Evaluation of Factors contributing to high Alcoholism among Youths in Adumi Village, Arua District Uganda
Kamanyire, Rogers
Department of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University Ishaka Campus, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
High rate of alcoholic intake and abuse has become a global epidemic among Youths especially the under aged people. Adumi is a village in Arua district of Uganda. This study was conducted to ascertain the factors that contributed to alcoholism among youths. Youths aged 16 to 17 have the second highest rate (16.4%) of current alcohol abuse in the surveyed countries, and although consumption of alcoholic beverages is illegal for people under 18 years of age. 10.4 million current drinkers were aged 12 to 20 and of this group, nearly half 5.1 million engage in binge drinking, including 2.3 million who would also be classified as heavy drinkers. This study used a descriptive research design with both qualitative and quantitative methods. A sample of 50 respondents were sampled using questionnaires. The data was collected and analyzed using Microsoft excel and then presented using tables and figures. The major factors contributing to alcoholism among the youths in Adumi village were found to be, lack of full time employment leading to idleness of the youths, Peer group influence, easy accessibility, availability and affordability of alcohol in Adumi village without no restrictions. Physical and emotional stress resulting from poor conditions of living leading to psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression, chaotic home environments and child negligence leading to school dropouts. Lack of information about the disadvantages of alcoholism from the community development officers and policies to prevent the vice in the study area and the district at large. The government and other stakeholders such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and CBOs should establish youth livelihood programs to combat idleness among the youths and should put in place bylaws on the time of opening bars and also the age of people allowed to drink and make sure that these bylaws are strictly enforced.
Keywords: Alcoholism, Adumi Village, Youths, Abuse and Drinkers.
A Study on Alcohol and Substance use among University Students in Edo State, ...ijtsrd
Alcohol and substance use has become rampant worldwide, with a high prevalence of its use within the university environment. Logically, implementing strict policies for controlling alcohol and other substance use is required to maintain optimum health for the general public. This study was conducted to assess alcohol and substance use among university students in Nigeria.METHOD Three hundred and forty participants took part in this study. A descriptive cross sectional survey was used. Data collection was done with a structured, self administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed with the statistical package for the social sciences SPSS 16.0 . Of the 340 respondents, 75.8 fall within the 20–29 age group, representing the largest age group of respondents. A more significant proportion had heard about alcohol and substance abuse 95 . The result showed that most students do not abuse drugs 67.6 . Friends influence was the determining factor for most who partook in alcohol and other substances.CONCLUSION Although the study showed that most respondents had good knowledge of alcohol and substance abuse, health education is still needed to prevent misuse of alcohol and substances. Evbayekha O. Endurance | Ohikhuai E. Evidence | Ofumwengbe-Evba Osaruyi "A Study on Alcohol and Substance use among University Students in Edo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50178.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50178/a-study-on-alcohol-and-substance-use-among-university-students-in-edo-state-nigeria/evbayekha-o-endurance
The Insight of Young People toward Drugs and Chemical Abuse in Zimbabweijtsrd
The abuse of drugs and chemicals among the young people is a silent pandemic which needs collective intervention. The young people are the pillar of development in the world over. The behavior of abusing drugs is seen as a fashionby the young people and effects has paralyzed the developmental milestones within communities. The aim of this research was to explore the insights of drugs and chemical abuse among the youth in Zimbabwe. The word chemicals has been used interchangeably with the word substance in this study. The study is a qualitative research which is backed with the descriptive research design. Data was collected from the young people from the age of 12 to 36 years through a purposive snow balling and convenience sample since taking of some drugs is a secrete act. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze data gathered from the participants who resides in Kadoma area. The study found that there are different factors which had forced the young to participate in the uptake of drugs which are poverty, peer pressure, lack parental guidance, experimentation, genetic dispossession and depression. The study also found that young people have moved from predominately abusing marijuana alone and jump to use complex substances such as bronclee ngoma , powder extracted from energy saver bulbs, mutoriro, mangemba, ital, tablets white, blue and pink pill , cocaine and mangemba. The research predicts that young people can use drugs to revolt against their elders due to the influence of drugs. It was recommended to put in place strict sanction to anyone found in possession with drugs. Brenda Palesa Makumbe | Prince Dzingirayi "The Insight of Young People toward Drugs and Chemical Abuse in Zimbabwe" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49908.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/49908/the-insight-of-young-people-toward-drugs-and-chemical-abuse-in-zimbabwe/brenda-palesa-makumbe
Teenagers Use of Hard Drugs and Mental Health Problems in Bayelsa State, a Ca...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the use of hard drugs and mental problems among teenagers in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state A survey of the Nigerian Correctional Service, Okaka. The study was guided by four objectives and four corresponding research questions. The study adopted Durkheims theory. The research design adopted for this study was a descriptive survey. The population of the study consists of 350 Nigerian Prison personnel and 250 inmates from OkakaYenagoa Correctional Centre making a total of 550. Nigerian Prison Service Bulletin, 2021 . A sample size of two hundred and thirty two 232 representing 38 of the population was selected through a simple random sampling technique. The instrument used for this study was a researcher designed structure questionnaire. Percentages were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the respondents and research questions. Findings revealed that there was a great awareness of the ills of using hard drugs and some typology of hard drugs. Therefore, the following recommendations were made the government at all levels should effectively enforce rules and regulations guiding the consumption of hard drugs in Bayelsa state. The family institution should be properly planned and organized to operate at a measurable level of socio economic status where the basic needs of man can be provided by parents to avoid addictive lifestyle. Oyeinfie E. Jonjon "Teenagers Use of Hard Drugs and Mental Health Problems in Bayelsa State, a Case Study of Okaka Correctional Service Centre" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41084.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/41084/teenagers-use-of-hard-drugs-and-mental-health-problems-in-bayelsa-state-a-case-study-of-okaka-correctional-service-centre/oyeinfie-e-jonjon
Social Media and Substance Abuse Implication for Preventive Strategies among ...ijtsrd
Adolescent substance abuse is a major problem all over the world. Substances are consumed by both male and female adolescents, and pose a serious threat to the consumers and the society as at large. The causes of substance abuse are numerous and varied. It is imperative to seek ways to curb this malice that is threatening the welfare of Cameroonians individually, economically and even socially. This study sets out to ascertain the extent to which the social media influence substance abuse among adolescents in urban schools in Cameroon, and to determine preventive strategies. The concurrent nested mixed method research design was used to carry out the study. The Simple Random sampling was adopted in the selection of public, mission and private schools from four regions of Cameroon, classrooms in each school and 375 students. Purposive sampling was used to select discipline masters and guidance counsellors. A questionnaire of 10 items was used to collect data from the students and an interview guide to collect data from the discipline masters and guidance counsellors. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using spearman rho test, through SPSS version 25.The findings showed that social media significantly predicted substance abuse among adolescent students R= 0.258 , P= 0.000 0.05 . Finally, findings showed that at zero order correlation when the preventive strategies were not involved in the correlation analysis, the coefficient value was 0.374 but, when the correlation was controlled by the preventive strategies, the coefficient value increased from 0.374 to 0.908 of almost a perfect relationship 1 . The study concluded that the social media influence drug abuse among adolescent students in urban schools in Cameroon. From the study it was recommended that research be carried out to determine the effects of drugs on students’ performance, health and the society. Chefuh Patricia Asoh | Dr. Bongwung Bruno "Social Media and Substance Abuse: Implication for Preventive Strategies among Adolescent Students in Urban Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51927.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/51927/social-media-and-substance-abuse-implication-for-preventive-strategies-among-adolescent-students-in-urban-schools-in-cameroon/chefuh-patricia-asoh
A Study on Alcohol and Substance use among University Students in Edo State, ...ijtsrd
Alcohol and substance use has become rampant worldwide, with a high prevalence of its use within the university environment. Logically, implementing strict policies for controlling alcohol and other substance use is required to maintain optimum health for the general public. This study was conducted to assess alcohol and substance use among university students in Nigeria.METHOD Three hundred and forty participants took part in this study. A descriptive cross sectional survey was used. Data collection was done with a structured, self administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed with the statistical package for the social sciences SPSS 16.0 . Of the 340 respondents, 75.8 fall within the 20–29 age group, representing the largest age group of respondents. A more significant proportion had heard about alcohol and substance abuse 95 . The result showed that most students do not abuse drugs 67.6 . Friends influence was the determining factor for most who partook in alcohol and other substances.CONCLUSION Although the study showed that most respondents had good knowledge of alcohol and substance abuse, health education is still needed to prevent misuse of alcohol and substances. Evbayekha O. Endurance | Ohikhuai E. Evidence | Ofumwengbe-Evba Osaruyi "A Study on Alcohol and Substance use among University Students in Edo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50178.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50178/a-study-on-alcohol-and-substance-use-among-university-students-in-edo-state-nigeria/evbayekha-o-endurance
The Insight of Young People toward Drugs and Chemical Abuse in Zimbabweijtsrd
The abuse of drugs and chemicals among the young people is a silent pandemic which needs collective intervention. The young people are the pillar of development in the world over. The behavior of abusing drugs is seen as a fashionby the young people and effects has paralyzed the developmental milestones within communities. The aim of this research was to explore the insights of drugs and chemical abuse among the youth in Zimbabwe. The word chemicals has been used interchangeably with the word substance in this study. The study is a qualitative research which is backed with the descriptive research design. Data was collected from the young people from the age of 12 to 36 years through a purposive snow balling and convenience sample since taking of some drugs is a secrete act. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze data gathered from the participants who resides in Kadoma area. The study found that there are different factors which had forced the young to participate in the uptake of drugs which are poverty, peer pressure, lack parental guidance, experimentation, genetic dispossession and depression. The study also found that young people have moved from predominately abusing marijuana alone and jump to use complex substances such as bronclee ngoma , powder extracted from energy saver bulbs, mutoriro, mangemba, ital, tablets white, blue and pink pill , cocaine and mangemba. The research predicts that young people can use drugs to revolt against their elders due to the influence of drugs. It was recommended to put in place strict sanction to anyone found in possession with drugs. Brenda Palesa Makumbe | Prince Dzingirayi "The Insight of Young People toward Drugs and Chemical Abuse in Zimbabwe" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49908.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/49908/the-insight-of-young-people-toward-drugs-and-chemical-abuse-in-zimbabwe/brenda-palesa-makumbe
Teenagers Use of Hard Drugs and Mental Health Problems in Bayelsa State, a Ca...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the use of hard drugs and mental problems among teenagers in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state A survey of the Nigerian Correctional Service, Okaka. The study was guided by four objectives and four corresponding research questions. The study adopted Durkheims theory. The research design adopted for this study was a descriptive survey. The population of the study consists of 350 Nigerian Prison personnel and 250 inmates from OkakaYenagoa Correctional Centre making a total of 550. Nigerian Prison Service Bulletin, 2021 . A sample size of two hundred and thirty two 232 representing 38 of the population was selected through a simple random sampling technique. The instrument used for this study was a researcher designed structure questionnaire. Percentages were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the respondents and research questions. Findings revealed that there was a great awareness of the ills of using hard drugs and some typology of hard drugs. Therefore, the following recommendations were made the government at all levels should effectively enforce rules and regulations guiding the consumption of hard drugs in Bayelsa state. The family institution should be properly planned and organized to operate at a measurable level of socio economic status where the basic needs of man can be provided by parents to avoid addictive lifestyle. Oyeinfie E. Jonjon "Teenagers Use of Hard Drugs and Mental Health Problems in Bayelsa State, a Case Study of Okaka Correctional Service Centre" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41084.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/41084/teenagers-use-of-hard-drugs-and-mental-health-problems-in-bayelsa-state-a-case-study-of-okaka-correctional-service-centre/oyeinfie-e-jonjon
Social Media and Substance Abuse Implication for Preventive Strategies among ...ijtsrd
Adolescent substance abuse is a major problem all over the world. Substances are consumed by both male and female adolescents, and pose a serious threat to the consumers and the society as at large. The causes of substance abuse are numerous and varied. It is imperative to seek ways to curb this malice that is threatening the welfare of Cameroonians individually, economically and even socially. This study sets out to ascertain the extent to which the social media influence substance abuse among adolescents in urban schools in Cameroon, and to determine preventive strategies. The concurrent nested mixed method research design was used to carry out the study. The Simple Random sampling was adopted in the selection of public, mission and private schools from four regions of Cameroon, classrooms in each school and 375 students. Purposive sampling was used to select discipline masters and guidance counsellors. A questionnaire of 10 items was used to collect data from the students and an interview guide to collect data from the discipline masters and guidance counsellors. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using spearman rho test, through SPSS version 25.The findings showed that social media significantly predicted substance abuse among adolescent students R= 0.258 , P= 0.000 0.05 . Finally, findings showed that at zero order correlation when the preventive strategies were not involved in the correlation analysis, the coefficient value was 0.374 but, when the correlation was controlled by the preventive strategies, the coefficient value increased from 0.374 to 0.908 of almost a perfect relationship 1 . The study concluded that the social media influence drug abuse among adolescent students in urban schools in Cameroon. From the study it was recommended that research be carried out to determine the effects of drugs on students’ performance, health and the society. Chefuh Patricia Asoh | Dr. Bongwung Bruno "Social Media and Substance Abuse: Implication for Preventive Strategies among Adolescent Students in Urban Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51927.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/51927/social-media-and-substance-abuse-implication-for-preventive-strategies-among-adolescent-students-in-urban-schools-in-cameroon/chefuh-patricia-asoh
Household Demographic Predictors of Drug and Substance Abuse among High Schoo...Premier Publishers
Purpose: The accessibility, affordability, and consumption of abused drugs by the youths have attracted great concern among public health personnel. This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated household demographic predictors of drugs and substance abuse among high school students in Kisumu East Sub-County, Kisumu County.
Methods: Sample size of 434 was calculated using Yamane formula and the participants selected through Snow ball, random, cluster and stratified sampling. Descriptive data was summarized using tables while inferential statistic done using Chi square and logistic regression. Data collection done through observation and semi- structured questionnaires. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 219 (61.17%) students reported to have engaged in drug and illicit substance abuse with higher proportion reported among the Christians as compared to Islamic and Hinduism. Religion, Parental / guardian’s level of education and the person living with the student were found to significantly predict the abuse of drug and illicit substance among high school students (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Drug and illicit substance abuse remains a major public health problem among all age groups worldwide with several negative impacts. Due to its magnitude, it calls for concerted multi-sectorial effort by all stakeholders for the dream of drug free world to be achieved.
Achievements and Implications of Care and Support Programme among Orphans and...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: In Nigeria, children who need special protection on the account of being in vulnerable situations are observably increasing due to growing levels of poverty and the poor socio-economic situation of the country and it is necessary to ameliorate the problem by strengthening the capacity of families. This article therefore presents the achievements of care and support programme among orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria as well as the implications for future programming. Methods: The project was an intervention study carried out among OVC in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Four civil society organizations were engaged by Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of AIDS (BYSACA) under HIV and AIDS Fund (HAF) II project to provide care and support services for OVC. The target population consisted of paternal orphan or maternal orphan, double orphan and vulnerable children whose parents are infected with HIV but alive in six local government areas. A total of 3000 was an estimated sample size for this intervention and data were collected using various data reporting tools and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of OVC reached during the project period was 5410 given a target reached of 180.3%. Among these, 87.7% of the children were reached with at least one service, 74.9% were reached with psychosocial services, nutrition (37.4%), educational services (33.3%), healthcare services (9.5%) and protection services (4.4%). Thirty-five children withdrawn from the programme and two children reported died during this project. Conclusion: Efforts to care, support and protect vulnerable children should not only focus on their immediate survival needs such as food, education, water, shelter and clothing, but also on long-term developmental needs that reduce children's vulnerability such as life skills, child protection, vocational training, food security, and household economic strengthening.
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
________________________________________
More Related Content
Similar to Factors contributing to high Alcoholism among Youths in Adumi Village, Arua District Uganda. IDOSR JSR 8(2) 1-17.
Household Demographic Predictors of Drug and Substance Abuse among High Schoo...Premier Publishers
Purpose: The accessibility, affordability, and consumption of abused drugs by the youths have attracted great concern among public health personnel. This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated household demographic predictors of drugs and substance abuse among high school students in Kisumu East Sub-County, Kisumu County.
Methods: Sample size of 434 was calculated using Yamane formula and the participants selected through Snow ball, random, cluster and stratified sampling. Descriptive data was summarized using tables while inferential statistic done using Chi square and logistic regression. Data collection done through observation and semi- structured questionnaires. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 219 (61.17%) students reported to have engaged in drug and illicit substance abuse with higher proportion reported among the Christians as compared to Islamic and Hinduism. Religion, Parental / guardian’s level of education and the person living with the student were found to significantly predict the abuse of drug and illicit substance among high school students (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Drug and illicit substance abuse remains a major public health problem among all age groups worldwide with several negative impacts. Due to its magnitude, it calls for concerted multi-sectorial effort by all stakeholders for the dream of drug free world to be achieved.
Achievements and Implications of Care and Support Programme among Orphans and...QUESTJOURNAL
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Similar to Factors contributing to high Alcoholism among Youths in Adumi Village, Arua District Uganda. IDOSR JSR 8(2) 1-17. (20)
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
________________________________________
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
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Barriers to Women Leadership
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Women have made significant strides over the past half a century in terms of advancements into the workforce. However, it is well-documented that women occupy top executive positions in politics and industry much less frequently than men. Bias and discrimination against professional females could take place when members of a society hold certain stereotypes that are in contrast with the actual characteristics of these women. These stereotypes can prevent females from achieving their goals as a result of the expected social roles they have to uphold. This paper critically examined social role theory and gender stereotypes to explain a deeper motive as to why women to some extent are being underrepresented in leadership positions. Moreover, these literature review provided a comprehensive overview of gender discrimination barriers to leadership.
Keywords: Women, Leadership, Society, Discrimination and Barriers.
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in AfricaPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Despite attempts by African governments to achieve Sustainable Development, there is a growing perception that Africa may fail in achieving the goals. This perception is fueled partly by the evidence that while the world is undergoing rapid change, which is driven prominently by technology and globalization, Africa remains unprotected and at risk of being exploited without due recognition of, and remuneration for, its resources. Additionally, there is the continued escalating trend in poverty and the diminishing strength of the environment to meet current and future needs of African countries. Given the fact that sustainable development appears to be contradicting in between the opposing imperatives of growth and development on one hand, and ecological sustainability on the other, the trend in sustainable development on the African continent has generated some skepticism about whether the goals are achievable in Africa. The lack of a logical literature that documents the challenges and prospects of Sustainable development in Africa underpins the uncertainty of achieving the goals in Africa. Hence, this paper assessed the challenges of sustainable development in Africa, and the way forward.
Keywords: SDG, Africa, Agriculture, Poverty, Economy, Development
________________________________________
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Mary Tunde Nalubega, 2Tom Mulegi and 1Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the level of job safety in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, Cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was used, from which a sample population of 219 respondents was derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primarily using Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and structured Interviews. Findings revealed that the level of job safety in selected Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high with (mean = 2.97); implying that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. Comparatively, sanitation ranked highest among all elements of job safety, in terms of whether food is separated from hazardous materials with (mean = 3.46, std. dev =.720) interpreted as very• high. The last ranked item was about whether smoke detectors function properly with (mean = 2.44, std. dev = 1.062) interpreted as high. In conclusion, the level of job safety among Public and Private organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high. This means that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. This study recommends that different stakeholders including government and Non-governmental Organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Job Safety, selected, public and private Organizations.
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Tom Mulegi, 2Mary Tunde Nalubega, and 2Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was earmarked, from which a sample population of 219 respondents were derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primary using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and structured interviews. An extensive review of literature contributed a significant amount of secondary data. Findings showed that the r-value indicated that 67.7% of employee performance is influenced by job safety, implying that the remaining 23.3% of change in employee productivity could be explained by other factors other than Job safety. The study recommended that the Different stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Employee, performances, and organizations
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Administrative Support and Teachers’ Performances in Private Secondary School...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Self-medication particularly with analgesics and antibiotics have been reported by WHO as one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance. In country, like Uganda there is a wide range of drugs, coupled with inadequate health services have resulted to an increased number of drugs used as a self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication is needed especially in rural settings. This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. Questionnaires containing closed ended questions were administered to 288 second year undergraduate medical students. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Descriptive statistics were performed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed at alpha of 0.05. The research results indicated that the mean age was (24) and the majority of the students who participated in the study were male (63%). The prevalence of self-medication in the study was found to be markedly high (83.4%). The most important reason for self-medication was that it is cheaper (91%) and the majority (92%) of the students reported that they self-medicated because of diarrhea/vomiting with antacids found to be the highly used class of drug (93%). Majority of the students got the information concerning the drugs through advertisements (98%) and (92%) of the students bought medicine from drug shops. In conclusion, most of the students feared having the side effects of the medications since they were self-prescribed without any experience.
Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self-medication, undergraduate medical students, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
HIV sero-discordant refers to a situation where in a pair of long-term sexual partners, one is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative. There is an increased risk of HIV transmission to the HIV-negative partner in discordant couples which makes HIV serodiscordant a hindrance to HIV control and prevention strategies. Sero-discordance is one of the factors affecting the impact of HIV prevention strategies, therefore effective HIV prevention strategies must consider HIV discordance. Limited knowledge about the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant in the community hinders the formulation of appropriate strategies for effective control of HIV transmission. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant and its associated factors among couples attending Iganga General Hospital. The knowledge generated will guide the stakeholders in formulating HIV prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing HIV transmission. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out through the conduction of guided interviews using a questionnaire to random-systematically selected 250 couples attending IGH. Data was analyzed and presented in tables with percentages comparing different factors. The HIV seroprevalence was 6.8%. The prevalence of discordance was 4.8% among participant couples and 52.2% among the infected couples. HIV serodiscordant was associated with sexual practice (83.3%), circumcision status of the male partner in the couple (58.3%), condom use (58.3%), use of ARVs by the HIV-infected partner (25%), and experience of STIs among partners (25%). The prevalence of HIV serodiscordant among the participant couples was 4.8%, associated mainly with sexual practice, circumcision, and condom use.
Keywords: HIV transmission, Discordant couples, Sexual partners, Condom, Serodiscordant
Antibiotic resistance and Virulence Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes various hospital- acquired and community-acquired infections. It has been reported that the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat because of their virulence factors and antibiotics resistances. The aim of present study was to screen the antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of virulence factor genes in a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ogbomoso, and to determine whether a correlation exists between the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. A total of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various types of clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-bauer method. In addition, PCR assays were used for screening four virulence encoding genes (OPRL, LasB, PLCH and ToxA). The results showed that OPRL (79%) and LasB (62%) were the most frequent virulence genes in P. aeruginosa strains, followed by PLCH (41%) and ToxA (35%). The highest resistance was detected towards Piperacillin (42%) and Tetracycline (42%). Moderate rate of resistance (12-39%) were detected towards the other antibiotics. The virulent factors identified in this study provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of resistance genes of P. aeruginosa isolates in Ogbomoso, Nigeria and their potential impact on treatments that exploit the unique physiology of the pathogen. This will be useful for the health workers to improve infection control measures and to establish a surveillance system.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa Distric...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Infection prevention and control is important for the improvement of quality care in hospital. This study aimed to identify risk associated with infection control, and to determine which infection control measures are available at Butiru Chrisco hospital and how these measures are put to use by the staff working in the hospital. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa District. The study involved 100 respondents who were staff employed by Butiru Chrisco hospital. With different educational standards, awareness of infection control was assessed through a structured questionnaire that was administered to those who consented to participate. Random sampling was done on 10 staff, this helped correct the questionnaire making it suitable for the study but the results were not included in this study. The study revealed that out of 100 respondents, 72(72%) were nurses, 60(60%) were females and 78(78%) had been employed by the hospital for less than four years. Half 50(50%) revealed that airborne infections are the commonest infections in the hospital. The study also reveals that more than 80% reported positive response to infection control tasks with 80(80%) agreeing that practice of infection control reduces likelihood of infection spread to patients. From the study, it was concluded that, there is moderate awareness of infection control with more than half of the respondents having positive ideas about infection control and use of available measures like glove, apron, and hand washing. However, practice and compliance with standard precautions was less than optimal. The researcher recommends continuous health visits by ministry of health (MOH) of Uganda to the hospital and evaluation of the practices to ensure that the health workers practice infection control following the standard guidelines. Also, hand washing or use of hand sanitizers with alcohol or other antiseptics as a measure of disinfecting the hands before or after handling a patient is encouraged.
Keywords: Infection, health workers, hand washing, Manafwa District
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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TEST BANK For Timby's Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 13th American Ed...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK For Timby's Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 13th American Edition by Donnelly-Moreno, Verified Chapters 1 - 72, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For Timby's Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 13th American Edition by Donnelly-Moreno, Verified Chapters 1 - 72, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Why invest into infodemic management in health emergenciesTina Purnat
A lecture discussing the challenge of health misinformation and information ecosystem in public health, how this impacts demand promotion in health, and how this then relates to responding to misinformation and infodemics in health emergencies. Appended with lots of tools, guidance and resources for people who want to do more reading.
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were in outpatient treatment due to the
negative effects of alcohol while 10,000
were in non-hospital residential treatment
due to negative effects of alcohol abuse
and 1000 in hospital in patient treatment
due to the negative effects of alcohol [3].
It was further estimated that on an
average day in 2010, nearly 8,000 youths
drank alcohol for the first time [4].
The 2005 World Health Organization
(WHO) report ranked Uganda the leading
consumer of alcohol in the world with a
per capita consumption of 19.5 litres of
alcohol per person per annum while the
same report of 2012 ranked Uganda the
3rd
largest consumer of alcohol per person
per annum. [5] of Uganda Youth
Development Link (UYDEL), in their study
about substance abuse in Kampala
schools showed that alcoholism is
rampant among youth, even those in
schools and higher institutions of
learning as statistics from their study
showed that (67%) admitted to occasional
use of alcohol. In Adumi Village, Arua
District, youth can be seen heavily
engaging in negative and risky practices
such as alcoholism yet this highly
predisposes to many physical and health
risks including accidents, school dropout,
rape, increased exposure to Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection
among many others. However, the
particular factors contributing to
alcoholism among youth in Adumi Village,
Arua District remain unknown and this
study hence intends to find out these
factors and come up with solutions to
reduce/prevent alcoholism among the
youth.
Statement of the Problem
Alcohol and substance abuse among
youth aged 15 – 35 years remains an
important public health problem which
continues to affect youth worldwide that
requires immediate address [5].
Alcoholism among youth has many short-
and long-term health effects on the
individual as well as the community at
large as it has been associated with
dependence syndromes as well as
behavioral, cognitive and physiological
challenges [5]. Despite the efforts of
Ministry of Health (MoH) and concerned
programs like the Young Empowered and
Healthy (Y.E.A.H) which sensitizes youths
on the dangers of alcoholism, youths are
still involved in these practices. In Adumi
Village, Arua District, youth are seen
drinking alcohol throughout the day and
night. This has led to increased levels of
crime, petty theft, school drop outs, early
pregnancy mentally relatedillness, poor
interpersonal relationship development
among many other negative and
dangerous effects.
Although studies have been carried out in
other areas of Uganda about the problem
of alcoholism among the youth, no known
study has been carried out in Adumi
Village, Arua District. Thus, a need to
carry out this studyto identify these
factors associated with high alcoholism so
asto devise solutions to mitigate them.
Aim of the study
The aim of the study was to identify the
factors contributing to high alcoholism
among youths in Adumi Village, Arua
District in an effort to develop
appropriate interventions to
reduce/prevent alcoholism among the
youth.
Specific Objectives
To identify the socio cultural factors
contributing to high alcoholism
among youths in Adumi Village, Arua
District.
To determine the economic factors
contributing to high alcoholism
among youths in Adumi Village, Arua
District.
To assess the psychosocial factors
contributing to high alcoholism
among youth in Adumi Village, Arua
District.
Research Questions
What socio cultural factors contribute
to high alcoholism among youth in
Adumi Village, Arua District?
What economic factors contribute to
high alcoholism among youth in
Adumi Village, Arua District?
What psychosocial factors contribute
to high alcoholism among youth in
Adumi Village, Arua District?
Justification of the study
This study identified the factors
contributing to high alcoholism among
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youth in Adumi Village, Arua District in
order to scale up sensitization and health
education programmes for youth about
the dangers of alcoholism.
The findings were to assist the Ministry of
Health Planners and Policy makers by
identifying the potential areas which still
require policy improvements as well as
the development of national sensitization
programs targeted at youths about the
prevention of alcoholism. The study was
to assist youth in Adumi Village as they
would be beneficiaries of improved and
more appropriate sensitization and health
education as well as improved effort
about the prevention of alcoholism
among the youth. The study was also to
provide a valuable point of reference for
researchers carrying out similar studies in
future and was also to contribute to the
available literature on the factors
contributing to alcoholism among youth.
METHODOLOGY
Study design and rationale
The study was a descriptive cross
sectional employing quantitative data
collection methods. The study was a cross
sectional because it was done for a short
period of time and descriptive because it
was to enable the youths to adequately
explain their responses within their own
settings. This was because sample group
was selected from the entire population
identifying the problem and data was
collected for a specific period of time in a
specific area.
Area of Study
The study was conducted in Adumi
Village, Arua District which is found in
Northern Uganda and it has an estimated
population of 425,000 people while
Adumi Village has an estimated
population of 18,300 people. The main
economic activity carried out in the sub
county is agriculture. The study setting
was selected because the problem of
alcoholism among the youth was
prevalent on the ground as had been
noted by the researcher.
Study Population
The study included male and female
youth aged between 18 – 35 years
residing or working in Adumi Village,
Arua District.
Sample Size
Sample size determination.
n= N
1+N (0.05)2,
N = 55
n = 55
1+55(0.05)2
,
n = 55
1.1125
n = 50
Wheren= number of respondents
The sample size was 50 respondents
using simple random sampling method,
all youth aged between 18 – 35 years
residing or working in Adumi Village,
Arua District.
Sampling procedure and rationale
The respondents for the study were
selected using convenient sampling
method. The researcher selected all the
available and eligible respondents
available who were free and willing to
participate in the study and included
them in the study. This continued until a
total of 50 respondents were achieved.
Due to the busy nature of the
respondents, the researcher administered
interview guides to the respondents from
their homesteads or in community
gathering places such as marketplaces
where they were found and this improved
efficiency and confidentiality during data
collection. The researcher hoped to
sample 10 respondents per day for a total
of 50 respondents for 5 days.
Inclusion criteria
The study includedmale and female youth
aged between 18 – 35 years residing or
working in Adumi Village, Arua District
who were available in the village and
agreed to consent to participate in the
study.
Exclusion criteria
The study excluded all those who were
not residents of Adumi Village as well as
those who refused to consent, mentally ill
at the time of interview were not selected
to participate in the study.
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Definition of Variables
The independent variables for the study
included:
Socio cultural factors
Economic factors
Psychological factors
The dependent variables for the study
included:
Alcoholism among youth
Research Instruments
Data was collected using semi-structured
questionnaire which consisted of both
open and closed ended questions.
Data Collection Procedure
Due to the busy nature of the
respondents, the researcher
administeredquestionnaire to the
respondents from their homesteads or in
community gathering places such as
marketplaces where they were found and
this improved efficiency and
confidentiality during data collection. The
researcher hoped to sample 10
respondents per day for a total of 50
respondents for 5 days.
Data management
Data management included data editing
before leaving the area of study to ensure
that there were no mistakes or areas left
blank, and if any were found, they were
corrected before leaving the area of
study.
Data analysis and presentation
The collected data was first analyzed by
computer programmer after, which the
researcher presented them in tables,
graphs and pie charts generated by
Microsoft Excel.
Ethical Considerations
A letter of introduction was obtained from
Kampala International University school
of nursing sciences, introducing the
researcher and seeking permission to
carry out the study from the local council
administration of Adumi Village. After
permission was granted, the local council
chairperson was involved to mobilize and
introduce the researcher to the
respondents. Participants were assured of
maximum confidentiality of all
information given. Numbers instead of
names were used to identify respondents.
The study was only commenced after the
objectives of the study were fully and
well explained to participants and had
consented to participate in the study.
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RESULTS
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Table 1: Shows demographic characteristics of the respondents (n=50)
Demographic characteristics Frequency(n) Percentage (%)
Age 18-25 years 32 64
26-35 years 18 36
Gender Male 40 80
Female 10 20
Marital status Single 28 56
Married 15 30
Divorced 7 14
Highest level of
education
Primary 20 40
Secondary level 10 20
Tertiary level
No formal education
2
18
4
36
Occupation Students 13 26
Self employed 10 20
Civil servant 6 12
Unemployed 21 42
Majority 32(64%) of the respondents were
between the age of 18-25years compared
to 18(36%) who were between 26-35years
of age. More than half 40(80%) of the
respondents were male while 10(20%) of
the respondents were female. Most
28(56%) of the respondents were single
compared to 7(14%) of the respondents
who were divorced.
Majority 20(40%) of the respondents
attained primary level whereas 2(4%) of
the respondents attained tertiary level of
education. Less than half 21(42%) of the
respondents were unemployed while
6(12%) of the respondents were civil
servants.
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Social cultural factors contributing to alcoholism among the youth
Figure 1: Shows response on whether the respondents had ever heard about alcoholism
Most of the respondents (68%), reported to have never heard about alcoholism, only 32%
had ever.
Figure 2: Shows from where the respondents heard about alcoholism
A half of the respondents who had heard
about alcoholism got information from
health workers, 37% from mass media and
only 13% from family and friends.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
yes no
percentage
percentage
health workers
50%
family and friends
13%
mass media
37%
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Figure 3: Shows response on whether respondents had ever used alcohol
Most of the respondents (84%) reported having ever used alcohol only 16% had never.
Figure 4: Shows why the respondents first used alcohol
Majority of the respondents reported to
having first used alcohol due to stress,
only 4% took it due availability,
accessibility and boosting performance in
class and relationships.
84%
16%
yes no
percentage
percentage
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
percentage
percentage
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Figure 5: Shows response on whether alcohol is commonly available in the community
All the respondents reported that alcohol was commonly available in their community
Economic factors contributing to alcoholism among youth
Figure 6: Shows response on whether alcohol is affordable for the community
All the respondents reported that alcohol was affordable for the community
yes
100%
no
0%
yes
100%
no
0%
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Figure 7: Shows response on whether alcohol was easily accessible in the community
Majority of the respondents (96%)
reported that alcohol was easily
accessible in the community and only 4%
reported that alcohol was not easily
accessible.
Figure 8: Shows response on whether the dangerous environments contribute to
alcohol use
Most of the respondents (88%) reported
that dangerous environments contribute
to alcohol use and only 12% reported that
environment does not contribute to
alcohol use.
yes
96%
no
4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
yes no
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Figure 9: Shows response on whether alcohol offers a way to deal with financial stress
or way to cope with physical or emotional abuse
Majority of the respondents (94%)
reported that alcohol offers a way to deal
with financial stress or a way to cope with
physical or emotional abuse and only 6%
disagreed.
Figure 10: Shows response on whether the affordability of alcohol was one of the
contributing factors to alcoholism among youth
Majority of the respondents (96%)
reported that affordability of alcohol is
one of the contributing factors to
alcoholism among youth and only 4%
disagreed.
yes
94%
no
6%
yes
96%
no
4%
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Psychosocial factors contributing to alcoholism among youth
Figure 11: Shows response on whether alcohol use helps to cope with stress as well as
escape from their problems
Majority of the respondents (92%) reported that alcohol use helps an individual 8%
disagreed.
Figure 12: Shows response on whether alcoholism is mainly due to pressure to fit in
with a select group of friends.
Most of the respondents (64%) reported
that alcoholism is mainly due to pressure
fit in with a select group of friends and
only 36% disagreed.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
agree disagree
agree
64%
disagree
36%
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Figure 13: Shows response on whether alcohol helps an individual to deal with stress
Most of the respondents (76%) agreed that
alcohol sometimes help an individual to
deal with stress, 20% of the respondents
are reported that alcohol always help an
individual to deal with stress and only 4%
of the respondents disagreed.
Figure 14: Shows the response on whether alcohol use helps an individual deal with
physical, emotional or psychological abuse
Majority of the respondents (76%) agreed
that sometimes alcohol use helps an
individual to deal with physical,
emotional or psychological abuse, only 8%
disagreed.
DISCUSSION
Demographic characteristics
The majority of the respondents (64%)
were between the ages of 18 -25 years and
only 36% were of ages between 26-
35years.This showed that youths in
Adumi village start involving in
alcoholism at an early age since most of
the participants were of the lower youth
ages and the older ones were few. This
was in line with a study finding by [2]
where they found out that although
consumption of alcoholic beverages was
illegal for people under 17 years of age,
10.4 million current drinkers were aged
12 to 20 years.
sometimes
76%
always
20%
never
4%
sometimes
76%
always
16%
never
8%
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During the study it was found that the
majority of the respondents (80%) were
males as compared with to the females
who were only 20%.This was also in line
with a study by [6] in Brazil they noted
that gender was often an overlooked
factor of alcoholism but evidence in their
study showed that men were five time
more likely to abuse alcohol than women;
which was almost the same case in this
study.It was also found out that the
singles made up the majority of the
drunkard youths at 56% as compared to
the married counterparts who were 30%
and only 14% reported to have been
divorced due to excessive alcohol
consumption. This was a bad sign for the
area as these young people are supposed
to be the future leaders of the Adumi
village.
Another striking finding was that despite
the free education program provided by
government, most of the participants
(40%) had dropped out of school at
primary level, 36% had no formal
education, 20% had reached secondary
and only 4% of the respondents had
attained tertiary education. This finding
was attributed to the excessive
consumption of alcohol habit by the
youths of Adumi village which led to
school dropouts.
Unemployment was also rampant among
the respondents at 42%, only 12% were
civil servants. Lack of employment and
therefore idleness might be one of the
major reasons why the youths in the
study area involve much in alcoholism. A
similar finding was also mentioned by [7]
that some of the economic factors
contributing to alcoholism among youths
is lack of full-time employment
opportunities. This was further
mentioned by [8], that high levels of
unemployment forces youths to be idle
and hence attracted into alcoholism by
peers and friends. These people end up in
bars trying to pass time and also kill
stress. Government needs to work on
youth employment to save them from this
alcoholism vice.
Socio-cultural factors contributing to
alcoholism among the youth.
When asked whether the respondents had
ever heard about alcoholism, most of the
respondents (68%) reported having never
heard about it, only 32% had ever. This
showed that there was lack of health
information among the youths of the
study area. Even half of the few who
reported to have ever heard about it said
they had gotten information from a health
worker (50%) of which this was supposed
to be from a community development
officer, 37% had gotten information from
mass media and13% from family
members. When those who had said that
they had ever heard about alcoholism
were asked what exactly it was, half of
them (50%) said that it meant drinking
alcohol every day, 32% said it was
drinking every type of alcohol while 18%
said it was harmful use of alcohol. This
showed that only the 18% knew the real
meaning of alcoholism. On whether the
participants had ever used alcohol, most
of them (84%) responded in the
affirmative, only 16% reported to have
never. This was an alarming finding which
needs urgent intervention by the
concerned stakeholders or else the future
of this area is heading for disaster.
When asked why they had started
drinking, the majority (40%) reported that
they were stressed and wanted something
to take away their stress which the
researcher attributed to the rampant
youth unemployment and poverty in the
area. Among other reasons was peer
group influence (20%) and wanting to fit
in with friends (20%). The other minor
reasons were experimenting, wanting to
boost performance both in class and
relationships and easy accessibility/cheap
availability with 12% and 4% and 4%
respectively. These reasons were also
found by [5] in his study where he noted
that a major reason why youth abuse
alcohol is due to peer pressure, need to
prove masculinity and coping strategy for
stress and escape from their problems.
The same reasons were also noted by [9]
in their study about prevalence of drug
taking among secondary school students
in Nairobi.
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14
All the participants agreed in unison that
alcohol was commonly available
everywhere in the community. This
showed that the youth did not need to
move long distances to find the alcohol
hence making it easy to take any time of
the day and night.
Economic factors contributing to
alcoholism among the youth.
When asked about the affordability of
alcohol, all the respondents reported that
alcohol was affordable in their
community. This was evidenced by the
fact that some local brew was as cheap as
five hundred shillings; even some waragi
sachets such as cock gin and lion gin
among other brands. This made it easy
for the youth to buy alcohol at any time
they felt like drinking. This issue of
affordability was also noted by [10], in his
study where he found that due to low
prices and small packaging of cheap
prices made it highly accessible to even
unemployed youth; which was the same
case with my study area. Most of the
respondents (96%) also reported that
alcohol was easily accessible in their
community and only 4% denied this easy
accessibility issue. This made it easy for
the youth to drink any time [11-18]. This
finding was in line that of [11], where it
was documented that easy accessibility to
alcohol in impoverished neighborhoods
where some people actually sell alcohol to
everyone in hopes of overcoming poverty
was one of the reasons for alcoholism
among the youth. Another factor for
alcoholism reported by majority (88%) of
the participants was dangerous /
impoverished environment. This was also
one of the findings by [5] where they
noted that slum and street children easily
interface with substance abuse; alcohol
inclusive [19][20].
On whether alcohol offers a way to deal
with financial stress or to cope with
physical and emotional abuse, majority
(94%) reported that it sometimes does
only 6% disagreed. These stresses were
attributed to many factors such as
unemployment, poverty, and emotional
and physical abuse. This was in line with
same findings by [12] where they noted
poverty as one of the issues promoting
alcoholism.
Psychosocial factors contributing to
alcoholism among youths Most
respondents (64%) reported that
alcoholism was mainly due to pressure to
fit in with a select group of friends. This
was in conformity with the findings of
[13], where they noted that being
surrounded by friends or mates who
abuse alcohol can cause someone to drink
in excess. Continuously, the majority of
the respondents maintained their earlier
stand that alcohol was sometimes remedy
for stress and dealing with physical,
emotional and psychological abuse as
shown in figures 4.3 and 4.4 above [21-
24]. Most of the above factors were also
noted in studies done by [24-28].
CONCLUSION
From the study findings, the following
conclusions were made: Majority of the
youth in Adumi start abusing alcohol
early in life by 18 to 25 years. The major
factors contributing to alcoholism among
the youth in Adumi village were found to
be, lack of full time employment leading
to idleness of the youth, Peer group
influence, easy accessibility, availability
and affordability of alcohol in Adumi
village without any restrictions, Physical
and emotional stress resulting from poor
conditions of living leading to psychiatric
conditions such as anxiety and
depression, Chaotic home environments
and child negligence leading to school
dropouts, Lack of information about the
disadvantages of alcoholism from the
community development officers and
policies to prevent the vice in the study
area and the district at large.
Recommendations
After a thorough analysis of the situation
in Adumi village, the recommends the
following:
The government and other
stakeholders such as NGOs and CBOs
should establish youth livelihood
programs to combat idleness among
the youth in Adumi village and Arua
District at large.
The district local government council
should put in place bylaws on the time
of opening bars and also the age of
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15
people allowed to drink and make sure
that these bylaws are strictly
enforced.
Government should provide
employment to the qualified youths to
save them from getting frustrated and
end up being alcoholics.
Parents found neglecting their
children should be arrested and
worked on as per the law by
government and other concerned
stakeholders.
Government should establish a free
technical institution in Adumi village
to cater for the school dropouts and
empower them with skills for self-
reliance; so as to combat poverty and
idleness.
Finally, the sub county community
development officers should avail
information about alcoholism to the
youth and help to guide them in
positive developmental living. .
So here the government and other
stake holders should come in
vigorously provide peer education to
solve the problem.
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CITE AS: Kamanyire, Rogers (2023). Evaluation of Factors contributing to high
Alcoholism among Youths in Adumi Village, Arua District Uganda. IDOSR Journal of
Scientific Research 8(2) 1-17. https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/2023/10.2.6000