Feminism , a belief the political economic and cultural of women .7. Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves". Each Feminism is a perspective that is described as dealing with different aspects of explores the connectedness of the same feminist issues. The first wave refers concepts that other theorists simply do not discuss or even the movement of the 19th through early 20th contemplate. Centuries, which dealt mainly with suffrage, working conditions and educational rights for women and girls? The second wave (1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws, as well as cultural inequalities and the role of women in society. The third wave of feminism (late 1980s-early 2000s (decade)), is seen as both continuation of the second wave and a response to the perceived failures.

1. QR ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC: FEMINISM

2. TEAM MEMBERS NAMES.
SHEHLA QASIM MPHIL ENGLISH
SAMEA AHMED MPHIL EDUCATION
SAJIDA PERVEEN MPHIL EDUCATION
SARA SOHAIL MPHIL ENGLISH
SHAMS UD DIN PANDRANI MPHIL EDUCATION

6. WHAT IS FEMINISM?
FEMINISM IS COLLECTION OF MOVEMENT AND
IDEOLOGIES
ESTABLISHING
DEFENDING
POLITICAL
SOCIO-ECONOMICAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN
WOMEN SUFFRAGE

10. HISTORY AND WAVES
OF FEMINISM
Charles Fourier (1837) is credited with having coined the word feminism.
Dependence: Historic moment Culture Country Causes Goals

11. EARLY FEMINISM
• The history of feminism comprises the narratives of
the
• People and activists who discuss or advance women's equality prior to the
existence of the
• Some scholars criticize this term because they believe it diminishes the
importance of earlier contributions or that feminism does not have a single, linear
history as implied by terms such as protofeminist or postfeminist

12. FEMINISM HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE – FROM
HISTORY TO HER STORY
• Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and
defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to
establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. The history of the
modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves". Each Feminism is a
perspective that is described as dealing with different aspects of explores the connectedness of
the same feminist issues. The first wave refers concepts that other theorists simply do not
discuss or even the movement of the 19th through early 20th contemplate. Centuries, which
dealt mainly with suffrage, working conditions and educational rights for women and girls?
The second wave (1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws, as well as cultural inequalities
and the role of women in society. The third wave of feminism (late 1980s-early 2000s
(decade)), is seen as both continuation of the second wave and a response to the perceived
failures.

13. FIRST-WAVE FEMINISM
• Driven by combination of social, and economic forces. The first organized “feminists”
political activism involved campaigns for VOTE and EQUALITY.
• 19th and 20th century Period of activity United kingdom and USA . Equal contract.
Marriage. Parenting. Property Rights At the end of 19th century
• 1. Political power
• 2. Women suffrage
• 3. Women’s reproductive
• 4. Economic RightsI

14. FIRST-WAVE OF FEMINISM
• The incidents that are included in the history of feminism first movements starts from 1809
married women property law in US till 1928 the righto vote was granted to all UK women
equally with men in 1928. There are exactly 69incidents defined within the first feminism wave
movement. Most Important incidents Russia: In 1913 women observed their first International
Women’s Day on the last Sunday in February. Following discussions, International Women’s
Day was transferred to 8 March and this day has remained the global date for International
omens Day ever since. England: In 1918 Marie Stops, who believed in equality in marriage and
the importance of women’s sexual desire, published Married Love, a sex manual that,
according to a survey of American academics in 1935, was one of the 25 most influential
books of the previous 50 years. Germany: in 1919 granted women the right to vote England
1919- Nancy Astor became the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons. China:
The first female students were accepted in Peking University, soon followed by universities all
over China.

15. SECOND WAVE OF FEMINISM
• In 1960, during the 2nd wave of feminism a remarkable event in human history
had happened – the end of the ‘patriarchy’. Suddenly women became active
in politics, demanded and won the rights to university education, to a career, to
easy divorce. Suddenly women began voting differently to men.

16. SECOND WAVE MOVEMENT
• Second wave movement The incidents included in the second wave of feminism movements
are started from 1963 the report of the American Presidential Commission on the Status of
Women which caused the enacting of equal pay act till 1980s feminist sex wars last incident
the Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law of 1985, prohibits gender discrimination
with respect to recruitment, hiring, promotion, training, and job assignment. There are 104
incidents included in the second wave of feminism movements. Most Important incidents1966
Twenty-eight women, among them Betty Friedan, founded the National Organization for
Women (NOW).1969 The American radical organization Red stockings organized.1973 The
American National Black Feminist Organization was formed1977 the Canadian Human Rights
Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination based on characteristics including sex and sexual
orientation, and requiring “equal pay for work of equal value1980 The second wave began in
the 1980s in Turkey and in Israel.

18. THIRD WAVE FEMINISM
• Third wave movement: third wave of feminism starts from 1991 published of an article
by Rebecca walker American feminist ,the latest famous incident were the slut walk incident
Toronto, on 3 April 2011.
• The "girls" of the third wave have stepped onto the stage as strong and empowered, eschewing
victimization and defining feminine beauty for themselves as subjects. At the same time, it permits
all users the opportunity to cross gender boundaries and so the very notion of gender has been
become more problematic.

19. THIRD WAVE FEMINISM
• Third Wave versus Post Feminists: Post feminist and third wave feminists believe
EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE THINGS. Third wave feminism doesn't argue, as post
feminists do, that the time has come to be done with feminism. Indeed, third wave
feminism isn't a retraction but rather an expansion of second wave work, with a focus
in new directions.
• The front page of the Third Wave Foundation web site explains that the organization
strives to combat inequalities that [women] face as a result of [their] age, gender,
race, sexual orientation, economic status or level of education. By empowering young
women, Third Wave is building a lasting foundation for social activism around the
country.

20. CHALLENGES TO THE THIRD WAVE:
THE FEMINAZI CRITIQUE. Especially among men over the age of 35, there is a belief that the gains of
second wave feminists have gone too far; so much so that women now effectively rob men of rights under
the guise of sexual equality. The conservative critic Rush Limbaugh's term, Feminazi is an example of this
belief.
THE POST FEMINIST CRITIQUE. Especially among women under the age of 35, there is a belief that
second wave feminism, though perhaps once useful, has its own victim mentality.& Post feminists maintain,
accordingly, that women have all the social and legal protections they need in order to function on equal
footing in contemporary society. One of the biggest problems facing third wave feminists (particularly from
those who want to revive the second wave) is the charge that third wavers do nothing to change things
politically.
• Third wavers are far more likely to be active in arenas like cultural studies, and critiques of popular
culture. For example, they wear make up and acknowledge their participation in beauty culture even as
they criticize it. In essence, where second wavers argued the personal is political, third wavers are now
arguing that the pleasurable is political as well.
• Finally, many third wavers see women's issues more as global issues.

21. MOST IMPORTANT INCIDENTS:
• 1994: The Gender Equity in Education Act became law in the U.S. It banned sex-
role stereotyping and gender discrimination in the classroom1994: The Violence
Against Women Act became law in the U.S
• 1995: The Fourth World Conference on Women was held in China
• 2007: The Gender Equality Duty of the Equality Act
• 2006 came into effect in the United Kingdom
• 2008: Norway requires all companies to have at least forty percent women on
their boards

22. HOW TO DESCRIBE THE FOURTH WAVE OF FEMINISM
• Fourth wave feminism is not universally acknowledged as a real thing among feminists, but it can be used
to refer to any sort of feminism that wasn't a feature of third wave feminism.
• Some consider online activism a form of fourth wave feminism, and some consider the man-bashing,
"rape culture" brand of feminism to be fourth wave.
• Like most cultural movements, we probably won't know until we're out of it.

23. WELCOME TO THE FOURTH WAVE OF
FEMINISM
• The Beginning of the Newest Wave: Fourth-wave feminism is the resurgence of interest in
feminism that began around 2012 and is associated with the use of social media. Fourth- wave
feminism is "defined by technology", characterized particularly by the use of Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, YouTube, Tumblr, and blogs such as Feministing to challenge misogyny.
• Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus
sexual assault and rape culture. Several scandals have galvanized the movement, including the
Delhi gang rape (2012), Isla Vista killings (2014), trial of Jian Ghomeshi (2016),and subsequent Me
Too movement and Weinstein effect, and the Westminster sexual scandals (2017).

24. FOURT WAVE OF FEMINISM
• The Passing of the Torch – 3rd Wave and 4th Wave Feminists: Third-wave feminism
has been heavily influenced by academic investigations of queer theory, Many
commentators argue that the internet itself has enabled a shift from ‘third-wave’ to
‘fourth-wave’ feminism.
• What is certain is that the internet has created a ‘call-out’ culture, in which sexism or
misogyny can be ‘called out’ and challenged. The existence of a feminist ‘fourth wave’
has been challenged by those who maintain that increased usage of the internet is
not enough to delineate a new era. But it is increasingly clear that the internet has
facilitated the creation of a global community of feminists who use the internet both
for discussion and activism.

26. MODERN PIONEERS OF THE FOURTH-
WAVE:
• Malala Yousafzai - a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. She is known
mainly for human rights advocacy for education and for women in her native Swat Valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
province of northwest Pakistan, where the local Taliban had at times banned girls from attending school. Yousafzai's
advocacy has since grown into an international movement.
• Beyoncé Knowles-Carter - singer, songwriter, and actress. Although she’s a registered member of the Republican
Party, Beyoncé uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr, confirming she had voted in support for the
Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so.

27. CONTINUE..
• Kelly Rowland - singer, songwriter, actress and television personality who rose to fame in the late
1990s as a member of Destiny's Child, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. From the
album Destiny Fulfilled the song “Girl” written by Kelly and her bandmates Beyoncé, Michelle Williams
along with Dark child, and produced by Beyoncé, Rowland and Douthit. the soul song was written
about an abusive relationship Rowland went through during the time of writing.
• Nell Carter (September 13, 1948 – January 23, 2003) singer and actress. She won a Tony Award for
her performance in the Broadway musical Ain't Misbehave', as well as an Emmy Award for her reprisal
of the role on television. Best known for Gimme A Break! In the 1980’s then Hanging with Mr. Cooper
from 1993-95. Carter passed away in early 2003 due to complications of diabetes and brain aneurism

28. TYPES OF FEMINISM

30. MAIN TYPES OF FEMINISM
• Liberal Feminism
• Radical Feminism
• Socialist Feminism

31. FURTHER MORE TYPES OF FEMINISM
• Cultural Feminism
• Black Feminism:
• Islamic Feminism
• Eco-Feminism

32. LIBERAL FEMINISM:
• This is the variety of feminism that works within the structure of mainstream
society to integrate women into that structure.
• Liberal feminism advocates equal rights for women.
• It was the first of the feminism to develop, growing out of liberalism which
originated in the eighteenth century.
• A movement that believes all individuals should be free to explore equal
opportunities and rights.

33. RADICAL FEMINISM:
• Radical in radical feminism is used as an adjective, meaning the root; radical
feminists seek the root cause of women oppression.
• Radical feminist approach gender inequality quite differently from liberal
feminist.
• Rather than insisting that women are the same as men because they share
masculine capabilities, radical feminists celebrate feminine traits and argue that
men should adopt them.

34. SOCIALIST FEMINISM
• Socialist feminists like to challenge the ideologies of capitalism and patriarchy.
• In short, socialist feminism focuses on economics and politics.
• Socialist feminists point out that this difference is based on a capitalist system.
• Thus, socialist feminists are interested in undermining the power-over system of
capitalist patriarchy through empowerment.

36. CULTURAL FEMINISM:
• Cultural feminism emphasizes essential differences between men and women in
terms of
biology, personality and behavior.
• Cultural feminists seek to remove the negative connotations from such feminine
traits as passivity, nurturance, emotionalism, and dependence and to redefine
them more positively
• Cultural feminism believes in encouraging feminine behavior rather than
masculine behavior .

37. BLACK FEMINISM
• The black feminist movement grew out of, and in response to, the black liberation
movement and the women’s movement.
• Crenshaw discussed Black feminism, which argues that the
experience of being a black woman cannot be understood in terms of being black
or of being a woman.
• In an effort to meet the needs of black women who felt they were being racially
oppressed in the women’s and sexually oppressed in the black liberation
movement,

38. ECO-FEMINISM:
• Some feminists have been concerned to connect their ideas with an
environmentist outlook, developing the perspective of eco-feminism.
• Combining a more comprehensive analysis of power
often with a greater spiritual vision, eco-feminists see women’s rights and
empowerment
linked to political, economic, social and cultural factors that benefit all living
creatures and
Mother Nature herself.

39. ISLAMIC FEMINISM
• Islamic feminism is a form of feminism concerned with the role of women in
Islam.
• It aims for the full equality of all Muslims, regardless of gender, in public and
private life.
• Islamic feminists advocate women's rights, gender equality, and social justice
grounded in an Islamic framework.

40. FEMINIST RESEARCH

41. • Research methods are technique(s) for gathering data
• quantitative methods traditionally being associated with words such as positivism,
scientific, objectivity, statistics and masculinity
• qualitative methods have generally been associated with interpretivism, non-
scientific, subjectivity and femininity.

42. FEMINIST RESEARCH
• the general consensus of feminist scholars is that feminist research should be not
just on women, but for women
• Feminist research is seen as being concerned with issues of broader social change
and social justice and committed to changing the condition of women
• distinctive features of feminist qualitative research is the emphasis placed on
reflexivity or engaging in reflection about the research process

43. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring
to them.
• a majority of feminist researchers use qualitative methods
• both quantitative and qualitative research methods are useful in feminist research

44. FEMININE RESEARCH METHODS
• Interview
• although personal interviews are labour intensive, they are also the best way of
collecting high quality data.
• In-depth interviews are guided conversations utilizing open-ended questions and
various forms of (informal) probing to facilitate a discussion of issues in a semi-
structured or unstructured manner
• Focus Group
• focus groups are a contextual method
• focus groups have potential to help women to collectively change their consciousness

45. CASE STUDY
• , the case study method is likely to allow participating women to construct their
own realities and arrive at their own truths based on their lived experiences and
on their own terms.
• Discourse Analysis
• Discourses, both reflect and shape the way we experience and interpret the
world around us, and consequently the way we act upon it
• analysis of discourse will be an analysis of what people do and say.

46. CONCLUSION

47. The goal of feminism is to challenge the systemic inequalities women face on a daily basis.
Contrary to popular belief feminism has nothing to do with belittling men, in fact feminism does not support
sexism against either gender. Feminism works towards equality, not female superiority.
Feminists respect individual, informed choices and believe there shouldn't be a double standard in judging a
person. Everyone has the right to sexual autonomy and the ability to make decisions about when, how and
with whom to conduct their sexual life
What feminists want the world to know, or at least acknowledge is the different ways men and women are
treated, and although there have been great strides towards equality, women and men are far from playing on
the same field.
There isn't just one type of feminism, there are a variety of feminist groups including: girlie feminist, third-
wave feminist, pro-sex feminist, and so on. All these groups aim to deal with different types of discrimination
women, and sometimes men, face.[