2. What is Data Transmission?
Data transmission is sending and receiving data via
cables (e.g., telephone lines or fibre optics) or wireless
relay systems. Because ordinary telephone circuits pass
signals that fall within the frequency range of
voice communication (about 300–3,500 hertz), the high
frequencies associated with data transmission suffer a
loss of amplitude and transmission speed. Data signals
must therefore be translated into a format compatible
with the signals used in telephone lines. Digital
computers use a modem to transform outgoing digital
electronic data; a similar system at the receiving end
4. F ile Transfer Protocol
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network
protocol used to transfer files from one host to another
host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet.
FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses
separate control and data connections between the client
and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves
using a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of
a username and password, but can connect
anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.
5. Hypertext Transfer Protocol
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
an application protocol for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information
systems. HTTP is the foundation of data
communication for the World Wide Web.
Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links
(hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is
the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
6. usical Instrument Digital
MInterface
MIDI (/ˈ
mɪdi/; short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is
a technical standard that describes a protocol, digital
interface and connectors and allows a wide variety
of electronic musical instruments, computers and other related
devices to connect and communicate with one another. A
single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels of
information, each of which can be routed to a separate device.
MIDI carries event messages that specify notation, pitch and
velocity, control signals for parameters such as
volume, vibrato, audio panning, cues, and clock signals that
set and synchronize tempo between multiple devices. These
messages are sent to other devices where they control sound
generation and other features. This data can also be recorded
into a hard ware or software device called a sequencer, which
7. T ransmission Control Protocol
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of
the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite (IP),
and is so common that the entire suite is often called
TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, error-checked
delivery of a stream of octets between programs
running on computers connected to a local area
network, intranet or the public Internet. It resides at
the transport layer.
Web browsers use TCP when they connect to servers
on the World Wide Web, and it is used to deliver
8. Protocol
A protocol is a mutually agreed-upon format for
doing something. With regard to computers, it most
commonly refers a set of rules (i.e., a standard) that
enables computers to connect and transmit data to
one another; this is also called a communications
protocol.
The word protocol comes from the Greek
word protocollon, meaning first glue. It referred to a
leaf glued to a manuscript which described its
contents.
9. Examples of Internet Protocols
-File Transfer Protocol (FTP)—Moves files between devices
• Simple Network-Management Protocol (SNMP)—Primarily reports
anomalous network
conditions and sets network threshold values
• Telnet—Serves as a terminal emulation protocol
• X Windows—Serves as a distributed windowing and graphics system
used for communication
between X terminals and UNIX workstations
• Network File System (NFS), External Data Representation (XDR), and
Remote Procedure Call
(RPC)—Work together to enable transparent access to remote network
resources
