Porém, uma vez que possui certa lógica através de cada número que é passado, esse é um jeito mais seguro de apostar que apenas jogar em qualquer número aleatório e torcer por sorte.
Como podemos ver, o palpite do kaledri para hoje é palpite versátil para aqueles que buscam palpites e interessantes para apostar.
Distribution and Taxonomic Study of a Newly Recorded Croaking Gourami, Tricho...Shoaibe H T Shefat
this study aimed to enhance our understanding of the taxonomic status, source of introduction, impacts on native fish biodiversity and spreading pattern of this croaking gourami for proper management and conservation in Bangladesh.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Destruction and mitigation.. BY DR. ABHIJIT MITRAAbhijit Mitra
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
First record of invasive croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier 1831) ...Shoaibe H T Shefat
This document reports on the first record of the invasive croaking gourami fish, Trichopsis vittata, in the Feni-Muhuri river system in southeastern Bangladesh. Eighteen individuals were collected between December 2017 and August 2018. Measurements and counts of physical features confirmed the species. While the impact on native fish is unknown, T. vittata is spreading rapidly across Bangladesh and likely competes with native species for food and habitat. The source of its introduction, whether from aquariums or aquaculture, remains unclear. Further research is needed to understand its ecological effects and inform proper management.
This presentation was delivered by Eric Baran, Tuantong Jutagate and Kithya Ouch at the Lancang – Mekong Environmental Study Workshop that took place at the 2016 Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy.
The presentation describes the status of fish biodiversity and fisheries between Chiang Saen and Luang Prabang.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton of nguru lake, northeastern, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton in Nguru Lake, Nigeria. Twenty-five species of phytoplankton from four divisions were found in the lake. Sixteen species of zooplankton from four groups were present. Twenty-four fish species belonging to thirteen families were identified. The family Cichlidae dominated the fish population. Shannon-Weiner indices indicated some stations had higher diversity and were less polluted than others. The study provides baseline data on the lake's biodiversity to support development of its fisheries potential.
India is rich in natural resources and the annual harvestable fishery potential of the country is estimated to be 3.48 million
tones. It is established that the fish biodiversity of the country is diminishing at an alarming rate in all the aquatic zones. The
data on species diversity of fishes from Uran coast revealed presence of 31 species of which 3 species of Chondricthyes
representing 2 genera and 2 families and 28 species of Osteicthyes representing 28 genera and 23 families were recorded. Of the recorded species, 55 % belonged to Order Perciformes, 10 % to Clupeiformes, 6 % each to Rajiformes, Mugiliformes and Anguilliformes, 3 % each to Aulopiformes, Carcharhiniformes, Pleuronectiformes, Siluriformes and Tetraodontiformes. Among the recorded species, ribbon fishes/spiny hair tail (Lepturacanthus savala), croakers (Johnius soldado), dhoma (Sciaena dussumierii) and gold spotted grenadier anchovy (Coilia dussumierii) are abundant where as Bleeker’s whipray (Himantura bleekeri), Sharp nose stingray (H. gerrardi) and Spotted Green Puffer fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis) were rare. Stripped mullet (Mugil cephalus), cat fish (Mystus seenghala), three stripped tiger fish (Terapon jarbua) and mudskippers (Boleophthalmus boddarti) were very common. At present, the yield of fin-fish resources from Uran coast is optimum; it is decreasing day by day due to coastal pollution affecting the status of the local fishermen because of which they are looking for other jobs for their livelihood.
Keywords: Fin-fish Resources, Species diversity, JNPT, Uran, Navi Mumbai
Distribution and Taxonomic Study of a Newly Recorded Croaking Gourami, Tricho...Shoaibe H T Shefat
this study aimed to enhance our understanding of the taxonomic status, source of introduction, impacts on native fish biodiversity and spreading pattern of this croaking gourami for proper management and conservation in Bangladesh.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Destruction and mitigation.. BY DR. ABHIJIT MITRAAbhijit Mitra
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
First record of invasive croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier 1831) ...Shoaibe H T Shefat
This document reports on the first record of the invasive croaking gourami fish, Trichopsis vittata, in the Feni-Muhuri river system in southeastern Bangladesh. Eighteen individuals were collected between December 2017 and August 2018. Measurements and counts of physical features confirmed the species. While the impact on native fish is unknown, T. vittata is spreading rapidly across Bangladesh and likely competes with native species for food and habitat. The source of its introduction, whether from aquariums or aquaculture, remains unclear. Further research is needed to understand its ecological effects and inform proper management.
This presentation was delivered by Eric Baran, Tuantong Jutagate and Kithya Ouch at the Lancang – Mekong Environmental Study Workshop that took place at the 2016 Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy.
The presentation describes the status of fish biodiversity and fisheries between Chiang Saen and Luang Prabang.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton of nguru lake, northeastern, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton in Nguru Lake, Nigeria. Twenty-five species of phytoplankton from four divisions were found in the lake. Sixteen species of zooplankton from four groups were present. Twenty-four fish species belonging to thirteen families were identified. The family Cichlidae dominated the fish population. Shannon-Weiner indices indicated some stations had higher diversity and were less polluted than others. The study provides baseline data on the lake's biodiversity to support development of its fisheries potential.
India is rich in natural resources and the annual harvestable fishery potential of the country is estimated to be 3.48 million
tones. It is established that the fish biodiversity of the country is diminishing at an alarming rate in all the aquatic zones. The
data on species diversity of fishes from Uran coast revealed presence of 31 species of which 3 species of Chondricthyes
representing 2 genera and 2 families and 28 species of Osteicthyes representing 28 genera and 23 families were recorded. Of the recorded species, 55 % belonged to Order Perciformes, 10 % to Clupeiformes, 6 % each to Rajiformes, Mugiliformes and Anguilliformes, 3 % each to Aulopiformes, Carcharhiniformes, Pleuronectiformes, Siluriformes and Tetraodontiformes. Among the recorded species, ribbon fishes/spiny hair tail (Lepturacanthus savala), croakers (Johnius soldado), dhoma (Sciaena dussumierii) and gold spotted grenadier anchovy (Coilia dussumierii) are abundant where as Bleeker’s whipray (Himantura bleekeri), Sharp nose stingray (H. gerrardi) and Spotted Green Puffer fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis) were rare. Stripped mullet (Mugil cephalus), cat fish (Mystus seenghala), three stripped tiger fish (Terapon jarbua) and mudskippers (Boleophthalmus boddarti) were very common. At present, the yield of fin-fish resources from Uran coast is optimum; it is decreasing day by day due to coastal pollution affecting the status of the local fishermen because of which they are looking for other jobs for their livelihood.
Keywords: Fin-fish Resources, Species diversity, JNPT, Uran, Navi Mumbai
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Variation in the plankton abundance, biomass and diversity of Municipal pond ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This is the first approach to identification, abundance calculation; biomass analysis and diversity evaluation in two water bodies namely, Municipal pond and Bukvora baor at Jashore district, Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to find out the abundance and species diversity of plankton, water quality parameters in pond and baor environment. However, Municipal pond that is located at the central point of Jashore town and Bukvora baor that is located at sadar upazila in Jashore district. Study also concentrated on the comparison about abundance, species diversity and water quality parameters between pond and baor. Water samples were collected in each month throughout the study period from May, 2016 to August, 2016. Different water quality parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were measured in every month. The mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were 30.4±2.30°C, 32.25 ± 2.6°C, 5.7±0.35 mg/l, 7.05 ± 0.39 and 19.9 ± 2.6 cm, respectively in pond. In baor, the mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH and transparency were 33.45 ± 1.19°C, 33.15 ± 1.49°C, 5.03 ± 0.15 mg/l, 8.45 ± 0.36 and 24.95 ± 2.6 cm, respectively. A total of 30 phytoplankton species have been found in the study area of which species under four groups; namely Cyanophyta (5), Heterokontophyta (3), Chlorophyta (11), Euglenophyta (2) have been identified and nine species were unidentified. Phytoplankton species distribution was not uniform. Chlorophyta species was most dominant group in both environments. Major four groups of zooplankton identified in study area both pond and baor; namely Cladocera (10%), Copepoda (55%), Ostracoda (3%), Rotifera (15%). In addition Nauplius (2%), Tunicata (4%), Insect larve (5%) fish eggs (6%) were also identified. Copepoda species was most dominant group in both environments. Plankton diversity was highest in June occurred in both environments.
This document presents information on fisheries management of Baor, which are oxbow lakes found commonly in Bangladesh. There are approximately 600 Baors concentrated in Jessore, Kustia, and Faridpur districts. Baors range in size and receive water from local floods and rainfall. They contain diverse fisheries resources and support many surrounding villages. Existing management is conducted by the Department of Fisheries and other organizations, but issues include pollution from agriculture and overfishing. Recommendations include improving the existing management system and promoting cage aquaculture.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy and food production, accounting for 5% of GDP and 6% of exports. However, many existing aquaculture practices are unsustainable, as they have led to environmental degradation like destruction of mangroves and wetlands for pond construction, soil acidification, and salinization of land and water. They have also negatively impacted livelihoods by reducing access to resources for local communities. Truly sustainable aquaculture requires practices that do not significantly disrupt ecosystems, are economically viable, and contribute to social well-being. Improving feed sources, closed containment systems, native species selection, and community inclusion can help make aquaculture more environmentally friendly and equitable.
Marine&FreshWater_Resources_Summer_14.pptAkash saha
Bangladesh has significant marine and freshwater fisheries resources due to its large aquatic biodiversity and vast wetland and river systems. It is one of the top fish producing nations. However, these resources are declining due to habitat loss, pollution, overfishing, and climate change impacts like rising temperatures and sea levels. Successful management requires better research, regulation, and ecosystem-based approaches that address threats like water degradation and ensure access for poor communities.
Fish diversity-of-solmara-village-nalbari-luitomania-by-arnab-kumar-mishraarnab kumar mishra
solmara is located in nalbari district. It is 17 km away from nalbari town. The coordinates of solmara is 26.3796°N and 91.2951°E. solmara is surrounded by village 1) kaihati, 2) pipli bari 3)gandhia, 4) belsor, 5) suke kuchi ,6) kathia
A presentation on fisheries management of haorRajan Saha
This presentation provides an overview of fisheries management of haor wetlands in Bangladesh. It begins with introducing haor as bowl-shaped wetland depressions that flood seasonally. It then discusses the key features and geography of haor, lists the major haor regions, and describes the biodiversity found in haor including various flora and fauna. The presentation outlines the existing management approaches including community-based fisheries management. It identifies problems associated with haor management such as overexploitation and pollution. Recommendations are provided around protection, alternative livelihoods, and co-management. In conclusion, the economic and ecological importance of sustainable haor management is emphasized.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Review on fresh water fish diversity of maharashtra (india)DrRavindraPawara
The current review deals with the freshwater fish
recorded and confirmed by various authors, 165 species belonging to 09 orders, 26 families and 82
genera in Maharashtra during 2000 to 2014 and will be useful for fishermen, consumers, fish industry
producers and researchers.
Threats and Conservation of Biodiversity: Bangladesh Perspectives.Mozakkir Azad
Assignment On: Threats and Conservation of Biodiversity: Bangladesh Perspectives.
“Biological diversity” is often shortened to “bio-diversity” that
has won the central point of development policy debates since decades. The rights and
responsibilities for conserving biodiversity have been shaped up with the adoption of the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which is considered as a milestone of natural resources
management and environment.
Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarova...ijtsrd
The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December post monsoon highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan Arjumand Qureshi "Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarovar Pond of Jhalawar (Rajasthan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43619.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43619/studies-on-diversity-and-seasonal-variations-in-ichthyofauna-of-chandrasarovar-pond-of-jhalawar-rajasthan/arjumand-qureshi
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the Indian Sundarbans region of West Bengal. It provides background on the unique ecosystem and biodiversity found in Sundarbans, including 334 plant species, 49 mammal species, and over 400 fish species. Climate change is having serious effects like increased salinity, reduced freshwater flows, and rising sea levels. This is depleting biodiversity as species like the Javan rhino have gone extinct and tiger populations have declined. Conservation efforts are needed to protect the region's biodiversity from the threats of climate change.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Significance of Solomon four group pretest-posttest method in True Experiment...IOSR Journals
The document reviews the co-management approach in Hail Haor, Sylhet, Bangladesh to address climate change impacts. It finds that the two main Resource Management Organizations (RMOs), Borogangina and Dumuria, are reasonably operational but Borogangina (score of 80.60) performs better than Dumuria (score of 66). The respondent community perceives increases in temperature and siltation as well as decreases in rainfall and water flow. The co-management system aims to sustainably manage fisheries and conserve the ecosystem, though some challenges remain for the RMOs.
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pollution on the mudskipper fishery in the Ulhas River estuary in India, with a focus on the biology of Boleopthalmus dussumieri. The estuary receives industrial and domestic effluents from nearby cities and has become heavily polluted, depleting fisheries. The study aims to assess current pollution levels, examine the health of B. dussumieri populations, and determine the status of its fishery. Water quality, biological samples, and fishing data were collected from three zones along the estuary over nine months. The results provide insight into how pollution is impacting this important coastal ecosystem and fishery.
Zooplankton species composition and diversity in the seagrass habitat of Lawa...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seagrass habitats are considered to be some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet and safeguard some ecologically and economically important fauna, amongst which are some globally threatened species, including dugong. Malaysian seagrass ecosystems are not widespread, but their existence supports some significant marine fauna. A rigorous zooplankton study was conducted from May 2016 to February 2017, in the seagrass habitat of Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia, to examine their temporal composition and diversity, together with their ecological influences. A total of 45 zooplankton species from 13 significant groups were recorded in the seagrass habitat. The population density of zooplankton ranged between 2,482 ind/m³ and 22,670 ind/m³ over three different seasons. A single zooplankton copepod was found to be dominant (47.40%), while bivalves were the second largest (31.8%) group in terms of total abundance. It was also noticed that the average relative abundance (0.62) and important species index (62.08) of copepods were higher than for other groups that exist in the seagrass meadow, whereas copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris showed both the highest average relative abundance (0.41) and the highest important species index (41.15). The diversity (H') and richness index of the intermediate season were found to be highest due to favourable physico-chemical conditions. Within the referred seasonal cluster, the wet and dry seasons were almost similar in terms of species abundance, while the intermediate season was distinct, with high species diversity backed by ANOSIM analysis results. Copepod and bivalves formed one group with a common similarity level of 0.80. The CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) model established that abiotic factors, especially turbidity, NO , rainfall, dissolved oxygen and pH were significantly correlated with abundance of individual groups of zooplankton. Zooplankton assemblage and abundance in Lawas were found to be very rich in multiple seasons, indicating that the productivity of uninterrupted seagrass habitat might be high and the system rich in biodiversity.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Variation in the plankton abundance, biomass and diversity of Municipal pond ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This is the first approach to identification, abundance calculation; biomass analysis and diversity evaluation in two water bodies namely, Municipal pond and Bukvora baor at Jashore district, Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to find out the abundance and species diversity of plankton, water quality parameters in pond and baor environment. However, Municipal pond that is located at the central point of Jashore town and Bukvora baor that is located at sadar upazila in Jashore district. Study also concentrated on the comparison about abundance, species diversity and water quality parameters between pond and baor. Water samples were collected in each month throughout the study period from May, 2016 to August, 2016. Different water quality parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were measured in every month. The mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen; pH and transparency were 30.4±2.30°C, 32.25 ± 2.6°C, 5.7±0.35 mg/l, 7.05 ± 0.39 and 19.9 ± 2.6 cm, respectively in pond. In baor, the mean water parameters such as air temperature, water temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH and transparency were 33.45 ± 1.19°C, 33.15 ± 1.49°C, 5.03 ± 0.15 mg/l, 8.45 ± 0.36 and 24.95 ± 2.6 cm, respectively. A total of 30 phytoplankton species have been found in the study area of which species under four groups; namely Cyanophyta (5), Heterokontophyta (3), Chlorophyta (11), Euglenophyta (2) have been identified and nine species were unidentified. Phytoplankton species distribution was not uniform. Chlorophyta species was most dominant group in both environments. Major four groups of zooplankton identified in study area both pond and baor; namely Cladocera (10%), Copepoda (55%), Ostracoda (3%), Rotifera (15%). In addition Nauplius (2%), Tunicata (4%), Insect larve (5%) fish eggs (6%) were also identified. Copepoda species was most dominant group in both environments. Plankton diversity was highest in June occurred in both environments.
This document presents information on fisheries management of Baor, which are oxbow lakes found commonly in Bangladesh. There are approximately 600 Baors concentrated in Jessore, Kustia, and Faridpur districts. Baors range in size and receive water from local floods and rainfall. They contain diverse fisheries resources and support many surrounding villages. Existing management is conducted by the Department of Fisheries and other organizations, but issues include pollution from agriculture and overfishing. Recommendations include improving the existing management system and promoting cage aquaculture.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy and food production, accounting for 5% of GDP and 6% of exports. However, many existing aquaculture practices are unsustainable, as they have led to environmental degradation like destruction of mangroves and wetlands for pond construction, soil acidification, and salinization of land and water. They have also negatively impacted livelihoods by reducing access to resources for local communities. Truly sustainable aquaculture requires practices that do not significantly disrupt ecosystems, are economically viable, and contribute to social well-being. Improving feed sources, closed containment systems, native species selection, and community inclusion can help make aquaculture more environmentally friendly and equitable.
Marine&FreshWater_Resources_Summer_14.pptAkash saha
Bangladesh has significant marine and freshwater fisheries resources due to its large aquatic biodiversity and vast wetland and river systems. It is one of the top fish producing nations. However, these resources are declining due to habitat loss, pollution, overfishing, and climate change impacts like rising temperatures and sea levels. Successful management requires better research, regulation, and ecosystem-based approaches that address threats like water degradation and ensure access for poor communities.
Fish diversity-of-solmara-village-nalbari-luitomania-by-arnab-kumar-mishraarnab kumar mishra
solmara is located in nalbari district. It is 17 km away from nalbari town. The coordinates of solmara is 26.3796°N and 91.2951°E. solmara is surrounded by village 1) kaihati, 2) pipli bari 3)gandhia, 4) belsor, 5) suke kuchi ,6) kathia
A presentation on fisheries management of haorRajan Saha
This presentation provides an overview of fisheries management of haor wetlands in Bangladesh. It begins with introducing haor as bowl-shaped wetland depressions that flood seasonally. It then discusses the key features and geography of haor, lists the major haor regions, and describes the biodiversity found in haor including various flora and fauna. The presentation outlines the existing management approaches including community-based fisheries management. It identifies problems associated with haor management such as overexploitation and pollution. Recommendations are provided around protection, alternative livelihoods, and co-management. In conclusion, the economic and ecological importance of sustainable haor management is emphasized.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Review on fresh water fish diversity of maharashtra (india)DrRavindraPawara
The current review deals with the freshwater fish
recorded and confirmed by various authors, 165 species belonging to 09 orders, 26 families and 82
genera in Maharashtra during 2000 to 2014 and will be useful for fishermen, consumers, fish industry
producers and researchers.
Threats and Conservation of Biodiversity: Bangladesh Perspectives.Mozakkir Azad
Assignment On: Threats and Conservation of Biodiversity: Bangladesh Perspectives.
“Biological diversity” is often shortened to “bio-diversity” that
has won the central point of development policy debates since decades. The rights and
responsibilities for conserving biodiversity have been shaped up with the adoption of the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which is considered as a milestone of natural resources
management and environment.
Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarova...ijtsrd
The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December post monsoon highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan Arjumand Qureshi "Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarovar Pond of Jhalawar (Rajasthan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43619.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43619/studies-on-diversity-and-seasonal-variations-in-ichthyofauna-of-chandrasarovar-pond-of-jhalawar-rajasthan/arjumand-qureshi
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the Indian Sundarbans region of West Bengal. It provides background on the unique ecosystem and biodiversity found in Sundarbans, including 334 plant species, 49 mammal species, and over 400 fish species. Climate change is having serious effects like increased salinity, reduced freshwater flows, and rising sea levels. This is depleting biodiversity as species like the Javan rhino have gone extinct and tiger populations have declined. Conservation efforts are needed to protect the region's biodiversity from the threats of climate change.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Significance of Solomon four group pretest-posttest method in True Experiment...IOSR Journals
The document reviews the co-management approach in Hail Haor, Sylhet, Bangladesh to address climate change impacts. It finds that the two main Resource Management Organizations (RMOs), Borogangina and Dumuria, are reasonably operational but Borogangina (score of 80.60) performs better than Dumuria (score of 66). The respondent community perceives increases in temperature and siltation as well as decreases in rainfall and water flow. The co-management system aims to sustainably manage fisheries and conserve the ecosystem, though some challenges remain for the RMOs.
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pollution on the mudskipper fishery in the Ulhas River estuary in India, with a focus on the biology of Boleopthalmus dussumieri. The estuary receives industrial and domestic effluents from nearby cities and has become heavily polluted, depleting fisheries. The study aims to assess current pollution levels, examine the health of B. dussumieri populations, and determine the status of its fishery. Water quality, biological samples, and fishing data were collected from three zones along the estuary over nine months. The results provide insight into how pollution is impacting this important coastal ecosystem and fishery.
Zooplankton species composition and diversity in the seagrass habitat of Lawa...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seagrass habitats are considered to be some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet and safeguard some ecologically and economically important fauna, amongst which are some globally threatened species, including dugong. Malaysian seagrass ecosystems are not widespread, but their existence supports some significant marine fauna. A rigorous zooplankton study was conducted from May 2016 to February 2017, in the seagrass habitat of Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia, to examine their temporal composition and diversity, together with their ecological influences. A total of 45 zooplankton species from 13 significant groups were recorded in the seagrass habitat. The population density of zooplankton ranged between 2,482 ind/m³ and 22,670 ind/m³ over three different seasons. A single zooplankton copepod was found to be dominant (47.40%), while bivalves were the second largest (31.8%) group in terms of total abundance. It was also noticed that the average relative abundance (0.62) and important species index (62.08) of copepods were higher than for other groups that exist in the seagrass meadow, whereas copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris showed both the highest average relative abundance (0.41) and the highest important species index (41.15). The diversity (H') and richness index of the intermediate season were found to be highest due to favourable physico-chemical conditions. Within the referred seasonal cluster, the wet and dry seasons were almost similar in terms of species abundance, while the intermediate season was distinct, with high species diversity backed by ANOSIM analysis results. Copepod and bivalves formed one group with a common similarity level of 0.80. The CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) model established that abiotic factors, especially turbidity, NO , rainfall, dissolved oxygen and pH were significantly correlated with abundance of individual groups of zooplankton. Zooplankton assemblage and abundance in Lawas were found to be very rich in multiple seasons, indicating that the productivity of uninterrupted seagrass habitat might be high and the system rich in biodiversity.
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1. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3), 357-367; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v3i3.34526
Asian Journal of
Medical and Biological Research
ISSN 2411-4472 (Print) 2412-5571 (Online)
www.ebupress.com/journal/ajmbr
Article
Bhairabriver, Jessore, Bangladesh
Md. Ashraful Islam1
, Abdulla-Al-Asif1,2*
, Md. Abdus Samad1,3
, Baadruzzoha Sarker2
, Meraz Ahmed2
, Abdus
Satter4
and Amir Hossain5
1
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jessore
University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
2
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202,
Bangladesh
3
Department of Socio-cultural Environmental Studies, Division of Environmental Studies, The University of
Tokyo, Japan
4
Department of Aquaculture, Sheikh Fajilatunnesa Mujib Fisheries College (Bangamata Sheikh Fajilatunnesa
Mujib Science and Technology University), Jamalpur, Bangladesh
5
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: Abdulla-Al-Asif, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh. Phone: +8801716838294; E-mail:
jessoreboyhemel@gmail.com
Received: 07 September 2017/Accepted: 26 September 2017/ Published: 28 September 2017
Abstract: The present study was concerned to assess the present status of biodiversity in the Bhairab river,
Jessore with its conservation measures. The study was based on primary observations, questionnaire interviews
with 50 fishers, focus group discussions with river bank community members and cross-check interviews with
key informants. The study was conducted for a period four months from May to August, 2016. The objective of
the study was to assess the fish biodiversity in the Bhairab river, understand the existing fishing practices of the
river and to identify proper management strategies for the conservation of fish biodiversity. Results of the study
revealed that three kinds of fishers were engaged in the Bhairab river namely, professional fishers; seasonal
fishers and subsistence fishers. Seven types of fishing gears like seine net, gill net, cast net, push net, lift net,
trap and hook and line were operated to fish by the fishers during the survey. A total of 39 species of fish were
identified in the catches of the Bhairab River. There are degraded ecosystems and declining biodiversity have
found during the study. According to survey, fishing pressure and over fishing were responsible for almost 38%
loss and pollution and siltation caused about 27% loss of ecosystem. Around 21% and 14% loss of ecosystem
were caused by urbanization and human encroachment, and the recreational activities respectively. These have
been created a great impact on river ecology. As a result, the water quality is deteriorating day by day and the
availability of fish species and other aquatic biodiversity is decreasing gradually. During the survey, 20 species
was found at a risk of being endangered. From the survey, it was found that the overexploitation of fish was
responsible for the 40% losses of biodiversity in the Bhairab River and water pollution caused 35% loss of
biodiversity. Henceforth, river course change and habitat degradation resulted in 15% and 10% loss of
biodiversity of the river respectively. This study was identified possible ways to achieve a rich fish biodiversity
in the Bhairab River with social, economic and environmental aspects. The specific recommendations are
included community based fisheries management, establishment of sanctuary, control of pollution, maintenance
of fishing gears and the implementation of fish act for conservation of fish biodiversity of the Bhairab River.
Keywords: fish biodiversity; conservation; critically endangered species; endangered species; vulnerable;
Bhairab river
A comparative study on fish biodiversity with conservation measures of the
2. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 358
1. Introduction
Bangladesh is endowed with vast water resources and it is the one of the most precious natural resources. About
800 rivers including tributaries flow through the country constituting a waterway of total length around 24,140
km (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012).There are about 4.02 million ha open water in this country which
contributes a lot to fisheries sector (DoF, 2012). According to the World Bank (1991), Bangladesh has the
various water resources including rivers, floodplains, ponds, beels, haors and a long coastline, diverse aquatic
wealth and climate suitable for high yields and considerable increase in fish production. Fisheries make crucial
contributions to the world’s well-being and prosperity. In the last five decades, world fish food supply has
outpaced global population growth, and today fish constitutes an important source of nutritious food and animal
protein for much of the world’s population (FAO, 2012). Fish and fisheries are the indispensable part of life and
livelihood of the people of Bangladesh too since immemorial time. It is an element of the country’s cultural
heritage (DoF, 2012). Total global capture production in inland waters has increased dramatically since the mid-
2000s. Total production amounted to 11.2 milliontons in 2010, an increase of 30% since 2004 (FAO,
2012).Bangladesh is one of the world's leading inland fisheries producer with an annual production of fish was
1.05 million metric tons which constituted 34.45% of total catch in 2011 (DoF, 2012). Riverine capture fisheries
in the form of common property and open access resources constitute a vital component of the agro-ecosystem
of rural Bangladesh (Blaikie and Sadeque, 2000). The Bhairabriveris also playing an important role in the total
fish production of the country. The Bhairabriverbegins from the Jalangi, river takes off few miles to the northern
karimpur. Then it turns to the east to meherpur and its pass through Jessore town. The Bhairab River is about
160 kilometers long and wide about 71 meters. It’s average depth is1.2 to 1.5 meters with a normal water flow
and plenty of silt (Fluharty, 2000). According to DoF (2012), about 289 freshwater fish species under 13 order
and 61families are found in these rivers. The biodiversity of the Bhairab river are quite well and a important
rivers of Bangladesh. The massive siltation has threatened the existence of this important river and it is
gradually being turned in to a canal .The Bhairab River has two main branches the khulnaIchmati and the
kapotakkho. The Khulna Ichamati forms a boundary between Bangladesh and India. The town of Khulna and
Jessore are situated in the bank of the river. The Bhairab River has its blessings for the Bangladesh providing
fishing, communication and irrigation facilities but is now drying up. The fishers who have been living beside
the river are facing difficulties and hardship due to lack of fish in the river. The term ‘biodiversity’ introduced in
the mid-1980s for the total richness and variety of life on earth. The biodiversity of the Bhairab River is so
diverse and community lives around this river depend mainly on this river for their livelihood (Hossain and
Ahmed, 2008). The livelihood of a large number of people beside the river depends mainly on fishing in the
Bhairab River. According to IUCN (2000), about 54 freshwater species are critically or somewhat endangered
in the country. Among them 14 species are listed as critically endangered; 27 as endangered and 14 as
vulnerable. Overfishing, rapid extraction of fish seed and broodstock, destructive and unregulated fishing
practices, pollution, introduction of exotic species, loss of aquatic habitat due to siltation, dam construction, and
other anthropogenic activities have been the major causes of fish species loss. Human activities are causing
species to disappear at an alarming rate. Aquatic species are at a higher risk of extinction than mammals and
birds. Losses of this magnitude impact the entire ecosystem, depriving valuable resources used to provide food,
medicines, and industrial materials to human beings. Runoff from agricultural and urban areas, the invasion of
exotic species, and the creation of dams and water diversion have been identified as the greatest challenges to
freshwater environments (Allan and Flecker, 1993). Biodiversity and its conservation are regarded as one of the
major issues of enabling sustainable use of natural resources and are essential for the Bhairab River. Conserving
diversity also improves the likelihood of maintaining minimal viable populations of rare and late-successional
species. Maintaining biodiversity is important because it is not always possible to identify which individual
species are critical to aquatic ecosystems sustainability. The findings of the study will, in particular, be
applicable to the management of the Bhairab River in Jessore. Moreover, the findings are expected to be useful
to students, researchers and policy makers. This study may helpful to stakeholders who are interested in
conducting the similar study in other parts of the country, particularly the conservation of fish biodiversity. The
overall goal of this study is to conserve fish biodiversity of Bhairab River. The main objectives of the present
study were to assess the availability of fish biodiversity in Bhairab River; to understand the existing fishing
practices of the Bhairab River and to identify proper management strategies for the conservation of fish
biodiversity.
3. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 359
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study area and periods
The Bhairab River of Jessore region was selected for the present study area. The primary areas of questionnaire
interview were Fultala, Rajarhat, and Nawapara in the Bhairab River (Figure 1). The study periods were from
May to August, 2016.
Figure 1. The study area of the Bhairab River in Jessore district.
2.2. Target groups fishers
For data collection, the target groups were fishers and fishing community members of the Bhairab River. The
total respondents were 50 fishers for questionnaire interviews. Sample target people were selected randomly
from the study area in the Bhairabriver in Jessore district especially from rajar hat, Nawapara and fultala area.
2.3. Data collection methods
The credibility of the results of a scientific research depends largely on appropriate methodology used in
research. Data were collected from target groups by questionnaire interviews, Participatory Rapid Appraisal
(PRA) tool such as Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and cross check interviews with key informants. Sample
size was taken about 50% of individual interview, 30% of FGD and 20% of the cross-check interviews with the
key informants of the study area. Samples were selected randomly.
2.4. Data processing and analysis
The collected data were summarized and scrutinized carefully before the actual tabulation. Some of the data
were collected into local units due to familiarity for respondents. The processed data were transferred to a
spreadsheet from which classified tables were prepared revealing the finding of the study. Then the data were
tabulated into computer. Preliminary data sheets were compared with computer spreadsheets to ensure the
accuracy of the data enter. After data entry, the data were analyzed with computer program Microsoft Excel.
3. Results
3.1. Fishing Practices
3.1.1. Fishers
According to questionnaire interview, about 55% of the families living beside the river are more or less
dependent on the fishing from the Bhairab River for their subsistence. According to focus group discussion it
was roughly estimated that around 90% are male and 10% are female are involved in fishing in the Bhairab
River. As per standard practice fishers are categorized into three groups. The professional fishers, who depend
on fishing almost year round for their livelihood; seasonal fishers, who fish only during a part of the year as
income earning; and subsistence fishers, who mostly fish for their own consumption.
3.1.2. Fishing seasons
Seasons affect the availability of fishes, water quality of water bodies, abundance of food for the fishes and also
the using of gears. Time and season of fishing varied greatly with geographic distribution, weather condition,
lunar effect, rainfall, types of habitat and food availability in the water body. Pre-monsoon season, this season
starts from April and end in June. It is the moderate season. The fish catch is the lowest in this season; monsoon
4. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 360
it combines with the month of July, August and September. Fishing gears are widely used in that season due to
presence of current and high water level. iii. Post-monsoon. The season starts from October and end in
December. It is the moderate peak season of fishing because most of the fishes are breed in post-monsoon and
dry season, this season combines with the month from January to March. The performance of fishing is less
during dry season because the water level is very low. Wounding gear is widely used in that season. Besides this
there are mainly two seasons for fishing. The peak season from July to September and lean season is about three
month and that is January to March.
3.1.3. Fishing gears
Various types of fishing gears were found to operate in the study area, they were mostly of traditional type and
some of them were unique for the particular locality. From the survey it was found that only 7 types of fishing
gear were operated by the fishers in the Bhairab River (Table 1). These gears are classified into three groups,
such as; 1) net, 2) wounding gear and 3) trap.
Table 1. Types of fishing gears used in the Bharab River.
Group
name
Name of Gears Description of the gears
Local Name English Name
Net
Berjal Seine net Rectangular shape has two border lines.
Upper borderline contains float, lower borderline contains sinkers.
Sometimes it is as long as 250m.
Current jal Gill net Bag like net.
Fastened at the corner of four diagonal H poles.
Lift pole is tied at the centre and act as like as liver.
Thelajal Push net Rectangular net of single wall.
Upper border contain float and lower border may or may not contain
sinker.
Mesh size varies from 2.5 cm to 10.0 cm and even 20.0 cm for larger
fishes.
Free moving (drifted) or fixed.
Jhakijal Cast net Conical shaped.
The hauling string of the net is fixed at the narrow apical end of the
cone.
The lower end is folded and attached to the net at
Kheplajal Throwing net Circular outline.
Generally made up of fabrics and iron made weight.
Wounding
gear
Borshi Hook and line Made of iron or brass.
The manner of capture fish is to offer real or artificial bait on a single
hook or tri hook to allure them to eat.
Traps Bair/Borong
Made of split bamboo and cane materials.
Tubular shaped basket like trap.
Set against water current.
3.1.4. Fishing duration by different gears
In the study area, the highest and the lowest fishing duration were recorded in borshi (hook and line) and current
jal (gill net) which were 9.33 hours and 3.35 hours per day respectively. The jhakijal (cast net) is the most
common gear used at all area of the Bhairab River compared to other gears. Fishing duration of other gears
recorded were berjal (seine net) at 4.10 hours, thelajal (push net) at 4.94 hours, Dharmojal 6.5 hours (lift net)
at4.55 hours Jhakijal at 6.75 hours (Figure 2).
5. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 361
Figure 2. The average fishing hours of different gears in the Bhairab River.
3.1.5. Catch Composition
The fishers mentioned that they use different gear to catch those fish tend to be dominant to get caught by
specific gear like Macrobrachium lamrrei, Amblypharyngodon mola, Puntius sophera, Chanda ranga, Puntius
ticto, Esomus daricus, Glossogobius geuris, Chada nama, Channa putatus etc were the dominant species to
catch with the help of seine net. Putius sophera, Mystus vittitus, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus cirrhisu, Labeo
calbasu were tend to be dominant by current net. The catch composition of different species is given in (Table
2).
Table 2. Catch composition of the Bhairab River.
Sl no. Species % of catch
Group name Local name Scientific name
1 India major carp Rui Labeo rohita 4.6
2 Catla Catla catla 2.94
3 Mrigal Cirrhinus cirrhosus 4.88
4 Kalibaush Labeo calbasu 3.24
5 Minor carp Bata Labeo bata 3.29
6 Barb Jatpunti Puntius sophore 4.33
7 Tit punti Puntius ticto 3.24
8 Kanchanpunti Puntius conchonius 2.29
9 Sharpunti Puntius sarana 3.29
10 Darkina Esomus danricus 1.65
11 Snake head Taki/Lata Channa punctatus 8.54
12 Shol Channa striata 3.27
13 Piplashol Channa barca 2.29
14 Loach Bowrani Botia Dario 1.65
15 Kajuli Ailia coila 1.65
16 Molacarplet Mola Amblypharyngodon mola 2.94
17
Cat fish
Tengra Mystus vittatus 6.53
18 Gulsa Mystus cavasius 4.24
19 Buzuritengra Mystus bleekeri 3.6
20 Rita Rita rita 3.24
21 Boal Wallago attu 2.94
22 Kutakanti Hara hara 1.33
23 Cheka Chaca chaca 1.33
24 Mullet Kachki Sicamugilcascasia 4.53
25 Gourami Kholisa Colisa fasciata 3.6
26 Spiny eel Guchibaim Mastacembelus pancalus 4.53
27 Tara baim Macrognathus aculeatus 1.97
28 Climbing
Perch
Koi Anabus testudineus 3.24
29 Napit koi Badis badis 2.29
30 Tank goby Bele Glossogobius giuris 2.29
6. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 362
3.2. River ecosystem
3.2.1. The Bhairab River ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the non-
living components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These
components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are
defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they
can come in any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces although it is sometimes said that the entire
planet is an ecosystem. The ecosystem of the river viewed as a system operating in its natural environment, and
includes biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living)
physical and chemical interactions. In the Bhairab River, abiotic factors includes the water flow, light,
temperature, concentration of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, dissolved salt, PH and substrates like
fine particles, autumn shed leaves, submerged wood and moss. On the other hand, biotic organisms includes
different types of fish, other aquatic animals like insects, crabs, snails, oysters, mussels, aquatic birds, frogs and
snakes. This also includes different types of aquatic plants which provide oxygen for aquatic animals in the
river. In addition, another important living factor is micro-organisms which help in decomposition and make the
nutrient cycle continuous.
3.3. Biodiversity
3.3.1. Fish biodiversity
Survey with fishers shows that among these varieties of fish, the highest amount of fish caught by the fishers
was catfishes at about 16.62%. However, the lowest amount catch constituted the minor carp of about 1.29%.
After the catfish, the second highest catch was 12.9% of small prawn. Another dominant group major carps
contained 11.26% and barbs remained at 11% of the catch and the loaches constituted 1.3% of the total catch. In
addition other groups like molacarplet 4%, mullet 4.10%, gourami 2.20%, spiny eels 5.86%, climbing perch
4.10%, tank goby 3.53%, minnows 5.10%, freshwater garfish 3%, perchlet, 3.30% and river shad, 2.86% were
found in the Bhairab River (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Percentage of different fish group.
3.3.2. Other aquatic species
Besides the variety of fish, there are also so many other aquatic animals are found in the Bhairab River. The
questionnaire interviews with the fishers show there are plenty of other animals like aquatic birds, crabs, snails,
mussels, turtles, snakes, dolphins and frogs. Fishers mentioned two species of aquatic birds, one species of crab,
three species of mussel, one species of snail, one species of turtle, one species of snake, and one species of frog
(Table 3). They also mentioned that the turtle is hardly seen in the river nowadays.
Table 3. Other aquatic animals those are found in the Bhairab River.
Sl. No. Species
Group name Local name Scientific ame
1 Aquatic bird MaachrangaBok Alcedo atthis, Grus grus
2 Crab Mud crab Scylla serrata
3 Snail Apple shamuk Pila globosa
4 Mussel Jhinuk Lamellidens marginalis, L. jenkinsianus
5 Turtle Kossop Melanochelys tricarinat
6 Snake (aquatic) Guisaap Varanus bengalensis
7 Frog Kuno bang Bufo melanostictus
7. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 363
3.3.3. Threats to Fisheries Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire
planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biologists most often define as the totality of
genes, species, and ecosystems of a region. The threats to fisheries biodiversity can be grouped under four
interacting categories. Overexploitation, water pollution, change of river course, destruction or degradation of
habitat. Due to the increasing population, fishing pressure and overexploitation is increasing day by day. The
river course is changed because of dam, bridges which are the main causes of drought, flood. The combined and
interacting influences of these four major threat categories have resulted in population declines and range
reduction of the Bhairab River biodiversity. From the survey it was found that the overexploitation of fishes was
40% responsible for the biodiversity destruction in the Bhairab River and water pollution caused 35% loss of
biodiversity. Henceforth, river course change resulted in 15% of loss and habitat degradation caused 10% of
biodiversity loss of the river (Figure 4).
Figure 4.Threats to the fisheries biodiversity in the Bhairab River.
During questionnaire survey with that the many fish species once abundant in the Bhairab River, but now
become rare (Table 4). From the survey 20 species have been found at a risk of being endangered. Among those
fishes all are ecologically important but a few fishes like mohashol, khorola, baghayre, chitol, foli, pabda and
kanipabda are as well as commercial important. But they become completely extinct from the Bhairab river
according to survey data.
Table 4. The threaten species of Bhairab river.
Sl.
No.
Species Name Ecologically Important
Species
Commercially
Important Species
Local Name Scientific Name
Critically endangered species
1 Mohashol Tor tor √ √
2 Khorola Rhinomugil corsula √ √
3 Lalkholisha Colisa labius √
4 Chitol Chitala chitala √ √
5 Foli Notopterus notopterus √ √
6 Pathorchata Barilius tileo √
7 Kanipabda Ompok bimaculatus √
Endangered species
8 Bacha Eutropiichthys vacha √
9 Baghayre Bagarius bagarius √ √
10 Gajar Channa marulius √ √
11 Pabda Ompok pabda √ √
12 Bashpata Ailia coilia √
13 Gonia Labeo gonia √
14 Gutum Lepidocephalus guntea √
Vulnerable
15 Dhela Osteobrama cotio √
16 cheka Chela laubuca √
17 Bata Labeo bata √
18 Bou Rani Botia dorio √
19 Kajoli Ailichthys punctata √
8. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 364
3.4. Conservation measures
3.4.1. Community based fisheries management
It is a strategy undertaken through the active participation of an organized community. According to survey,
respondent mention that CBFM can play a great role in the following sector-improvement of biodiversity;
maintenance of fishing gears; fish production improvement; impacts on social stability; impacts on poverty
alleviation; fish species availability; management of pollution and siltation and management of river basin and
water quality.
3.4.2. Fishing gears maintenance
In studied area from the focus group discussion, 7 different types of fishing gears were found to operate in the
river like berjal, jhakijal, current jal, thelajal, kheplajal, bair and borshi. Fishers mentioned that before
establishing of CBFM approach, they used their fishing gears without understanding their proper use, what type
of fishing gears are usable in case of different depth, species, and season, which indicate improper fishing. Even
they did not follow any fishing rules other than profit. As such fishing was done indiscriminately and in most
cases, it was over fishing by using the destructive fishing gears. That improper fishing caused reduction of fish
species from the water body, barrier to proper growth and development of the fishes.
3.4.3. Sanctuary establishment
From the survey it is found that to overcome this endangered situation, Fish sanctuary is to establish. They
maintain a particular demarcated protected area in the water body as a permanent shelter for the protection of
fish for natural propagation, where targeted fish will not be disturbed or captured. Fishers suggested that
establishing of aquatic sanctuary is one of the effective tools for conserving fish stock, preserving biodiversity
and increasing fish production. In some cases restoration as well as conservation of habitat may be possible by
establishing aquatic sanctuary.
3.4.4. Pollution control
Survey shows that agricultural runoffs, oil spillage from mechanized boat, human waste, domestic garbage are
the main causes of water pollution of the Bhairab River. Toxic waste entering the water bodies, disturb the food
chain and so the aquatic ecosystem. Fishers also mentioned that Pollution of river water is the highest threat to
the ecosystem of the Bhairab River and it is the main cause of losing fisheries biodiversity. Most of the villagers
of the riverside area are unconscious. Moreover, the fishing community is also unaware about pollution.
According to survey, public awareness especially fishers and riverside people must be aware of the effect of
pollution.
3.4.5. Implementation of fishing acts and regulations
In this study, we observed that, fishers have no training from any institution. If they got training from any
institution, they will aware for protecting their own resources. Because of their unconsciousness they often
break the rules and regulations such as, use of illegal fishing gear like current jal, catch of undersize and brood
fish. So, with the discussion with fishers it has found that the implementation of rules and regulation should be
strict by Government and make the fishers aware of sustainable yield and conserving ecosystem.
4. Discussion
In this present study, it was found that on average 52% of fishers are involved in fishing daily in the Bhairab
River and the rest 48% are engaged in fishing seasonally. They are involved in other jobs like day labor,
rickshaw pulling, agriculture and others during the lean season. The relative proportion of those engaged in
capture fisheries within the sector actually decreased from 87 percent in 2010 to 70 percent in 2015, while the
proportion of those engaged in fish farming increased from 13 to 30 percent. In fact, in the last five years for
which data are available, the number of people engaged in fish farming has increased at 5.5 percent per year
compared with a mere 0.8 percent per year for those engaged in capture fisheries. It is apparent that, in the most
important fishing nations, the share of employment in capture fisheries is stagnating or decreasing (FAO, 2012).
According to DoF (2012), the total number of the fishers in Bangladesh is 12.8 million including 7.7 million
inland fishers and 5.1 million marine fishers. Fisheries sector creates 1.4 million full time employment and part
time employment of nearly 11 million people. A large portion of rural family members are engaged in part time
fishing from the beels (Kabiret al., 2012). From the survey it has found that there are four seasons for fishing
like premonsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and dry season with two major season and they are peak season and
lean season. According to Encyclopedia (2012), fishing seasons are set by countries or localities to indicate what
9. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 365
kinds of fish may be caught during sport fishing (also known as angling) for a certain period of time. Fishing
seasons are enforced to maintain ecological balance & to protect species of fish during their spawning period
during which they are easier to catch. Jennings and Rice (2011) recorded that the statutory coarse fish close
season applies between 15 March and 15 June (inclusive) in United Kingdom. It applies on all rivers, streams
and drains in England and Wales, and to some canals and some still waters. There is no close season on most
canals and most still waters. Various types of fishing gears were found to operate in the study area and they
were classified into three groups; such as net, trap and wounding gear. The gear like seine net, gill net, cast net,
push net, lift net, trap and hook and line operated in the Bhairab River. Sayeed (2010) recorded a total of 34
different types of fishing gear including nets (11), traps (11), hook and lines (4), wounding gears (4), FADs (3)
and hand fishing (1) from Chalanbeel. Similar study was done by Galib (2008) who recorded that the fishing
gears used by the fishermen in Chalanbeel included 12 types of nets, 5 types of traps, 6 types of hooks and lines,
4 types of wounding gears and 2 types of other fishing methods. Hossain and Ahmed (2008) recorded different
types of fishing gears broadly classified into three groups such as nets, traps and wounding gears were found to
be operated by the fishermen in the Kolimarhaor. The ecosystem of the Bhairab River viewed as a system
operating in its natural environment, and includes biotic (living) interactions among plants, animals and micro-
organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical interactions. Kabiret al. (2012) mainly stressed
on the assessment of the livelihood status and constraint faced by the fishers and stated that the Bhairab River,
in Jessore especially at nawapara, is one of the most important ecosystems with much aquaculture potential.
This flood fishery plays a very important role in alleviation of rural poverty and supplying food to the poor
fishing community. Edward and Plaganyi (2011), assessing actual and potential biodiversity of river-floodplain
ecosystems on the basis of policy and legislation concerning endangered and protected species is necessary for
consistency between different policy goals. It is thus a prerequisite to sustainable and integrated river
management. According to Halwart (2006), many of the aquatic organisms found inriver ecosystem play an
important role as the biological control agents of vectors and pests. They can be of both public health and
agricultural significance, and are acknowledged elements of integrated Pest Management (IPM). During
questionnaire survey with fishers, most of them reported that there were plenty of different fishes available from
the Bhairab River 10-20 years back. According to Samadet al. (2013), the availability of small indigenous
species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to
death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. The fishers also reported that the diversity and overall
availability of fishes are declining day by day. In the Bhairab River, 30 fishes under 17 groups have been found
from the Questionnaire interview with 50 fishers where as they found 60 to 65 fish species during their old days,
10 to 12 years ago. An experiment by Galib (2008) showed that about 12 species were critically endangered, 20
were endangered and 14 species were vulnerable in our country. According to the IUCN (2000), about 54
freshwater species are critically or somewhat endangered in the country. Among them 14 species are listed as
critically endangered; 27 as endangered and 14 as vulnerable. The questionnaire interviews with the fishers
show there are plenty of other animals like aquatic birds, crabs, snails, mussels, turtles, snakes and frogs. Fishers
mentioned two species of aquatic birds, one species of crab, three species of mussel, one species of snail, one
species of turtle, one species of snake and one species of frog. IUCN (2010) mentioned Tanguar Haor is a
globally significant wetland with a unique ecosystem, located in the Tahirpur and Dharma pasha upazillas,
north-east Bangladesh. Tanguar Hoar is known for its diverse species of wildlife; it is also a vital fish breeding
ground and provides a refuge for at least half a million migratory birds each year. There are 10 species of pearl
bearing bivalves, 12 species of edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster (Azim and
Asaeda, 2005). Survey shows that the fishers emphasize on the community based fisheries management, fishing
gear maintenance, sanctuary establishment, pollution control, implementation of fishing acts and regulations as
the conservation measures of fish biodiversity. Ahmed et al. (2007) demonstrated about 13 fish sanctuaries of
the rivers and beels scattered all over the country. The fishers of those relevant sanctuaries have reported that
the production of fish from have increased up to 239.4 kg/ha whereas the production was 120 kg/ha yearly
before the project was started. Moreover, number of the fish species increased up to 85%. In these sanctuaries
24 fish species is now abundant which was considered as locally extinct and the number of regenerated fish
species is 1 to 7. Furthermore, 23 threatened fish species are now available in those fish sanctuaries that have
been considered as rare as a whole income of the fishermen have increased in various rates. At the last it can be
said that fish sanctuary is now an urgent need for protection of wild fish stock, sustainable development of
fisheries resources and for conservation of fish species and genetic diversity. A report by FAO (2003) on
biodiversity and the ecosystem approach in agriculture, forestry and fisheries showed the ecosystem approach of
the convention on biodiversity. These biodiversity programmes use ecosystem approaches to stimulate
community level education and experiential learning by rural people. The same approaches educate national
10. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (3) 366
policy makers to fulfill commitments made to environmental treaties. Raj (2002) reported freshwater fish
biodiversity and conservation measures in India. He suggested taking necessary actions like establishment of
sanctuary, determination of the environmental requirements of the species etc. Among the projects implemented
in Bangladesh, Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) has become a common strategy for managing
open water bodies and for empowering local communities by involving community stakeholders, recognizing
local needs, using local knowledge and establishing common property regimen (Ostrom, 1990 and Berkes et al.,
1998).
5. Conclusions
In the present study, it revealed that the Bhairab River is famous for its rich reserve of aquatic life. A large
number of rural people live in the North-South of the riverbank, whose livelihoods culture and daily activities
are related and adapted to its aquatic environment but nowadays the biodiversity of the Bhairab River is in great
threat due to fishing pressure, overfishing, pollution, siltation, urbanization and human encroachment. These
have been created a great impact on river ecology. As a result, the water quality is deteriorating day by day and
the availability of fish species and other aquatic biodiversity is decreasing gradually. The complete drying up in
many parts of the river Bhairab is a common scenario during lean season, which is detrimental to fish
populations and ecosystem. A total of 30 species of fish were identified in the catches of the Bhairab River.
From the present study, the threats to fisheries biodiversity was grouped under four interacting categories.
Overexploitation, water pollution, changes of river course, destruction or degradation of habitat.
Conflict of interest
None to declare.
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