The document outlines key factors and forces influencing curriculum development in educational settings, emphasizing the roles of philosophical, political, social, economic, technological, environmental, psychological, and gender factors. It details both internal forces, such as the teacher and school environment, and external forces, including political standards and societal expectations. The discussion highlights the importance of tailoring curricula to meet the diverse needs of 21st-century learners.

1. PRESENTATION
CURRICULUM & INSTRUCTIONS
Department of Education
Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (RYK)

2. Presenter: Sobia Alvi
Semester: 2nd
M.Phil.: Education
Topic
Factors & Forces Influencing on
Curriculum Development

3. Outline
1. Factors influencing on curriculum Development
 What is Curriculum?
 Definitions of Curriculum
 Curriculum Development
 Factors affecting curriculum Development
2. Forces influencing curriculum development
 Forces Influencing Curriculum Development
 Internal Forces
 External Forces

4. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
What is Curriculum?
In education, a curriculum, curriculums or curricula is
broadly defined as the totality of student experiences
that occur in the educational process. The term often
refers specifically to a planned sequence of
instruction, or to a view of the student's experiences
in terms of the educator's or schools instructional
goals. A curriculum may incorporate the planned
interaction of pupils with instructional content,
materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the
attainment of educational objectives. Curricula are
split into several categories: the explicit, the implicit
(including the hidden), the excluded, and the
extracurricular

5. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
Definitions of Curriculum
Curriculum is the guidelines by which different content matters are taught and assessed.
Curriculum is the outline of concepts to be taught to students to help them meet the content standards.
Curriculum is what is taught in a given course or subject.
Curriculum refers to an interactive system of instruction and learning with specific goals, contents, strategies,
measurement, and resources.
Curriculum Development
Curriculum development is a process of improving the curriculum. Various approaches have been used in developing
curricula. Commonly used approaches consist of analysis (i.e. need analysis, task analysis), design (i.e. objective design),
selecting (i.e. choosing appropriate learning/teaching methods and appropriate assessment methods) formation (i.e.
formation of the curriculum implementation committee / curriculum evaluation committee) and review (i.e. curriculum
review committee).

6. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
Several factors affect all curriculum development
in meeting the needs of 21st century learners in
both organized academic settings and corporation
learning centers. Factors affecting curriculum
development include government rules, which in
turn brings other factors into the process. Valid
curriculum development requires awareness of
the diversity of the target community socially,
financially and psychologically.

7. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
1. Philosophical Factors affecting Curriculum Development
Based upon fundamental beliefs that arise from one’s philosophy of Education, curricular
decisions involve consideration of several topics and issues. Precisely for this reason, we
consider philosophy one of the major foundation areas in curriculum.
Studying philosophy helps us deal with our own personal systems of beliefs and values the
way we perceive the world around us and how we define what is important to us. Hence,
a study of the philosophy of education in terms of curriculum development is essential. In
essence, educational philosophies influence, and to a large extent determine, our
educational decisions and alternatives.

8. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
2. Political factor
Politics has a certain impact on all spheres of life, and instability of politics leads to
instability in everyday life. It usually defines goals and content; political
considerations need to be admitted while curriculum development; and political
decisions may change the requirements for curriculum development.
Governments need to promote nationalism, patriotism and ideologies. Therefore
have polices according to which they send out directives. The directives state the
medium of instruction, the nature of the syllabus and the kind of textbook, etc.
Politics affect curriculum development in numerous ways.
Example
Politics affects curriculum development from defining goals, interpreting curricular
materials to approving examination systems

9. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
3. Social or Societal Factors affecting Curriculum Development
The purpose of sociology is the analysis of organized human relationship. Its major
contribution to curriculum has been the making of decisions about the content of
the curriculum and its main focus has been the understanding of the direction of
social change and the socialization of the individual. Its method of working involves
providing extensive information about the social background of students, promoting
a realistic evaluation of the role of the teacher and school in social change.
Politics affects curriculum development from defining goals, interpreting curricular
materials to approving examination systems

10. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
4. Economic factor
As compared to the elite schools where this is hardly a problem, schools belonging
to the lower social strata cannot entertain the possibility of using modern
equipment, e.g. the computer, due to financial constraints. This also leads to losing
good teachers and other personnel to places offering better remuneration.
Economics influences curriculum development. Curriculum developed for in house
training in corporations focuses on educating employees for promotions that bring
better returns in profits. Nations financing education expect an economic return
from educated students contributing to the country's economy with global
competition abilities in technical fields

11. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
5. Technological factor
The influence of technological progress is observed in each sphere of life,
and when the time for curriculum development comes, the technological
point plays an important role.
Curriculum developers cannot ignore this technological progress and the
influence it presents. Technological innovations may be applied to
curriculum development in several ways “as a plan for the systematic use
of various devices and media” and as the issue that “is found in models
and procedures for the construction or development and evaluation of
curriculum materials and instructional systems”

12. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
6. Environmental factor
Environment issues affect curriculum development.
World awareness and action toward reversing and ending pollution continues
affecting curriculum development. Typical elementary classrooms teach recycling
and healthy environmental practices.
7. Psychological Factors
The purpose of psychology is to study human behavior. Psychology contributes to
curriculum planning by providing teachers with information concerning the nature of
students, the nature of the process involved in learning, the motivation, personality
and individual differences of students, the value of teaching methods and teaching
effectiveness.

13. 1. Factors Influencing on Curriculum Development
8. Gender Factors
The needs of each gender are also kept in mind for the development of
curriculum. Although this is the age where women have gone into
professions which were previously considered the domain of male gender
and women are asking for equal rights, yet option should be left open, e.g.
home economics for girls and technical education for boys, though these
should not be strictly the domains of females or males respectively. In
advanced countries where women enjoy a greater degree of freedom, a
variety of educational institutions exist that separately cater the male and
female curriculum needs.

14. 2. Forces Influencing On Curriculum Development
Forces Influencing Curriculum Development
Several factors affect all curriculum development in meeting the needs of 21st
century learners in both organized academic settings and corporation learning
centers. A good curriculum development requires selecting learning goals,
designing knowledge delivery models while creating assessment methods for
individual and group progress. Factors affecting curriculum development include
two types of factor that have great influence and impact on the development of
curriculum which are following.

15. 2. Forces Influencing On Curriculum Development
External forces
Technological
Knowledge
Ideology
Political
Learning Theories
Enivornment

16. 1. Internal Forces
1. The Teacher
This factor explores teachers' individual characteristics such as their academic
backgrounds and experience in teaching, knowledge about the teaching topics,
teaching methods used, attitude towards curriculum development, collaboration with
colleagues, teaching preparation practices, major form of student work, and
assessment methods .The teacher's role in the curriculum development process is
critical because she is responsible for implementing the curriculum in the classroom.
2. The Student
Educational bodies are classified in to different bandings (the policy of dividing
student into groups of same level of ability) according to the overall academic
standard of the students. Curriculum development prepares the student to lead a
balanced life in the future by fulfilling roles of a professional person.

17. 1. Internal Forces
3. School Environment
Good or bad, academic’s social environment has broad influence on curriculum
development and students’ learning and growth, including major aspects of their
social, emotional, and ethical development.
4. Philosophy
It is the vital factor in curriculum development it forms the basis for the final selection of the aims and objectives of the
curriculum. The major purpose of education is to bring out change in behavior of the student. The type of change brought
about is influenced by philosophy of education
5. Life Activities
The term life activities include the personal activities in which the students will engage as a person of society. These are
categorized as professional, family, civic or community, leisure, spiritual. The effective preparation of life activities involves
the growth of the student’s individual capacities and in social participation

18. 2. External Forces
1. Technological
The computer technology of the 21st century influences curriculum development at every level of learning. Learning centers
and classrooms increasingly provide computers as requisite interaction for studies among students. Technological multimedia
use influences educational goals and learning experiences among students. Undergraduate and graduate degrees in
computer technology increases in popularity.
2. Knowledge
Knowledge can be classified broadly as descriptive and normative.
 Descriptive knowledge
Consists of statement about things that can be perceived directly or in principles. It include facts, laws rules theories
principles etc. and states that things are this way or that they act in this way.
 Normative knowledge
Consist of rules, the norms, the standards and the like of which individual make moral or aesthetic choices.

19. 2. External Forces Cont.…
3. Ideology
Social Ideology including religion, culture and social groupings affects curriculum development because
these characteristics influence the types of topics and methods for teaching information. Developing
relevant curriculum takes into account society's expectations, accommodating group traditions and
promoting equality.
4. Political
Politics influences curriculum design and development starts with funding. Both private and public
educational institutions rely on funding for hiring personnel, building and maintaining facilities and
equipment. All aspects of curriculum depend on local, state and national political standards. From
defining goals, interpreting curricular materials to approving examination systems, politics affects
curriculum development.

20. References
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum
 https://blog.robotel.com/en/standards-curriculum
 https://www.prepai.io/blog/tips-and-strategies-for-curriculum-
creators/?utm_source=prepaiwebsite&utm_medium=demo-btn
 https://vigour360.com/blog/5-proven-strategies-to-create-positive-school-environment-in-2023/
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_development
 https://www1.udel.edu/educ/whitson/897s05/files/definitions_of_curriculum.htm#:~:text=Curriculum
%20is%20the%20outline%20of,strategies%2C%20measurement%2C%20and%20resources.
 https://www.scribd.com/document/127429885/Curriculum-
Development#:~:text=The%20teacher's%20role%20in%20the,and%20impact%20on%20curriculum%20
development.
 https://educarepk.com/factors-affecting-curriculum-development.html/amp