It is undeniable fact that even though fossil fuels are likely more to fulfill the requirements of energy, the rare of natural resources and their harmful contents for the environment have directed people to search for new energy sources like renewable resources such as hydropower, biomass, wind, solar and other types of clean energy. In order to highlight the proposed methodology, PV Diesel generator DG with battery energy system BESS based on two typical control strategies, load following LF control strategy and cycle charging CC control strategy, have been analyzed by using HOMER Software to supply the Makyiyay village which is located at 22.02 north latitude and 96.56 east longitude in the Naungkhyo Township, Southern Shan State in Myanmar. The yearly average solar radiation of that area is 4.895kWh m2 day and it is very important to prepare a proper load data to meet the current situation of the target village which has 45 household numbers. By calculating the total load demand, the peak demand of that proposed village is 34kW. The fractions of energy production from PV array and diesel generator of the proposed PV Diesel BESS hybrid system using LF control strategy are 60 and 40 to meet the demand. Moreover, the proposed hybrid system based on LF control strategy provides the lowest TNPC, COE and carbon emission than the hybrid system based on CC control strategy according to the evaluation results. In contrast, the analysis of evaluation results shows that the PV Diesel ESS based on LF control choice is more economically possible than that system based on CC control. Phyu Phyu Win | Zin Mar "Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typical Control Strategies for Rural Electrification in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26695.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26695/performance-analysis-of-autonomous-hybrid-distributed-generation-based-on-typical-control-strategies-for-rural-electrification-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Feasibility study of achieving reliable electricity supply using hybrid power...IJECEIAES
Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$ 163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly.
Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini gridijtsrd
Mini grids defined as a set of electricity generators and battery energy storage system is connected between the load side and the source side. A key feature of mini grids is that they can operate autonomously with no connection to a centralized grid. Gaw Cho village, Sagaing Division, Myanmar is selected because of the higher potential of solar energy. This paper presents the unbalance condition between the load side and the source side because the solar energy is changing under weather condition. Diesel generator is used as a backup system for this proposed area but the operation of the fuel cost increased for long term period. Here, battery energy storage system is used as a secondary supplier to balance between them. This paper focus on to used HOMER software for pointing out the result outcome not be oversizing the system requirement. Using real time data, storage characteristics and HOMER simulations, optimal sizing for both approaches were established. A well design min grid offered available tool for the rural electrification system. Nang Saw Yuzana Kyaing | June Tharaphe Lwin | Chris Tie Lin "Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini-grid " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27863.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27863/feasibility-study-on-battery-energy-storage-system-for-mini-grid-/nang-saw-yuzana-kyaing
Powering mobile network with green energyAbu Yohannan
Explosive mobile data demands are driving a
significant growth in energy consumption in
mobile networks, and consequently a surge of
carbon footprints. Reducing carbon footprints is
crucial in alleviating the direct impact of greenhouse
gases on the earth environment and the
climate change. With advances of green energy
technologies, future mobile networks are expected
to be powered by green energy to reduce
their carbon footprints. This article provides an
overview on the design and optimization of
green energy enabled mobile networks, discusses
the energy models for the analysis and optimization
of the networks, and lays out basic design
principles and research challenges on optimizing
the green energy powered mobile networks.
Large scale grid amalgamation of renewable energy sources in indian power systemIjrdt Journal
Renewable energy sources integrated to utility grid always depends on the rate of power generation. Large scale power generations are connected to transmission systems where as small scale distributed power generation is connected to distribution systems. There are certain challenges and issues in the integration of both types of systems directly.
The plans for the development of electricity from renewable energy sources cause three major challenges. Firstly, renewable change the geographical distribution of generation centres compared to the load centres. Secondly, a share of the renewable will be connected to distribution grids and will thus change the vertical distribution of generation. Thirdly, wind and solar energy are two dominant technologies which depend directly on the natural supply of renewable energy and thus are variable and intermittent energy sources. This report addresses the most relevant measures which can be taken in order to deal with these challenges. This paper presents a review in the issues, challenges, causes, impacts and utilization of renewable energy sources Grid Integration.
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrifica...IJECEIAES
A hybrid renewable energy system is at present accepted globally, as the best option for rural electrification particularly in areas where grid extension is infeasible. However, the need for hybrid design to be optimal in terms of operation and component selection serves as a challenge in obtaining reliable electricity at a minimum cost. In this work, the feasibility of installing a small hydropower into an existing water supply dam and the development of an optimal sizing optimization model for a small village-Itapaji, Nigeria were carried out. The developed hybrid power system (HPS) model consists of solar photovoltaic, small hydropower, battery and diesel generator. The optimal sizing of the system’s components for optimum configuration was carried out using Genetic Algorithm. The hybrid model’s results were compared with hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) using correlation coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE) to verify its validity. The results of the simulation obtained from the developed model showed better correlation coefficient (r) of 0.88 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.001 when compared to that of HOMER. This will serve as a guide for the power system engineers in the feasibility assessment and optimal design of HPS for rural electrification.
Feasibility study of achieving reliable electricity supply using hybrid power...IJECEIAES
Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$ 163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly.
Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini gridijtsrd
Mini grids defined as a set of electricity generators and battery energy storage system is connected between the load side and the source side. A key feature of mini grids is that they can operate autonomously with no connection to a centralized grid. Gaw Cho village, Sagaing Division, Myanmar is selected because of the higher potential of solar energy. This paper presents the unbalance condition between the load side and the source side because the solar energy is changing under weather condition. Diesel generator is used as a backup system for this proposed area but the operation of the fuel cost increased for long term period. Here, battery energy storage system is used as a secondary supplier to balance between them. This paper focus on to used HOMER software for pointing out the result outcome not be oversizing the system requirement. Using real time data, storage characteristics and HOMER simulations, optimal sizing for both approaches were established. A well design min grid offered available tool for the rural electrification system. Nang Saw Yuzana Kyaing | June Tharaphe Lwin | Chris Tie Lin "Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini-grid " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27863.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27863/feasibility-study-on-battery-energy-storage-system-for-mini-grid-/nang-saw-yuzana-kyaing
Powering mobile network with green energyAbu Yohannan
Explosive mobile data demands are driving a
significant growth in energy consumption in
mobile networks, and consequently a surge of
carbon footprints. Reducing carbon footprints is
crucial in alleviating the direct impact of greenhouse
gases on the earth environment and the
climate change. With advances of green energy
technologies, future mobile networks are expected
to be powered by green energy to reduce
their carbon footprints. This article provides an
overview on the design and optimization of
green energy enabled mobile networks, discusses
the energy models for the analysis and optimization
of the networks, and lays out basic design
principles and research challenges on optimizing
the green energy powered mobile networks.
Large scale grid amalgamation of renewable energy sources in indian power systemIjrdt Journal
Renewable energy sources integrated to utility grid always depends on the rate of power generation. Large scale power generations are connected to transmission systems where as small scale distributed power generation is connected to distribution systems. There are certain challenges and issues in the integration of both types of systems directly.
The plans for the development of electricity from renewable energy sources cause three major challenges. Firstly, renewable change the geographical distribution of generation centres compared to the load centres. Secondly, a share of the renewable will be connected to distribution grids and will thus change the vertical distribution of generation. Thirdly, wind and solar energy are two dominant technologies which depend directly on the natural supply of renewable energy and thus are variable and intermittent energy sources. This report addresses the most relevant measures which can be taken in order to deal with these challenges. This paper presents a review in the issues, challenges, causes, impacts and utilization of renewable energy sources Grid Integration.
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrifica...IJECEIAES
A hybrid renewable energy system is at present accepted globally, as the best option for rural electrification particularly in areas where grid extension is infeasible. However, the need for hybrid design to be optimal in terms of operation and component selection serves as a challenge in obtaining reliable electricity at a minimum cost. In this work, the feasibility of installing a small hydropower into an existing water supply dam and the development of an optimal sizing optimization model for a small village-Itapaji, Nigeria were carried out. The developed hybrid power system (HPS) model consists of solar photovoltaic, small hydropower, battery and diesel generator. The optimal sizing of the system’s components for optimum configuration was carried out using Genetic Algorithm. The hybrid model’s results were compared with hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) using correlation coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE) to verify its validity. The results of the simulation obtained from the developed model showed better correlation coefficient (r) of 0.88 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.001 when compared to that of HOMER. This will serve as a guide for the power system engineers in the feasibility assessment and optimal design of HPS for rural electrification.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electric Power GenerationIJERA Editor
Integration and combined utilization of renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly attractive. This paper is a review of hybrid renewable energy systems technologies for power generation, important issues and challenges in their design stage. Generation technology selection and unit sizing, System configurations and Energy management and control are discussed. Applications of hybrid energy systems, advantages of hybrid energy systems, issues and problems related to hybrid energy systems and an overview of energy storage technologies for renewable energy systems are presented. This paper also highlights the future trends of Hybrid energy systems, which represent a promising sustainable solution for power generation.
A comparative approach between different optimize result in hybrid energy sys...IJECEIAES
To compare the different result of optimization of a hybrid energy system. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is the combination of renewable and non-renewable sources which is playing a very important role for rural area electrification when grid extension is not possible or excessively expensive. Non renewable sources like diesel power generator (optional) are used in a HRES for backup when renewable energy supply is not sufficient. While the HRES is very important due to the smallest natural and physical contact compared to non renewable sources, this work proposed a comparison outcome with the help of different component by using HOMER software and get best optimize result for the model. This paper presents a wide-ranging review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses study, best sizing, and model, organize aspect and reliability issue.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrifica...IJECEIAES
A hybrid renewable energy system is at present accepted globally, as the best option for rural electrification particularly in areas where grid extension is infeasible. However, the need for hybrid design to be optimal in terms of operation and component selection serves as a challenge in obtaining reliable electricity at a minimum cost. In this work, the feasibility of installing a small hydropower into an existing water supply dam and the development of an optimal sizing optimization model for a small village-Itapaji, Nigeria were carried out. The developed hybrid power system (HPS) model consists of solar photovoltaic, small hydropower, battery and diesel generator. The optimal sizing of the system’s components for optimum configuration was carried out using Genetic Algorithm. The hybrid model’s results were compared with hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) using correlation coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE) to verify its validity. The results of the simulation obtained from the developed model showed better correlation coefficient (r) of 0.88 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.001 when compared to that of HOMER. This will serve as a guide for the power system engineers in the feasibility assessment and optimal design of HPS for rural electrification.
Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power Systemijtsrd
In this paper DC linked, grid connected solar/hydro hybrid system is modelled and simulated. A control scheme is developed for solar and hydro system for variable solar irradiance and variable load. Synchronous generator based hydro system is used to feed bulk of the power and whenever solar irradiance is available solar system along with hydro system and grid supply to the load. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists PV system hydro system, battery and grid. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas. Karan Sapotra"Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12954.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12954/modelling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-solar-hydro-based-hybrid-power-system/karan-sapotra
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Electric Power GenerationIJERA Editor
Integration and combined utilization of renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly attractive. This paper is a review of hybrid renewable energy systems technologies for power generation, important issues and challenges in their design stage. Generation technology selection and unit sizing, System configurations and Energy management and control are discussed. Applications of hybrid energy systems, advantages of hybrid energy systems, issues and problems related to hybrid energy systems and an overview of energy storage technologies for renewable energy systems are presented. This paper also highlights the future trends of Hybrid energy systems, which represent a promising sustainable solution for power generation.
A comparative approach between different optimize result in hybrid energy sys...IJECEIAES
To compare the different result of optimization of a hybrid energy system. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is the combination of renewable and non-renewable sources which is playing a very important role for rural area electrification when grid extension is not possible or excessively expensive. Non renewable sources like diesel power generator (optional) are used in a HRES for backup when renewable energy supply is not sufficient. While the HRES is very important due to the smallest natural and physical contact compared to non renewable sources, this work proposed a comparison outcome with the help of different component by using HOMER software and get best optimize result for the model. This paper presents a wide-ranging review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses study, best sizing, and model, organize aspect and reliability issue.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrifica...IJECEIAES
A hybrid renewable energy system is at present accepted globally, as the best option for rural electrification particularly in areas where grid extension is infeasible. However, the need for hybrid design to be optimal in terms of operation and component selection serves as a challenge in obtaining reliable electricity at a minimum cost. In this work, the feasibility of installing a small hydropower into an existing water supply dam and the development of an optimal sizing optimization model for a small village-Itapaji, Nigeria were carried out. The developed hybrid power system (HPS) model consists of solar photovoltaic, small hydropower, battery and diesel generator. The optimal sizing of the system’s components for optimum configuration was carried out using Genetic Algorithm. The hybrid model’s results were compared with hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) using correlation coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE) to verify its validity. The results of the simulation obtained from the developed model showed better correlation coefficient (r) of 0.88 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.001 when compared to that of HOMER. This will serve as a guide for the power system engineers in the feasibility assessment and optimal design of HPS for rural electrification.
Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power Systemijtsrd
In this paper DC linked, grid connected solar/hydro hybrid system is modelled and simulated. A control scheme is developed for solar and hydro system for variable solar irradiance and variable load. Synchronous generator based hydro system is used to feed bulk of the power and whenever solar irradiance is available solar system along with hydro system and grid supply to the load. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists PV system hydro system, battery and grid. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas. Karan Sapotra"Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12954.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12954/modelling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-solar-hydro-based-hybrid-power-system/karan-sapotra
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
optimization of the managed electrical energy within a hybrid renewable energ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Hybrid energy applications based on renewable energy sources are becoming more and more desirable every day. They have increased the economic attractiveness of renewable electric energy generation. Because of the sudden fluctuations of the load requirements, the main attribute of such Hybrid Systems is to be able to generate energy at any time by optimally using each source. In this article, we have proposed a combination between a sizing study and a control one for the aim of solving the complex optimization problem of finding the optimal combination of size and storage to make the best use of the renewable power generations and to become more independent of rising electricity costs. Additionally, an improvement in the induced optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper so as to compute the optimal size and the operation control of the system with the aim of minimizing as much as possible the cost while responding to the load energy requirements taking into account the environmental factors.
This paper presents a Stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy System (SHRES) as an alternative to fossil fuel based generators. The Photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WT) are designed for the Malaysian low wind speed conditions with battery Energy Storage (BES) to provide electric power to the load. The appropriate sizing of each component was accomplished using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) techniques. The optimized hybrid system was examined in MATLAB using two case studies to find the optimum number of PV panels, wind turbines system and BES that minimizes the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Cost of Energy (COE). The hybrid power system was connected to the AC bus to investigate the system performance in supplying a rural settlement. Real weather data at the location of interest was utilized in this paper. The results obtained from the two scenarios were used to compare the suitability of the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods. The NSGA-II method is shown to be more accurate whereas the MOPSO method is faster in executing the optimization. Hence, both these methods can be used for techno-economic optimization of SHRES.
Optimal Planning of an Off-grid Electricity Generation with Renewable Energy ...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, several factors such as environmental pollution which is caused by fossil fuels and various diseases caused by them from one hand and concerns about the dwindling fossil fuels and price fluctuation of the products and resulting effects of these fluctuations in the economy from other hand has led most countries to seek alternative energy sources for fossil fuel supplies. Such a way that in 2006, about 18% of the consumed energy of the world is obtained through renewable energies. Iran is among the countries that are geographically located in hot and dry areas and has the most sun exposure in different months of the year. Except in the coasts of Caspian Sea, the percentage of sunny days throughout the year is between 63 to 98 percent in Iran. On the other hand, there are dispersed and remote areas and loads far from national grid which is impossible to provide electrical energy for them through transmission from national grid, therefore, for such cases the renewable energy technologies could be used to solve the problem and provide the energy. In this paper, technical and economic feasibility for the use of renewable energies for independent systems of the grid for a dispersed load in the area on the outskirts of Isfahan (Sepahan) with the maximum energy consumption of 3Kwh in a day is studied and presented. In addition, the HOMER simulation software is used as the optimization tool.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
Similar to Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typical Control Strategies for Rural Electrification in Myanmar (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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supply electricity to those areas is RESs (Renewable energy
Sources). Out of many RESs, photovoltaic (PV) generation
has been one of the most favorable options because of its
fewer prices and efficiency measured in other renewable
energy solutions [2].
However, a system cannot be solely composed of RES due to
its inherent intermittent characteristics,which increases the
uncertainty and variability of the power system. Thereforea
hybrid system, combination of both renewable and
conventional energy sources, has beenapromisingresult for
the electrification of remote regions. To get the benefits of
above solution, combining in a hybrid system- a diesel
generator with renewable energy sources is so often the
most optimal option [9]. Specifically, a mediumtolargescale
PV and diesel generator system has been observed for rural
electrificated systems in many countries throughout the
global [10],[11].
The hybrid system is suitable for application in developing
countries like Myanmar, where approximately 70% of the
population live in rural areas, and electricity from the main
grid is not yet available [12]. Additionally, Myanmar has
many renewable energy resources, such as hydropower,
biomass, wind, solar and other types of clean energy [12].
Therefore, Myanmar is well suited to apply the hybrid
system.
A hybrid system composed with PV, DG, and battery energy
storage system (BESS) has been suggested to meet the
demand reliably and cost efficiently at an islandedrural area
[13]. The prior studies have already chosenthis PV-DG-BESS
system for optimal sizing before they write the article, but
have not focused on the selection of the optimal control
strategy before they make the optimal sizing. So, in this
paper, the possible micro grid system based on two typical
control strategy have been carefully researched to confirm
significantly that which one is the more optimal in cost
minimization for a chosen rural area between these two
control strategies by using the actual load data. Therefore,
the main objective of this research is finding of the optimal
hybrid solution based on optimal control strategy for
proposed area. This problem has been solved by applying
Hybrid OptimizationModelforElectric Renewable(HOMER)
software and Microsoft Office Excel. HOMER is a resource
capacity optimization program that can be applied to
different grid environments, such as standalone or grid
connected systems. An excellent abilitythatHOMERoffers is
the capability to observe the optimum configuration based
on both estimation of cost and performance sensitivity
analysis to help understand tradeoffs between dispatch
technologies and economic considerations. To get the best
feasible solution, HOMER is based on three main functions:
simulation, optimization and sensitivity analysis.
The simulation environment was constructed bymodelinga
small village called Makyiyay village which is located at
22.02 north latitude and 96.56 east longitude in the
Naungkhyo Township, SouthernShanStateinMyanmar.The
demand of 450 households has been estimated by
calculating the power consumption of a single village in the
area. Furthermore, the climatic data for PV energy has been
found through NASA's website [14] and the average solar
radiation for the region is observed as 4.895kWh/m2/day.
The cost for each system component was obtained from
different publications and websites. And then, the proposed
system, PV-Diesel with BESS, has been analyzed based on
two typical control strategies for supplying the proposed
area economically.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the past, hybrid power system had been appliedtovarious
sites including:
A. extremely remote site,
B. telecommunication site,
C. village power (rural electrification), and
D . environment protection project [15]
For an extremely remote site, the priority is on fuel saving,
where the priority of telecommunication site has power
quality. In rural electrification, cost minimization is the main
priority on the other hand in environmental protection
project; pollution reductionisthemainpriority.Inthis paper,
the proposed hybrid system has been applied for village
power supply (Rural Electrification). So, in rural
electrification, the first priority situation is minimization of
costs and then second priorities are power quality and fuel
saving. For system economic concerns, preventing the
choosing of under-sizing of the system can minimize the
system costs as well as preventing the choosing of over-
sizing of the system can improve the system reliability in
power quality concerns.
A. PV-DG-BESS Hybrid System
In Fig. 1, all energy sources to feed the total load as well as at
peak loads from combined sources by synchronizing the
inverter with the alternator output waveform are permitted
by the parallel configuration. When overflow energy is
obtainable from the engine-driven generator, as well as act
as a DC-AC converter (inverter operation), the battery bank
can be charged by the bidirectional inverter (rectifier
operation). Besides, the bidirectional inverter may provide
“peak shaving” as part of the control strategy when the
engine-driven generator is overloaded [16].
Fig. 1 PV-DG-BESS Hybrid System
B. PROPOSEDHYBRIDSYSTEMCONTROLSTRATEGIES
In general there are two main control strategies of hybrid
PV-DG-BESS system. These strategies are load following
strategy and cycle charging strategy. In this paper, two
models are presented for hybrid PV-DG-BESS system
considering both strategies.
1. LOAD FOLLOWING STRATEGY
Fig. 2 shows the flow chart of proposed model of hybrid PV-
DG-BESS system with load following dispatch strategy.
Firstly, the source files of load meteorological data (solar
radiation and ambient temperature) must be obtained.
Secondly, system specifications need to be defined such as
PV array, battery storage and DG capacities, PV module
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efficiency, charging efficiency and the allowable depth of
charge.
The simulation process starts by calculating the produced
current (IPV) by the PV array and compare this current with
the load current (IL). The maximum state of charge of the
battery SOCmax is set as an initial capacity of the battery. In
addition to that, matrices are defined so as to contain the
results of battery state of charge (SOC), Load current
(I_Load), Battery charging current (I_Charge), Battery
discharging current (I_Discharge), Battery current
(I_Battery), Deficit current (I_Deficit), Damped current
(I_Damp), DG current (I_Diesel) and DG fuel consumption
cost (F_C). After that, a ‘‘For loop’’ is initiated in order to
handle the PV array and load currents. The resulted net
current (Inet) represents the deference between the PV
current (IPV) and the load current (IL).
Fig. 2 Flow Chart of PV-DG-BESS System with Load Following Dispatch Strategy [17]
With this model, system operation can be described intro three cases. The first case is when the generated current by the PV
array (IPV) is equal to the load current (IL) (Inet = 0). In this case, the load demand is totally fulfilledbythePVarray’s currentand
there is no current drawn neither by the diesel generator nor the battery.Moreover,thereis nodeficitand excess energyinthis
case.
The second case represents the case when the generated current by the PV system is more than the load current. In this case,
the load demand is fulfilled by the PV array’s current while an excess amount of energy is resulted. Here if the battery is fully
charged, all of the excess energy will be damped and consequently there is no current drawn by DG and battery. Moreover,
there is no energy deficit in this case. Otherwise, if the battery is not fully charged, battery will be charged by (Inet)and thenew
battery state of charge (SOC) is calculated.
The final case is when the generated current by the PV system is less than the load demand current. In this case, there are two
main subcases,
I. If the battery is not used before (SOC = SOCmax) or the battery has been used before and the SOC is still higher than the
minimum SOC (SOC > SOCmin).
Then, the battery will provide the required current together with the PV system to fulfill the load demand current. At this
point, the new SOC is calculated and store in the defined array.
II. If the battery SOC is less than the minimum state of charge (SOCmin). In this case, the DG must provide current to fulfill the
load demand current and here also there are two scenarios:
A. The first scenario is when the load demand current is less than the maximum diesel generator current. .
In this scenario, the diesel generator will run and supply the load demand. Meanwhile, the fuel consumption will be calculated
and stored in the defined matrix. Moreover, in this case, there is no deficit current. In addition, the current that is generatedby
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the PV system during this period will be used to charge the battery and again the SOC will be calculated and stored in the
defined matrix. Here, there is no damping current in this scenariountiltheSOCofthebattery reaches themaximumleveland at
this point, the damping current will be equal to IPV.
Fig. 3 Flow Chart of PV-DG-BESS System Model with Cycle Charging Dispatch Strategy [17]
B. The second scenario is when the maximum diesel
generator current is less than the load demand current.
Here, the diesel generator is not able to cover the load
demand current and the deficit current is equal to the
load demand current.
2. Cycle Charging Strategy
Fig.3 shows the flow chart of the proposed model of hybrid
PV-DG-BESS systemwith cycle-chargingdispatchstrategy.In
this model, system operation strategy is the same as the
operation strategy in the load following dispatch. However,
there is a difference in the case when the battery is not able
to fulfill the load demand (SOC < SOCmin). In this case, there
are three scenarios.
A. The first scenario is when the load current (IL) is less
than the diesel generator current (ID), the diesel
generator will run and generate its rated power, or as
close as possible to supply the load and to charge the
battery with any surplus energy until the battery SOC is
equal or less than the SOCmax.
B. The second scenario is when the load current (IL) is
more than the maximum diesel current (ID) and the
battery is fully charged or SOC > SOCmin. Here, both DG
and the battery will contribute to fulfill the load.
C. The final scenario is when the load current (IL) is more
than the maximum diesel current (ID) and the battery
SOC is lower SOCmin. Here, the DG is not able to coverthe
load demand and it is not able to charge the battery as
well. Consequently, the deficit current is equal to the
load demand current.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR EVALUATION
The performance of thehybridsystemcanbeanalyzedbased
on the goals of cost minimization, system reliability
improvement, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
[18]. The net present cost is calculated by discounting the
annual, quarterly, and monthly financial flows [19]. The net
present cost of a system is the present value of all costs
minus all values over its lifetime, and it includes capital
costs, replacement costs, operation and maintenance costs,
and fuel costs. The levelized cost of energy is calculated by
dividing the total life-cycle cost by the total energy output
during the project lifetime [19]. Themathematical equations
are formulated for the simulations using the HOMER, as
follows [19], [20], [21].
( , )
anntot
NPC
C
C
CRF i n
(1)
1
nomi f
i
f
(2)
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1
( )
(1 )
N
n
n
TLCC
LCOE
Q n
r
(3)
1
( )
(1 )
N
n
n
C n
TLCC
r
(4)
rem
rep
comp
L
S C
L
(5)
sc
es
tot
E
f
E
(6)
(1 )
( , )
(1 ) 1
n
n
i i
CRF i n
i i
(7)
The parameters in (1)−(7) are de ined as follows.
NPCC : net present cost ($)
anntotC : total annualized cost ($/yr)
( , )CRF i n : capital recovery factor
i : annual real interest rate (%)
nomi : nominal interest rate (%)
f : annual inflation rate (%)
n : index for the year
N : project duration (yrs)
LCOE : levelized cost of energy ($/kWh)
TLCC : total life cycle cost ($)
( )Q n : energy output of power generation
system in the specific year of n (kW)
( )C n : total cost in the specific year of n ($)
r : annual discount rate (%)
S : salvage value ($)
repC : replacement cost of the component ($)
remL : remaining life of the component (yrs)
compL : lifetime of the component (yrs)
esf : capacity shortage fraction
scE : total capacity shortage (kWh/yr)
totE : total electric (kWh/yr)
SYSTEM MODEL PREPARATION FOR SIMULATION
In order to prepare for simulation, the following parameters
are needed.
A. Load Profile
The Makyiyay village is located at 22.02 north latitude and
96.56 east longitude in the Naungkhyo Township, Southern
Shan State in Myanmar. In order to estimate the load
consumption, the electricity loads are divided into three
groups-from residences, from communal facilities,andfrom
commercial facilities. The residence group consists of 450
households in the low-, medium-, and high-income ranges.
The electricity demand in the low-income range is limitedto
the requirements for lighting and TV, and the annualgrowth
rate of electricity consumption is small. The households in
the medium-income rangemayadditionallyuseelectricfans,
and their annual growth rate of electricity consumption is
increasing rapidly. The households inthehigh-incomerange
may use refrigerators. The communal facilities include
schools, public offices, hospitals, and street lighting. The
commercial facilities consist of shops, markets, and
restaurants. The detail load components are shown in Table
1. From the consumption pattern of each load component,
the daily and monthly load profiles for the village are
calculated, and are shown in Fig.5 and Fig.4, respectively.
The average and peak loads are 4.19 kW and 34 kW,
respectively, which correspond to a load factor of0.123.Mid
peaks of approximately 9 kW occur in the evening, and high
peaks of approximately 18 kW occur in the earlymorning.In
contrast, a low demand of approximately 2 kW is observed
during the day and in the early morning except at 6am. It is
assumed that the determined load profiles do not change
during the project life span of 25 years, that is, from 2018 to
2043.
Fig.4 Monthly Load Profile for the Makyiyay Village
TABLE1. LOAD COMPONENTS FOR THE MAKYIYAY VILLAGE
Components Numbers Power consumption (kWh/day)
Residence
Low income 10 5.25
Medium income 15 27.7
High income 10 38.43
Communal Facilities
School 1 4.06
Monastery 1 3.9
Rural Health Clinic 1 3.3
Street lighting 10 0.6
Total Power consumption per day 83.24
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann
0
10
20
30
Load(kW)
Seasonal Profile
max
daily high
mean
daily low
min
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Fig. 5 Daily Load Profile for the Makyiyay Village
B. Solar Radiation Profile
The average solar radiation in Myanmar is more than 5
kWh/m2/day during the dry season [12]. It varies from 2.3
to 3.2 kWh/m2/day in the extreme north and south regions,
while most parts of Myanmar, including the central area,
receive a good amount of solar radiation ranging from 3.6 to
5.2 kWh/m2/day [12]. Therefore, government and private
sector organizations have been promotingand pilotingsolar
PV systems for rural electrification [12].
The specific daily and monthly solar radiation profiles for
the selected village are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7,
respectively. The annual average is 4.895kWh/m2/day.The
highest and lowest solar radiation occur in AprilandAugust,
respectively. In April, the PV array can satisfy the entireload
during the day, and the load in the evening and night can be
satisfied using the energy stored in the battery energy
storage systems. On the contrary, in June, July, and August,
the diesel generators may have to operate and charge the
batteries, to support the PV generation system.
Fig.6 Daily Solar Radiation Profile for the Makyiyay Village
Fig.7 Monthly Solar Radiation Profile for the Makyiyay
Village
C. Proposed System Components
The hybrid system proposed in this paper consists of solar
PV arrays, DG, BESS, and converters, to obtain efficient and
cost-competitive system for improving thesystemreliability
of energy supply especially in rural areas. The configuration
of the hybrid system is shown in Fig. 8.
Fig.8 Structure of the Proposed Hybrid System
1. Solar Panel
The capital cost for the PV amountsto$400withconsidering
other auxiliary components of the system. The module life
time is estimated to be 25 years. The photovoltaic system
has no tracking device. The technical and economical
parameters of the PV system are listed in Table 2.
TABLE2. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF
THE PV SYSTEM
Parameter Value Unit
Capital cost 400 $/kW
Replacement cost 0 $/kW
Operation and maintenance cost 10 $/yr
Lifetime 25 years
Derating factor 80 %
Tracking factor N/A N/A
Ground reflectance 20 %
Slope degree 20.03 degree
Temperature effect N/A N/A
2. Diesel Generator
The power rating of the diesel generatoris selectedas 35kW
to cover the peak load. The diesel generator is used as a
backup system, which is operated when the output from the
PV system fails to satisfy the entiredemand,andthestate-of-
charge of the battery energy storage is not sufficient. The
technical and economic parameters of the diesel generator
are listed in Table 3.
TABLE3. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF
THE DG
Parameter Value Units
Size 35 kW
Capital cost 7200 $
Replacement cost 6500 $
Operation and maintenance cost 0.03 $/yr
Lifetime (operating hours) 15,000 hours
Minimum load ratio 30 %
Fuel price 0.8 $/liter
3. BESS
The battery type used in this paper is Trojan T-105 with a
string size of 12. The battery energy storagesystemoperates
at a nominal voltage of 6V. The specific parameters of the
battery system are listed in Table 4.
0 6 12 18 24
0
5
10
15
20Load(kW) Daily Profile
Hour
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DailyRadiation(kWh/m²/d)
Global Horizontal Radiation
ClearnessIndex
Daily Radiation Clearness Index
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TABLE4. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF
THE BESS
Parameter Value Unit
String size 12 −
Capital cost 420 $/battery
Replacement cost 400 $/battery
Operation and maintenance cost 10 $/yr
Lifetime 10 years
Nominal capacity 225 Ah
Round trip efficiency 80 %
Minimum state-of-charge 40 %
Nominal voltage 6 V
4. Converter
The converter can operate as both an inverteranda rectifier,
according to the direction of power flow. The specific
parameters of the converter are listed in Table 5.
TABLE5. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF
THE CONVERTER
Parameter Value Units
Capital cost 340 $/kW
Replacement cost 300 $/kW
Operation and maintenance cost 10 $/yr
Lifetime 20 years
Inverter efficiency 90 %
Rectifier efficiency 85 %
SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulations are performed for three cases. In case study I,
the PV-Diesel-BESS hybrid system based on LF control
strategy has simulated the entire demand as a stand-alone
system. In case study II, that system based on CC control
strategy is considered. In the simulations, the parameters
presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and the above model
shown in Fig.8 are used.
TABLE6. SIMULATION RESULTS FOR TWO CASE STUDIES
A. Case Study I
For case I, 25 kW PV Array, 20kW diesel generator, 36 numbers of Trojan batteries and 15 kW converter based on LF control
strategy are used for supplying the proposed area. The simulation results for the net present cost, nominal cash flow, and
monthly average of generation for Case I are shown in Figs. 9, 10, and 11 respectively. The generations from the PV arrays and
the diesel generator are 60% and 40%, respectively, of the total generation.
Component
Capital Replacement O&M Fuel Salvage Total
($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)
PV 10,000 0 1,832 0 0 11,833
DG 4,114 2,909 301 60,111 -1 67,435
Trojan T-105 15,120 11,226 2,639 0 -13 28,972
Converter 5,100 391 1,099 0 -159 6,431
System 34,334 14,526 5,872 60,111 -173 114,671
Fig.9 Net Present Cost for Case Study I
Fig.10 Nominal Cash Flow for Case Study I
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Component
Production Fraction
(kWh/yr)
PV array 38,524 60%
Generator 25,656 40%
Total 64,181 100%
Fig.11 Monthly Average Generation for Case Study I
B. Case Study II
In case study II, the proposed system contains 15 kW PV Array, 48 numbers of Trojan T-105 battery, 15kW diesel generator
and 15kW converter for proposed area. The simulationresults forthe netpresentcost,nominal cashflow,and monthlyaverage
of generation for case study II are shown in Figs. 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The PV generation decreases to 45%, from the
value of 60% in case II. This is because the battery energy storage can manage the variations in PV generation,which results in
increased utilization of the PV.
Component
Capital Replacement O&M Fuel Salvage Total
($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)
PV 6,000 0 1,099 0 0 7,099
DG 3,086 2,955 277 62,343 -13 68,648
Trojan T-105 20,160 11,447 3,518 0 -702 34,423
Converter 5,100 391 1,099 0 -159 6,431
System 34,346 14,792 5,995 62,343 -873 116,602
Fig.12 Net Present Cost for Case Study II
Fig.13 Nominal Cash Flow for Case Study II
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Component
Production Fraction
(kWh/yr)
PV array 23,115 45%
Generator 28,404 55%
Total 51,519 100%
Fig.14 Monthly Average Generation for Case Study II
COMPARISON RESULTS
The results of case studies I and II are listed in table 7 for comparison. It can be seen from Table 7 that case study I, or the
hybrid system with the PV, diesel generator, battery energy storage, and converter using LF control, is the better choice than
case study II in terms of cost. The emissions of CO2, SO2, and NO in case study I are lower thanincasestudyII,which meansthat
case study II is better in terms of environmental effects also.
The fuel consumption decreased from 10,632 L/yr in Case II to 10,251L/yr in case I because of LF control strategy.
In terms of the unmet load and capacity shortage, there are no significant differences betweenthetwocases,whichmeans that
the two cases are feasible for the village. This means that the hybrid system, particularly that in case study I, can achieve the
benefits of reduced cost and lesser greenhouse gas emissions, without sacrificing reliability.Consequently,itcanbe concluded
that, for the selected village in Myanmar, the hybrid system with both PV, diesel generator and BESS based on LF control can
decrease the net present cost and mitigate the environmental problems while maintaining reliability.
TABLE7. COMPARISON RESULTS OF CASE STUDIES I AND II
Description Case Study I Case Study II
Total net present cost ($) 114, 671 116,602
Levelized cost of energy ($/kWh) 0.429 0.436
Capital cost ($) 34,334 34,346
Operation cost ($/yr) 10,960 11,222
PV penetration (%) 106 63.3
CO2 emissions (kg/yr) 26,994 27,996
Renewable fraction (%) 60 55
Fuel consumption (L/yr) 10,251 10,632
SO2 emissions (kg/yr) 54.2 56.2
NO emissions (kg/yr) 595 617
Unmet load (kWh/yr) 11.13 (0%) 3.99 (0 %)
Capacity shortage (kWh/yr) 31.1 (0 %) 14.2 (0 %)
CONCLUSION
Distributed generation model of hybrid PV-DG-BESSsystem
was proposed in this paper. Two types of the most typical
control strategies have been used in the proposed model
namely, Load following and cycle-charging. To simulate the
proposed model, two tests have been done for the hybrid
system using real metrological data and load demand.
Myanmar, being a country that has many renewable energy
sources and non-electrified rural villages, was found to be
suitable for the implementation of hybrid systems. Thus, in
this paper, a village in Myanmar is selected and supplied
from the hybrid system with economic feasibility,
considering the specific local conditions and resource
availability for the village. The evaluation results in this
paper suggest that government and private sector
organizations in Myanmar should consider the hybrid
system as a highly suitable alternative, when promotingand
piloting solar PV systems for rural electrification.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author is deeply gratitude to Dr. Yan Aung Oo, Rector,
Technological University (Mandalay), for his kind
permission, providing encouragement and giving helpful
advices. The author would like to thank to Dr. Soe Sandar
Aung, Professor, Department of Electrical Power
Engineering, Technological University (Mandalay), for her
helpful advices to submit on IJTSRD Journal. The author
would like to express grateful thanks to my friend, Dr. Zin
Mar, Lecturer, Department of Electrical Power Engineering,
Technological University(Thanlyin) forhereffectivesupport
and encouragement.
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