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This document discusses the history and evolution of participation in disaster management and post-disaster reconstruction from the 1970s to present. It begins with an overview of the history of participation and its role in post-disaster reconstruction. It then examines different eras of participation, from the participatory approaches of the 1970s, strategic planning and public-private partnerships of the 1980s, new communication forms of the 1990s, and the integration of communicative strategies in modern case studies. New technologies like GIS, global risk modeling, and disaster photography ontologies are explored as ways to enhance participation.
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- 1. PARTICIPATION AND THE MANAGEMENT OFDISASTERS
- 2. Overview The historyof participation Participation and post-disaster reconstruction
- 3. The history ofparticipation
- 4. FROM THE PARTICIPATIONMODESOF THE 1970S TO COMMUNICATIONSFORMS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
- 5. Construction of theconcepts Communication Information Participation Coordination Cooperation
- 6. AKTIVE BETROFFENE PASSIVE ÖFFENTLICHKEIT EXPERTEN PLANUNGSMANAGEMENT PROZESSPLANUNG PLANUNGSMARKETING PROBLEM Kommunikation zwischen Planern, Fachleuten undPolitikern Information und Motivation Verhandeln und Erarbeiten von Lösungen bzw. Interessenausgleich
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- 8. Strategical planning a. b.c. d. e. f.
- 9. The first generationof participatism
- 10. The 1960s Imageof planning Critique of functionalism Participative approaches Case studies Outgoing situation Concept Participative approach Effects Today
- 11. A pattern language ChristopherAlexander “In a society which emphasizes teaching, children and students – and adults – become passive and unable to think or act for themselves. Creative, active individuals can only grow up in a society which emphasizes learning instead of teaching.” from “(18) Network of learning” in Alexander et al. (1977) INPUT X = Condition variables THEN Z = Answer space IF goal practice THUS behaviourY = Statement “Arrange these departments in space, according to the prescription of OFFICE CONNECTIONS (82) and BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGHFARE (101), and make the fronts of the services visible as a FAMILY OF ENTRANCES (102), wherever the services are in any way connected to the practical life of the community, mix them with ad-hoc groups created by the citizens or users NECKLACE OF COMMUNITY PROJECTS (45); arrange the inside space of the department according to FLEXIBLE OFFICE SPACE (146); and provide rooms, where people can team up in two’s and three’s – SMALL WORK GROUPS (148) .... “ from “(81) Small services without red tape” in Alexander et al. (1977) “... LOCAL TOWN HALL(44) calls for small centers of local government at the heart of every community. This pattern embellishes the local town hall and other public institutions like it – UNIVERSITY AS A MARKETPLACE (43) and HEALTH CENTER (47) – with a ground for community action.” from “(45) Necklace of community project” in Alexander et al. (1977) OUTPUT variables * * * Therefore: END IF Cybernetic model Example quotes “Arrange the work in every workgroup, industry, and office in such way that work and learning go forward hand in hand. Treat every piece of work as an opportunity for learning. To this end, organize work around a tradition of masters and apprentices: and support this form of social organization with a division of the workspace into spatial clusters – one for each master and his apprentices – where they can work and meet together.” from “(83) Master and apprentices” in Alexander et al.(1977) * * *
- 12. 14 Identifiable neighbourhood 15 Neighbourhood boundary 18 Network of learning 157 Home workshop 43 University as a marketplace 83 Masterand apprentices 37 House cluster 36 Degrees of publicness 45 Necklace of community project 41 Work community 80 Self-governing workshops and offices 148 Small work groups 81 Small services without red tape 152 Half-private office 183 Workspace enclosure 205 Structure Follows social spaces 212 Columns at the corners 206 Effective structure 207 Good materials 211 Thickening outer walls 217 Perimeter beams 218 Wall membranes 248 Soft tile and brick 249 Ornament
- 13. Byker (Newcastle) RalphErskine
- 14. The 1970s Offerparticipation More democracy Autonomous Architecture
- 15. SAR Method Ottokar Uhl:Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn
- 16. Ottokar Uhl: Wohnenmorgen, Hollabrunn
- 17. SAR Method Ottokar Uhl:Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn
- 18. SAR Method Ottokar Uhl:Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn
- 19. Standort Größe des Bauvorhabens Planungsinstanz Planungsmethodik Primärstruktur Einbaupacket Folgeeinrichtungen Wohnungsausstattung Umbau ProfessionellePlaner Nutzer Planungsentscheidungen Planungsinstanzen Bauträger Umbau Erweiterung Elimination Bauträger (neu) Nutzer (gewechselt) Time (ranking scale) Sozialsystem (Nominalskala) Zeit (Intervalskala) para- professionelles professionelles (Laien) laic professionelles
- 21. Kramm et Strigl,Darmstadt
- 22. Kramm et Strigl,Darmstadt
- 23. Kramm et Strigl,Darmstadt
- 24. The second Generationof Participatism
- 25. The 1980s Strategicalplanning Private-Public-Partnerships Local partnerships
- 26. MISSION ZIELE UNTERZIELE MASSNAHMEN- PAKETE AKTIONS- PLAN operative Möglichkeiten Akteure Modell- projekt DIAGNOSE PROBLEME POTENTIALE -Kommunikationsmittel - Umsetzungsmittel - Umsetzungspläne
- 27. Local partnership Greening ofcourtyards Zürich
- 28. B.R.O.T. Vienna, OttokarUhl Alternative dwelling forms: neighbourhood help
- 29. B.R.O.T. Vienna, OttokarUhl Alternative dwelling forms: neighbourhood help
- 30. Ottokar Uhl Wohnen mitKindern
- 31. Ottokar Uhl Wohnen mitKindern
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- 34. Stabilisation and improvementof disadvantaged districts through cooperation nets Bremen Osterholz-Tenever
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- 36. The 1990s TheStadtforum The new meaning of the free space
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- 48. New communication forms From offer to activation Entstandardisation From process to problem From one-point-participation to communication strategy
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- 52. Integration of communicativestrategies Case study: IBA Emscher Park
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- 67. (Architekt) Denkmalpflege Bautechnik(Ingenieur) (Nutzer) Mieter Baukosten (Bauherr) Erhaltung des Originalzustandes Anpassung am heutigen Stand der Technik hohes Wohnwert Wirtschaftlichkeit Erhaltungs- arbeiten Wieder- aufbau- arbeiten completionErgänzungs- arbeiten
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- 72. World Housing Encyclopedia Cooperation in virtual space Sharing information on vulnerable and earthquake resilient housing in the world Standard format Structural engineering issues Architectural issues Economic issues Inhabitant issues Not all aspects covered in these issues http://www.world-housing.net/
- 73. WHE database: decision treefor retrofit measures EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid
- 74. Criterion measurement spacesfor WHE criteria EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid
- 75. EE21C 27 August-1September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid
- 76. ATC 40 (1996) “Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete structures“ Retrofit decision retrofit strategies, retrofit systems and design constraints Each chapter is written for a broader or narrower range of expected audience building owners and agency representatives, architects and building officials as well as structural engineers and analysts
- 77. ATC 40 (1996) Two decision tables checklist of retrofit design considerations, comprising constrains, importance scores and limitations. Strategy evaluation matrix
- 78. Participation and post- disasterreconstruction
- 79. i-rec review Communityfor sharing information on participatory reconstruction Turkey after 1999 earthquake Bam, Iran, after 2003 earthquake Gujarat, India after 2001 earthquake, comparison with Tamil Nadu after the 2004 tsunami El Salvador after the 2001 earthquake Outreach to England and Australia
- 80. The reconstruction inl’Aquila after the 2009 earthquake and the participatism First approaches in participatory disaster reconstruction: Turkey 1999 Reconstruction in l’Aquila 2009 earthquake – without participatism C.A.S.E. project – new neighbourhoods outside the city The old centre is still closed zone, where people socialise This lead to involvement of architects and urban planners Noto, Gibellina, San Giuliano di Puglia
- 81. The reconstruction inl’Aquila after the 2009 earthquake and the participatism Comparison of the C.A.S.E. project with other social housing Zeilenbau
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- 85. Reconstruction after the2010 Haiti earthquake and the participatism The Haiti earthquake shocked the world – the impact was not one-to-many through traditional media, but network Web 2.0 Linkedin Haiti Rewired http://haitirewired.wired.com Plan Haiti with BIM strom Understanding Risk Facebook (farmville, Gingerbread housing photos)
- 86. Reconstruction after the2010 Haiti earthquake and the participatism Crowdsourcing Understanding Risk (also GEM) Haiti Rewired: confined masonry tool Confined Masonry Network - EERI
- 87. Participatism and thenew computer science techniques Public participation GIS: PGIS, PPGIS, P3DM Global Earthquake Model Ontology of disaster photography
- 88. Public Participation GIS Was born in 1996 Inclusion of marginalised populations in mapping, not necessarily GIS Craig et al (2002) NGOs shall communicate the interests of the population through GIS PPGIS – among decision makers Makes visible the variants, even in 3D P3DM participatory 3D modelling – a model built with the community which remains with the community
- 89. New tendencies Inclusionof writers Does not suppose like Christopher Alexander that every person can do it
- 90. Assesment of disasterrisk and Global Earthquake Model Involvement of the experts (scientific community) in the elaboration of the model and its components (global components, regional programs, partners) The model is and will remain open source There are outreach meetings The calls for projects are reviewed by the community http://www.globalquakemodel.org/
- 91. The ontology ofdisaster photography Review of the use of ontologies in architecture Review of the use of catastrophe photography Previous research Application: Ontology of the digital databases of photography of the impact of catastrophes on architecture
- 92. Review of theuse of ontologies in architecture Pieter Pauwels, Ruben Verstraeten, Ronald De Meyer and Jan Van Campenhout from the University of Ghent investigated “Semantics- Based Design: Can Ontologies Help in a Preliminary Design Phase?” (Pauwels et al, 2009).
- 93. Review of theuse of ontologies in architecture A research group in Genève (personal communication Gilles Falquet, 2009) developed ontology for architectural styles. A thesaurus is also a form of ontology, like the one developed by English Heritage.
- 94. Review of theuse of ontologies in architecture Bjørn Sandaker from the Oslo School of Architecture and Design is holding a key-note lecture at the International Conference on Structures and Architecture 2010 on “An Ontology of the Structured Space”, which is also a topic of teaching within the e-archidoct doctoral online school.
- 95. Review of theuse of ontologies in architecture A current call as well of the Global Earthquake Model foundation calls for risk ontology and taxonomy projects in the built environment subjected to earthquakes. World Housing Encyclopedia is partner in the consortium which won this call
- 96. Review of theuse of ontologies in architecture In frame of the European Science Foundation COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) actions, already the second action is running on an ontology based topic. The first one was Transport and Urban Development Action C21 “Towntology – Urban Ontologies for an Improved Communication in Urban Civil Engineering Projects” (end date: June 2009).
- 97. Review of theuse of ontologies in architecture The Information and Communication Technologies Call 6 (2010) of the European Commission includes one on “Cultural heritage, digital libraries and digital preservation in FP7”, which, on its turn, includes digital archives.
- 98. Review of theuse of catastrophe photography In the 20th century the concept on catastrophe photography changed, August Sander wrote in September 1946 at the begin of his albums that the photos of the destruction of Cologne in World War II should be a warning of how the beauty of a city can be destroyed.
- 99. Review of theuse of catastrophe photography It encourages us that catastrophe photography is a topic still actual, even if not from its architectural/artistic side. Today it is more used to document damages. Examples of such databases Cambridge University Earthquake Damage Database Karl V. Steinbrugge Slide and Photograph Collection of the University of California at Berkeley.
- 100. Review of theuse of catastrophe photography Obtaining 3D data from stereo images has been recently performed by Randolph Langenbach (independent researcher in Oakland, USA) in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake from January 2010 using Pictometry satellite images in order to identify the damage on architecture heritage buildings (Gingerbread district). Stereo images also in 19th century photography
- 101. Previous research Thearchives of Collection of the Canadian Centre for Architecture archives of also turn of the century photography of the Tzigara-Samurcaş collection (Brătuleanu, 2009) World Housing Encyclopedia 3D Geoinformation Training School of COST TU0801 EGU sessions – urban areas, as the topographical photography in the 19th century
- 102. Previous research usesof pairs of images of the same damaged buildings have been provided by groups from the Universität Karlsruhe, Germany, in frame of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB461 “Strong earthquakes”, subproject C7 “Novel rescue technologies” in the aftermath of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake using the software Photomodeller (Schweier et al, 2004).
- 103. Application: Ontology ofthe digital databases of photography of the impact of catastrophes on architecture Digital archives Inventory of archive material Ontology for photography archives Database of photographs to catastrophe ontology How to populate the database with characteristic photographs Ex. How to link photographs from online archives Resources about photographers Ruins to be virtually reconstructed in 3D