Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Protection of transmission lines (distance)Rohini Haridas
This gives idea about necessity of protection of transmission line and protection based on time grading as well as on current grading. Also includes three step distance protection of transmission line
ASHIDA has a wide range of Feeder Protection Relays.
The Relays are available in Modular as well.
ASHIDA Directional & Non-Directional Relays are protecting the Feeders in substation across the world.
Protection of transmission lines (distance)Rohini Haridas
This gives idea about necessity of protection of transmission line and protection based on time grading as well as on current grading. Also includes three step distance protection of transmission line
ASHIDA has a wide range of Feeder Protection Relays.
The Relays are available in Modular as well.
ASHIDA Directional & Non-Directional Relays are protecting the Feeders in substation across the world.
CLASS 2016 - Palestra Paulo Antunes de Souza Jr.TI Safe
Palestra "Cyber Security para Sistemas de Automação de Energia - Como a Defesa em Profundidade Pode Aumentar a Segurança Cibernética em Instalações Críticas", realizada no dia 20/05/2016.
Servomax is a well know and established company in delivering Power Distribution Unit, Electric Equipments manufacturers, suppliers of Power Distribution Unit india, indian Electric Equipments.
The amc system consists of a series of air-insulated modular cubicles with metal-clad compartments and withdrawable module technology for Medium Voltage primary distribution and industrial installations up to 17.5 kV.
More informatio at: www.ormazabal.com
Efore DC backup SYSTEM, Master Portfolio 2016, uninterruptible power supplyEFORE Group
What is a backup DC Power System ?
A system converting mains AC to DC power supply for critical applications, which must assure continuous operation against any AC disturbance or temporary absence. UPS as well provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, fails… But:
-UPS is required for short time backup (minutes)
-DC system are used in case of long time backup
How a DC Power System is generally made of ?
Typical DC system includes:
DC power supply,
DC-DC converters,
Rectifiers,
Monitoring and control assemblies,
Indoor/outdoor cabinetry,
Battery & battery management tools (is usual to sell system wired, ready for battery installation).
How DC Power System runs?
DC system offers backup power supply by storing DC energy through battery pack. It offers high reliability, through product robustness and redundancy of its elements. DC PS must be immune against EMI and provide an effective filter TO and FROM the AC mains supply.
Development of DC systems in the late 19th century
AC solutions came somewhat later
But AC systems (50 or 60 Hz) became the standard in the world
Simple transformation between different Voltage levels
Short circuit current interruption
Limited interest for DC in the second half of the 20th century
Increased interest in the last years
Renewable energy sources
Offshore solutions
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
5. Functional Overview: Key Protection & Control Functions:
• Two Independent Settings Groups
• Directional / Non Directional Phase & Ground Over Current Function
(50/51/51N/51N/51V/67/67N)
• Four Independent Stages for Directional/Non Directional Phase Over
Current Protection
• Three Stages of Directional/Non Directional Ground Over Current
Protection
• Internally Derived / Externally measured Ground Over Current (3I0>)
Protection
6. Functional Overview: Key Protection & Control Functions:
• Inverse Time Over Current Protection (IEC curves according to IEC60255)
• High Impedance Restricted Earth Fault Protection (64G)
• Inverse & Definite Time Negative Phase Sequence Over Current Protection
(46)
• Broken Conductor Protection (46BC)
• Negative Phase Sequence Over Voltage Protection (47)
• Under and Over Voltage Protection (27/59)
• Externally Measured / Internally Calculated Residual Over Voltage
Protection (59N)
7. Functional Overview: Key Protection & Control Functions:
• Multi Shots (4-shots) Auto-Reclosing function (79)
• Breaker Failure Detection (50BF)
• VT and CT Supervision Function
• Trip Circuit Supervision Function (74T)
• Programmable Inputs & Outputs (12 DI/ 11 DO)
• CB Close / Trip from HMI
• Directional Power Protection (32) available in Enhance/Modular version
• Frequency Protection (81U/O) available in Enhance/Modular version
8. Functional Overview: Key Protection & Control Functions:
• Programmable & Target LEDs for indication with dual colours
• Self Supervision of Relay
• Metering Function
• Disturbance Recording (10 nos.)
• Event Recording
• Fault Recording on HMI display (10nos.)
• Non-Volatile memory
• Fully communicable with IEC standard open protocol IEC60870-5-103,
MODBUS & IEC 61850.
9. Functional Overview: Key Protection & Control Functions:
• SCADA communication
• PC front port communication for convenient relay settings
• User friendly local operation with key pad
• Large Liquid crystal display (20X4) with backlight
• Password Protection