Presentation at the Transport conference in Riga 2011, together with COST TU0801 meeting

1. STREET NETWORK
ISSUES FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Maria BOSTENARU DAN

2. Overview
 Introduction
 Review
 Future study of 3D modelling
 Conclusions

3. Introduction

4. Introduction
 The street expresses the „life way“ – urban
character (Sandu)
 Necessity of connecting building to a street
recognised in computer games – not in 3D
models
 Review of the street as factor in vulnerability
assessment and emergency management to
see what features to incorporate in 3D

5. Review

6. Review
 The assessment of vulnerability
 SFB approach
 Our contribution
 The emergency response
 Cristina Gociman approach
 Italian Civil Protection approach
 The street in archive photography of disasters

7. The assessment of vulnerability

8. The assessment of vulnerability
 1933 Charter of Athens
 Circulation
network self-standing zone
 1934 Master Plan of Bucharest
 Circulation control expressed in street fronts: receses
> vulnerability
 No „Zeilenbau“ of Le Corbusier
 A central area of Bucharest was analysed

9. SFB approach
 2000-2001 survey in a central area of
Bucharest, including street survey (width,
parked cars)
 Results were included in an ArcView&MS Access
GIS system
 Results were used for the HLA decision system of
Fiedrich (2004)
 Later of a Disaster Management System (Markus,
2004) – considers also the change in shape of
building following an earthquake

10. SFB approach
 Advantages: computer aided decision making,
independent of subjectivity
 Disadvantages:
 Depends on electric supply, not so easy in post-
disaster phase
 The database has to be constantly kept up to
date
 We propose an own decision system
 Utility
value weighting
 Pairwise comparison (which might be multimedia
and 3D supported)

11. SFB approach
The street network in the northern-central area of Bucharest, as included
in the GIS model in frame of the SFB 461

12. Our contribution
 Connection between seismic microzoning and
urban zonification
 1934 Master Plan > vulnerability results
 Earthquake Master Plan of Istanbul 2003 (zoning
defining risk sectors)
 Elements of the street as defined by the
master plan: floor, fronts, parcours, section
 May result into irregular shape of parcels
 Commercial function > vulnerability through
soft storey

13. Our contribution
 Disadvantages
 No computer support
 Lack of communication between aesthetics and
structural material (also today simulations are run
based on scores after previous performance and
not considering structural mechanics – as in
recent studies, eg. Pinho)

14. Our contribution
Floor of a street

15. Our contribution
Background of a street

16. Our contribution
Fronts of a street

17. Our contribution
Profiles of a street

18. The emergency response

19. The emergency response
 Urban planning
 Earthquake Master Plans
 Cristina Gociman approach
 Functionality of the street network (Italian
DPC)
 Struttura urbana minima
 Struttura urbana strategica

20. Cristina Gociman approach
 Planning of security zones
 For immediately after the earthquake (a building
such as school or even church)
 For planning of emergency housing (parking areas,
green areas) <> street network
 Both include evacuation ways
 „strategical band“ (of green) for falling rubble
 Disadvantage: No computer support (see DPC)
 Advantages:
 Suitable for restructuring through Master Plan intervention
 Breaking ways in urban planning

21. Cristina Gociman approach
Evacuation plan in case of an earthquake. Study work by the group Teodor
Cucu, Alexandru Dobra, Ana Georgescu, Dragos Parcalabu, Master “Urban
design”, advisors: Cristina Gociman, Tiberiu Florescu, Maria Bostenaru

22. Italian Civil Protection approach
 Short term intervention
 Heavy machinery reaches Search&Rescue (see
also Fiedrich)
 Fire
services to buildings
 Ambulances to hospitals
 Importance of road network topology
 Long term intervention
 Importanceof road network serviceability
 Propping measures may block

23. Italian Civil Protection approach
Street blocked by rubble. Photo: maris/photocase.com
Obstacle in short term intervention

24. Italian Civil Protection approach
Street blocked by propping in the city of l‟Aquila, Italy, 1 year after the
2009 earthquake and the displaced people visiting their former city. Photo:
M. Bostenaru, 2010.
Obstacle in long term intervention

25. Italian Civil Protection approach
 Considers mobility relationships between
building and street, not just static relationship
as in the previous approaches
 Goretti and Sarli (2006) implemented the
method in Potenza, Southern Italy

26. The street in archive photography
of disasters
 Grant at Canadian Centre for Architecture, 2010
 Earthquake, flood, fire, revolution
 Earthquake photos such as those of Genthe (1906
San Francisco earthquake) present the reaction of
people on the street > participatism
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quake.jpg?uselang=de
 Virtual travel and artistic features in 19th century
 Documentary photography
 Virtual conservation of „ruins of the moment“ (Baum)
 N-S boulevard of Bucharest of interwar time: the
collapsed buildings (N. Ionescu photographer)

27. The street in archive
photography of disasters
 L„Aquila 3D model in Google Earth
 http://www.comefacciamo.com/aq3d/aq3d.php
 Interaction between Google Maps and Google
Earth is minimal
 Satelite oblique photographs used for building
modelling
 Necessity to include road serviceability in disaster
mapping (such as, for example, after the
Christchurch earthquake, NZ
http://tomnod.com/geocan/index.php)

28. The street in archive photography of disasters

30. The street in archive
photography of disasters
 Also the 19th century photography of Soule
(stereo; Portland/Maine fire) is suitable for
such reconstruction
 Photo modeller software requires more photos
from different angles
 Ontology of photography to organise this
information (Bostenaru, 2011)

31. Future study of 3D modelling

32. Future study of 3D modelling
 Only l„Aquila Come facciamo uses 3D modelling
 The study of the street involves not only the
horizontal dimension from urbanism plans, but
also section and front
 Vulnerability:
towers, recesses
 Emergency management: change of shape, rubble,
propping
 Each study allows for computer aid, if it hasn„t yet
 3D GIS (except of photo modelling)
 Programming application by Armas et al (2010)

33. Future study of 3D modelling
 Computer games
 1997-98 „Toy Town“ exhibition at CCA (for architects)
 City building games are a subgenre of construction
and management games (ex. SimCity)
 1989SimCity 2 included disaster scenarious such as
1906 San Francisco earthquake
 Evolved to 3D, but complex disaster simulation is lost
 Semantic enrichment of computer games with
economics part
 Training in pre-disaster phase
 The „hard copy“ model of constructing a
cathedral following Ken Follett„s novels

34. Conclusions

35. Conclusions
 Dealing with planning of streets to reduce vulnerability and
efficiently intervene in case of a disaster
 The approaches reviewed have a link to the research of the
author (direct or indirect involvment)
 The vulnerability of the street has to be considered in
interaction with that of the building
 Involvment of urban planning in disaster management
 Issues of volume shape (and its change) call for 3D
 Such approaches not yet known
 Google Earth does not interact with Google Maps
 Computer games might be the first step on the way to
simulations

36. Acknowledgements
 COST action TU0801
 SFB 461 research student assistantship
 the support grant of the Canadian Centre for
Architecture
 Marie Curie Fellowship CA‟REDIVIVUS
 Marie Curie Fellowship PIANO
 the course on “Risks” taught at the “Ion Mincu”
University of Architecture and Urbanism

37. Thank you!