols enables them to communicate with each other regardless.
installandmanagenetworkprotocols-221219130255-40dcfff3 (1).pdf
Network protocols allow devices to communicate by establishing standardized rules for data transmission. The document discusses several key points about network protocols:
- Protocols dictate how data is formatted and processed between devices to enable communication. Common protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, and Bluetooth.
- Protocols are implemented through software in operating systems and applications or in hardware to perform functions like routing, file transfer, encryption and more.
- Protocols have levels (hardware, software, application), types (standard vs proprietary), and key elements (syntax, semantics, timing) that define how communication occurs.
- The document provides examples of network protocols and how they are used to transmit data between devices according to established rules.
Network protocals
This document discusses network protocols. It begins with an introduction and history of protocols and defines them as sets of rules that govern communications between devices on a network. Examples of common protocols are then outlined, including TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, UDP, and ICMP. The roles and functions of protocols are explained. Benefits include increased connectivity and transmission speed. The conclusion states that protocols have transformed human communication and networks will continue to evolve.
install and manage network protocol .pptx
Network protocols allow devices to communicate over a network by establishing rules for data transmission. Protocols define syntax, semantics and timing for exchanging information between devices in an easy, reliable and secure manner. Common network protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and more which perform functions like routing, file transfers, instant messaging and more. Protocols must be implemented in software, operating systems or hardware for devices to communicate using the standardized rules.
1) What layers in the protocol stack(both logically and physically) .pdf
1) What layers in the protocol stack(both logically and physically) does the HTTP protocol talk
to?
2) What might a protocol frame from a Web Browser session look like as it goes out of a
network port? Assume the link layer is ethernet. You do not need to describe the fields inside a
particular header except to say it is a particular protocol header (ie TCP header).
3) I can change a link layer protocol and the application layer protocol does not need to know or
be made aware of the change. Explain why?
Solution
A protocol stack is a complete set of network protocol layers that work together to provide
networking capabilities. It is called a stack because it is typically designed as a hierarchy of
layers, each supporting the one above it and using those below it.
A protocol is a mutually agreed-upon format for doing something. With regard to computers, it
most commonly refers a set of rules (i.e., a standard) that enables computers to connect and
transmit data to one another; this is also called a communications protocol. A protocol can be
implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two.
Individual protocols are typically designed with a single purpose in mind. This modularization,
which is consistent with the Unix philosophy, facilitates both design and evaluation. The use of a
layered approach facilitates allowing different protocols to be substituted for each other, for
example, to accommodate new protocols and different network architectures.
The number of layers varies according to the particular protocol stack. For example, TCP/IP
(transmission control protocol/Internet protocol), which defines communication over the Internet
and most other computer networks, has five layers (application, transport, network, data link and
physical). The also widely used OSI (open systems interconnect) reference model, defines seven
layers (application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link and physical).
Regardless of the number of layers, the lowest protocols always deal with low-level, physical
interaction of the hardware. Each higher layer adds additional features, and user applications
typically interact only with the uppermost layers. The layers can be broadly classified into media,
transport and application
The terms protocol stack and protocol suite are often used interchangeably. However, the two are
sometimes used with subtle differences, such as the former being a complete set of protocols and
the latter being a subset of them, often supplied by a particular vendor, or the latter being the
definition of the protocols and the former being the software implementation of them..
PROTOCOLS AND ITS TYPES.docx
A protocol is a set of rules for exchanging data between devices and ensuring messages are sent and received properly. The main protocols discussed are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which ensures packet delivery across networks, Internet Protocol (IP) which provides addressing to route information, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for accessing web pages, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) for email transfer, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for copying files between devices.
PC 106 PPT-07
This document discusses network protocols. It begins by defining what a protocol is and provides some common examples used at different layers, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and HTTP. It then explains that protocols break large processes into smaller tasks and functions that must cooperate across network levels. Protocols are created according to industry standards. The document categorizes protocols for communication, network management, and security. It provides examples for each category and concludes with descriptions of some frequently used protocols like HTTP, SSH, and SMS.
v
Network protocols are sets of rules that allow devices to communicate by defining a common language. They perform key functions like communication, network management, and security. Some important low-level protocols are TCP, UDP, and IP, which higher-level applications like HTTP, FTP, and SSH are built upon. Protocols break large processes into smaller tasks and work together across different network layers and devices to transfer data, ensure optimal performance, and protect the network from unauthorized access. Common examples include protocols for routing, file transfer, internet access, remote access, and text messaging.
What is TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a set of protocols that defines how computers communicate over the internet. It is made up of several protocols that work together within a standard, with each protocol performing a specific function. TCP/IP software is built into major operating systems and allows computers to communicate over long distances by defining how data should be transmitted between servers and browsers over the internet.
Network standards
The document discusses networking standards and protocols. It describes de facto and de jure standards, with de facto standards arising organically without planning and de jure being formally adopted. It then details the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, from the physical layer dealing with signals and media up to the application layer interacting with user applications. It also discusses encapsulation of data moving through the layers, TCP/IP model, and common protocols like TCP, IP, and Ethernet.
02 protocol architecture
The document discusses protocol architecture, TCP/IP, and internet-based applications. It covers:
1. The need for protocol architecture to break communication tasks into modular subtasks and arrange them in a vertical stack to allow for independent development and changes.
2. Key features of protocols including syntax, semantics, and timing to allow peer layers to communicate.
3. TCP/IP as the dominant protocol suite used on the internet, comprising a collection of protocols developed on ARPANET.
4. The layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack including physical, network access, internet, and host-to-host layers with example protocols like IP, TCP, and UDP.
Protocol
Protocols are sets of rules that govern how data is exchanged between computers and terminals. The document discusses several important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures reliable delivery of data packets across networks; Internet Protocol (IP) provides logical addressing to route information; Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) encrypts data transfer for secure websites; Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) transfers web pages; Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) transfers emails; and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers computer files between clients and servers.
Communication Protocol - Arindam Samanta
Communication protocols define rules for data communication between devices. They specify what is communicated, how it is communicated, when, and how errors are handled. Protocols encapsulate data with control information like addresses and error codes. They support functions like segmentation, reassembly, connection control, flow control and error control. Popular protocol suites like TCP/IP define standards for communication at physical, data link, network and transport layers to enable reliable data exchange across networks.
Network protocols
A protocols is a set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and computer or between two computer.
OPEN STANDARD INTERCONNECTION (OSI) LAYERS
The document summarizes the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model for network communication. It describes each layer and provides examples of common protocols that operate at each layer.
The physical layer deals with physical components of a network like electrical signals and data transmission rates. The data link layer manages hardware resources and reliable data transmission. The network layer provides routing and error handling. The transport layer divides data into packets and reassembles them. Common transport protocols include TCP and UDP. The OSI model standardizes network communication using standardized protocols at each layer.
Comparison of DOD and OSI Model in the Internet Communication
The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP IP, because it's most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol TCP and the Internet Protocol IP , were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. Often also called the Internet model, it was originally also known as the DoD model, because the development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. TCP IP provides end to end connectivity specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. This functionality is organized into four abstraction layers which are used to sort all related protocols according to the scope of networking involved. From lowest to highest, the layers are the link layer, containing communication technologies for a single network segment link the internet layer, connecting hosts across independent networks, thus establishing internetworking the transport layer handling host to host communication and the application layer, which provides process to process application data exchange. Our aim is describe operation and models of TCP IP suite in data communication networking. Ei Ei Khaing "Comparison of DOD and OSI Model in the Internet Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27834.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/27834/comparison-of-dod-and-osi-model-in-the-internet-communication/ei-ei-khaing
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The document defines the Internet as a set of computer networks around the world that are linked together through TCP/IP protocols, allowing thousands of users to access and share binary information. It is commonly described through analogies like a system of interconnected local and national telephone networks. The word "Internet" comes from combining the words "inter" and "net", referring to the connections between networks via gateways that allow any computer on one network to communicate with computers on other networks. To access the Internet, a user first connects their computer to a provider's computer through a telephone line and modem. The provider's modems are then connected to large host computers that function as servers, allowing the user's computer to become part of the network and
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Ferro
- 3. Protocols In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities.
- 4. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard.
- 5. The TCP/IP Internet protocols, a common example, consist of: • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level; • Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level; • Additional protocols that include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet; • There are many other Internet protocols, such as the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP); • The word protocol comes from the Greek protocollon, meaning a leaf of paper glued to a manuscript volume that describes the contents.