This document discusses different theories of feminism including liberal/moderate, radical, and socialist feminism. Liberal feminism focuses on achieving legal and political equality and views women's oppression as cultural rather than biological. Radical feminism sees patriarchy and male domination as the root causes and questions gender roles and family structures. Socialist feminism links women's oppression to private property and capitalism, and sees abolishing these as key to liberation. The document also outlines the evolution of feminism over time and in different contexts like India.
The presentation is about FEMINISM. It also talks about the principles of the concept and it includes famous individuals behind the struggle of the feminists.
The presentation is about FEMINISM. It also talks about the principles of the concept and it includes famous individuals behind the struggle of the feminists.
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Feminism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
It is a short study done by Rajendra Ojha , Graduate Student of International Relation. This study is taken focusing past, present and future ( likely to be ) scenario of radical feminism and Patriarchy Society.
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Feminism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
It is a short study done by Rajendra Ojha , Graduate Student of International Relation. This study is taken focusing past, present and future ( likely to be ) scenario of radical feminism and Patriarchy Society.
1. Explain why the author (hooks) states that its hard to achie.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Explain why the author (hooks) states that it's hard to achieve sisterhood? List some of the challenges to achieve sisterhood.
-Bell Hooks states that it’s hard to achieve sisterhood because “male supremacist ideology” encourages women to believe that they are useless and are only valuable when relating to or bonding with men. Women are taught that their “natural enemies” are themselves, and that “solidarity” will not exist because they cannot and should not bond with one another. Therefore relationships between other women are seen as less valuable and “diminish” rather than “enrich” their own experiences. Women are divided by sexist attitudes, racism, class privilege, and many other prejudices that seek to divide women and turn them against each other. As such, there can be no “mass-based movement” to end sexist oppression without women demonstrating that they are willing to work together and bond in order to achieve their cause. “Some feminists now feel that unity among women is impossible given our differences” (Hooks 44). The fact that many women (like the bourgeois white women) are “exploiting and oppressing other women” for their own gains is only hurting their cause and is giving men more power to control them. “According to Bourgeois women, the basis for bonding was shared victimization, hence the emphasis on common oppression” (Hooks 45). This meant that women had to be represented as “victims” in order to feel that the feminist movement was relevant to their lives. Bonding as “victims” created a situation in which “self-affirming women” (like black women) were often seen as having no place in the feminist movement. It was this logic that led many white women activists to abandon the feminist movement when they no longer embraced the “victim” identity. They cannot afford to see themselves solely as “victims” because it would be psychologically demoralizing for these women to bond with other women on the basis of “shared victimization” and under male patriarchy they would continue to devalue women who were outside of their group and continue to exercise their influence and power over their “allies”. For women to be able to make any kind of impact, on any social or political platform, they have to be able to bond and connect with each other on the basis of shared strengths and resources. It is this type of bonding that is the essence of Sisterhood.
2. Explain how the feminist movement has been shaped since 1960 (provide details in chronological order).
-During the 1960s, influenced and inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, women of all ages began to fight to secure a stronger role in American society. As members of groups like the National Organization for Women (NOW) asserted their rights and strove for equality for themselves and others, they upended many accepted norms and set groundbreaking social and legal changes in motion. Title VII is the section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination in employm.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. “I myself have never been able to find out precisely
what feminism is: I only know that people call me a
feminist whenever I express sentiments that
differentiate me from a doormat.”
― Rebecca West
3. Definition:
Unlike any other “isms” Feminism does not have a
theoretical conceptual base. The term “Feminism” is
derived from the Latin word.
However a broad definition of feminism is “an
awareness of women’s oppression and exploitation in
society, at work and within the family and conscious
action by men and women in changing the situation.
4. Evolution of the concept of feminism:
Feminism meant one thing in the 17th century and
meant something else in the 19 & 20th centuries. For
the former feminist, the struggle was fought for the
democratic rights of women, it included the Rights to
education & employment, right to own property, the
right to vote – the right to enter parliament. On the
whole they fought for legal reforms; the struggles were
essential outside home and family.
5. Today the feminist have gone beyond mere reforms to end
discrimination. They work more towards their
emancipation. Feminism therefore now includes the
struggle against women’s subordination to the male within
the home, against their exploitation by the family, their
continuing low status at work & in burden in production
and reproduction.
In essence the present day feminism is a struggle for the
achievement of women’s equality, dignity & freedom of
choice to control their life and bodies within and outside
home.
6. Feminist consciousness arose in Asia during the early 20th
century. These voices demanded widow remarriage, ban on
polygamy, and ban of sati, purdah and demand for legal
emancipation. In the earliest agitator for women’s rights were
men. Although women today are becoming economically
independent and are educationally & occupationally mobile, we
can still compare their emotional world to that of Sita.
A siege has been laid on women they have been captured by the
very institution which attempt to safeguard the life and interest
namely family, marriage, educational institution, employment
establishment, police outfits, legal machinery, etc.
7. Whether it is child marriage, infanticide, feticide,
wife-battering, sati, widowhood, bigamy, polygamy,
sexual harassment (eve-teasing), physical torture,
mental cruelty, rape (by strangers, police, army,
paramilitary), dowry extortion, dowry murders. Pre-
marital and post-marital suicide – all these forms of
oppressions of Indian women manifest in the
decadent, capitalist, consumerist, corrupt, casteist,
communal, criminal and patriarchal society.
9. Social scientist and women activist both accept that
women are not biologically inferior and her lower
status to man is man-made. However their approach to
the cause of women’s liberation differs. These
approaches have resulted in the formulation of
different theories.
They all maintain that the social inequalities between
man and women as creation of socio- cultural
tradition. These theories have inspired several women
liberal movement all over the world.
10.
11. Moderate or Liberal Feminism or Individual
Feminism:
The inferior position of women according to the
supporters of this theory is due to cultural and
psychological factor. J.S. Mill one of the earliest
thinkers of this school championed the cause of
feminism. He was a liberal and individualistic thinker.
His book “Subjection of Women” (1861) has become a
landmark in the History of women’s movement.
According to him the inferiority of women in the
domains of mental and intellectual production were
not natural but artificial.
12.
13. The Historical origin of Liberal feminism goes back to the
18th century “The enlightenment period of western Europe” –
it was the age of reason. The thinkers of this period
touched upon the nature and the role of women. An
important aspect of liberal feminism was individualism, by
which it was meant that individual possess the freedom to
do what one wishes without interference of others.
Mary Wollstonecraft as a liberal thinker is well known for
her ardent support for women’s cause. Her work was
known as “A Vindication of the rights of women” (1791).
Her basic idea is that “Women are first and foremost
human beings and not sexual beings” women are rational
creatures. They are capable of governing themselves by
reason.
15. In “The feminine mystique” (1963) by Betty Friedan
one of the founders of the liberal women’s movement
in USA analyses the cause of the traditional male,
female division of labor. She says if they are equal why
one role fix for man and other for women. Such
fixation which is social makes one superior or inferior.
“Each suburban wife struggles with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for
groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children,
chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night- she was afraid to
ask even of herself the silent question-- 'Is this all?”
― Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
16.
17. Gandhi also took some of similar approach towards
women’s problems. He strongly criticized excessive
subordination of the wife to the husband. He said that
women should enjoy equal status with man. Sex
discrimination keeps half the population unproductive
therefore women should be brought out from the four
walls of the house.
18. The liberal feminism which flourished in 1960s did not
provide more insight into the roots of women’s inferior
status. However the feminist began to extend the concept
of equality beyond the earlier emphasis on formal equality
in the civil and political sphere. Liberal feminism argued
for equal rights for women but accepted the existing social
order as valid and advocated for the improvement of social
customs, institutions, and laws. Without altering the social
structure particularly in family. They also subscribed to the
hope and accumulation of reforms will transform society,
but radical restructuring is not necessary.
19. Radical Feminism:
Radical feminism is an offshoot of moderate feminism.
The radical feminist believes that the women’s
subjection is due to sexual aggression by men.
Male supremacy is the oldest, the most basic form of
domination, all other forms of exploitation and
oppression. (Racism, Capitalism, Imperialism, etc) are
extension of male supremacy.
Radical feminist also argued that the History of the
world was not the struggle of the classes but it was a
struggle between men and women.
21. For radical feminist – The roots of subordination lies
in the biological family.
Radical feminist main plea is not only the removal of
sex distinctions but the removal of men in their life –
sexual preferences, control over one’s body, free sex
experience and collective child care are some of the
action programs outlined by the radical feminist.
22. The radical feminist argue that women have always
been economically exploited for them marriage turns
to be a contract where by sex and service (house work)
are provided by women to men in return for support.
The same thing happened in the feudal society where
the lord provided security to the slaves in return for
their services. Women and slaves are equivalent due to
sexual politics.
23. Similarly virginity is held important and essential for
the female only.
When a woman marries the custom requires her to
change the title from “miss” to “mrs’. All this she has to
do in order to proclaim her belonging to a man –
which implies that she has no independent existence
of her own.
Her income is regarded as part of husband’s income.
Moreover when both partners earn it is a wife who is
expected to take care of the domestic work such as
cooking and housekeeping.
24. In the west the radical feminism adopted novel protest
methods to draw the attention of the male oppressors.
In the 1970 an army of women marched through the
New York streets and placed what they thought
“freedom trash cans” at important points. In this they
threw their cosmetics and false eyelashes.
Through this they wanted to show that women cannot
be considered as sex objects. They also shouted slogans
“marriage if legalized rape”.
25. In India the Delhi University girls students formed a
society called “Power” – Progressive Organisation for
Women’s Equal Rights. The posters reading “we are not
chapathi making machines” were pasted on the walls of
the college.
26.
27. Among the radical feminist the very aggressive group
formed societies whose chief aim was not only
liberation of women but also the annihilation of men.
Valarie Solanas was given 3 years imprisonment for
shooting men. She also started a society called SCUM
(Society for Cutting Up Men).
Another such society was called WITCH (Women’s
International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell). In UK
the feminist picketed the Miss World contest and
carried banners displaying – “miss used, “miss
conception” and “miss guided”.
Man being the enemy of the radical feminist, they
stood to put an end to the subordination and they
seem to be no place for men in their life.
28.
29.
30. Socialist or Marxist Feminism :
Another approach to the status of women is Historical
materialism or Socialist feminism. All to this approach
the root cause of the lower status of women lies in the
family.
The family is the result of the private property in the
means of production therefore complete equality of
women is possible when private property in the means
of production is abolished.
The concept of private property brought a basic change
in the family.
31. “Men are from Earth, women are from Earth. Deal
with it.”
― George Carlin
32. In a capitalist society, family relations are reduced to
more money relations. Karl Marx and Engels observed
that by abolishing private means of production the
family system will be abolished this is the only way in
which the status of women can be raised.
Feminist within the socialist fold have been struggling
to come to grips with the reality of gender oppression
in society.
According to socialist view power is derived from sex
and class and this is manifested materially and
ideologically in patriarchy and class relations. The
major task is to discover the interdependence of class
and patriarchy.
33. It would be necessary to organize struggle
simultaneously against capitalism and patriarchy.
Patriarchal system cannot vanish by nearly abolishing
private property.
A struggle against patriarchal is a struggle against the
present structure of the family system dominated by
men.
The liberation of women would not be complete
without a change in the patriarchal social system and
all the social values that go with them.
34. The socialist feminist have also raised the whole
debate of domestic work. They argue that women’s
oppression is based on unpaid house work.
Child bearing, child care and house work are material
activities resulting in products.
Like radical feminist the socialist feminist are not anti-
man. But they believe in collaborating with men if the
latter support their cause.
“Feminism has never been about getting a job for
one woman. It's about making life more fair for
women everywhere. It's not about a piece of the
existing pie; there are too many of us for that.
It's about baking a new pie.”
35. CONCLUSION
These 3 main approaches have been used for
understanding women’s subordinate status and also
for evolving strategies to establish women’s equality.
In India feminism and nationalism was closely inter-
linked. The women’s movement in India had none of
the man-women antagonism characteristic of women’s
movement of the west.
In the Indian context the dominant approach has been
liberal feminism, moreover Indian women could not
come out of their homes to fight oppression because it
is the family that is a sole supportive institution.
Hence it is not possible for many women to leave the
security of the family.
36. “A woman without a man is like a fish without a
bicycle.”
― Gloria Steinem
37. Indian feminism is entirely different from western
feminism. Indian women in the absence of economic
independence have to depend solely on the family.
While in the west 50 to 5 % of the women are
employed and those who are unemployed get benefits
from social welfare schemes provided by the state.
Hence they have an alternative if they decide to come
out of oppressive family situations.
38. Moreover the higher level of education of the women in
the west makes them more confident to struggle against
social odds while in Asia the high level of illiteracy, sheer
struggle for survival, make women extremely helpless to
fight against oppression with the family.
This is one of the major reasons why Indian feminist had
to confine their struggle mainly to issues like rape, dowry,
murder, sexism in the media, etc.,
The feminists seek the removal of all forms of inequality,
domination and oppression through the creation of a just,
social and economic order, in the home, nationally and
internationally.