1) The document discusses adolescent health in Nigeria from 1990-2015, focusing on matching health policy with practice. It describes Nigeria's adolescent health policy and its goals of meeting special needs of adolescents.
2) Key health issues affecting Nigerian adolescents are discussed, including high rates of HIV, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and lack of access to health services. Over 30 million Nigerians are between 10-19 years old.
3) The document outlines Nigeria's adolescent health policy framework and strategic trusts, which include improving access to health services, health promotion, and capacity building for healthcare workers on adolescent health issues. Implementation of the policy has faced challenges with poor funding and evaluation.
Over the past decade, Kenya has made tremendous efforts to enhance maternal and child health. Secure maternity policies such as free maternity care are one of the initiatives that have enhanced maternal and child health in all public health facilities. Despite these attempts, public health facilities for maternal and child health are still underused. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive study design to identify determinants of free maternal health services by evaluating factors determining perceptions and health-seeking behavior of 384 pregnant mothers in Malava Sub-County, Kakamega County. The study used a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative approaches). Questionnaires were administered to pregnant mothers selected for the study. The study employed a purposive sampling of research participants. Quantitative data were collected using the questionnaire administered by the research assistants whereas qualitative data were collected by the researcher through interview schedules. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using SPSS 23. However, qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. Quantitative data representation was done in terms of frequency and percentages. Analysis of chi-square testing was used to assess the association between the variables of socio-economic and health facilities and the provision of free maternity facilities (p<0.05). The study established that the uptake of free maternal service by pregnant mothers was influenced by their level of primitivism and religious beliefs. In addition, this study found out that 53.8% and 77.7% of the pregnant mothers could not attend antenatal and post-natal care because government facilities were located far away from their residences and they also had less access to some information about free maternal health care. The results of this research would be disseminated to the hospital management team, Sub-Country health management team, County health management team, and other stakeholders, thereby demonstrating reasons for low uptake of free maternity services and helping to strategize for better service delivery. Based on the finding, the study recommends that to improve access to free maternal health care, the county government ought to place health services as close as possible to the community where people live. Secondly, there is a need to embrace the usage of the existing media network to sensitize pregnant mothers to the danger signs and the need to have decision-making powers over their safety. Lastly, hospital management ought to increase the awareness of free maternal health care and to include it among the community priorities during dialog days, action days, and other group discussions.
Background: With the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the epidemic of HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. HIV is extremely stigmatizing, resulting in highly emotionally charged responses to disclosure. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children should be informed of their HIV status at ages of 6 to 12 years and full disclosure at about 8 to 10 years. Disclosure process is much more difficult when the person being disclosed to is an adolescent. However, disclosure of HIV to a child should be an ongoing process that may last several years depending on the cognitive development of the child.
Methods: This study investigated the determinants of HIV status disclosure among HIV infected adolescents. A total of 209 HIV infected adolescents (10-19 years) who have been on treatment for at least six months, and are taking lifelong anti-retroviral therapy from Bondo County Hospital, Got Agulu and Uyawi Sub County Hospital in Bondo Sub County were enrolled. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting the adolescents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while statistical tests including Pearson Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to test the hypotheses.
Results: Findings on the overall parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and disclosure of HIV status to adolescents show that 180 (86.12%) of the respondents had a negative attitude compared to 29 (13.88%) who held a positive attitude. 122 (58.37%) of the respondents believed that overall availability and quality of counselling was moderate. 10 (4.78%) of the respondents believed that the overall availability and quality of counselling was high. Quality services and perception of the parents have been found to be good predictors of disclosure of HIV status among the newly diagnosed adolescents in Bondo sub-County, p-value<0.05.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study identified quality of service and perception of the parents as the two factors determining the disclosure of HIV status. There is a correlation between the parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and the quality of counselling to parental disclosure of HIV status to adolescents. Therefore the study recommends deliberate efforts to ensure quality service delivery and age specific disclosure counselling to caregivers to equip them with adequate knowledge on disclosure.
This Information Brief was developed by WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development to support staff of the Organization and other UN agencies working at global, regional and national levels in promoting the uptake of effective interventions to improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents through schools in low-income countries. The premise of the Brief is that school-based sexual and reproductive health education is one of the most important and widespread ways to help adolescents to recognize and avert risks and improve their reproductive health. This evidence-based information brief establishes ways in which the health sector can help the education sector provide appropriate information to adolescents about when and why they need to use health services and where these may be available.
Over the past decade, Kenya has made tremendous efforts to enhance maternal and child health. Secure maternity policies such as free maternity care are one of the initiatives that have enhanced maternal and child health in all public health facilities. Despite these attempts, public health facilities for maternal and child health are still underused. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive study design to identify determinants of free maternal health services by evaluating factors determining perceptions and health-seeking behavior of 384 pregnant mothers in Malava Sub-County, Kakamega County. The study used a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative approaches). Questionnaires were administered to pregnant mothers selected for the study. The study employed a purposive sampling of research participants. Quantitative data were collected using the questionnaire administered by the research assistants whereas qualitative data were collected by the researcher through interview schedules. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using SPSS 23. However, qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. Quantitative data representation was done in terms of frequency and percentages. Analysis of chi-square testing was used to assess the association between the variables of socio-economic and health facilities and the provision of free maternity facilities (p<0.05). The study established that the uptake of free maternal service by pregnant mothers was influenced by their level of primitivism and religious beliefs. In addition, this study found out that 53.8% and 77.7% of the pregnant mothers could not attend antenatal and post-natal care because government facilities were located far away from their residences and they also had less access to some information about free maternal health care. The results of this research would be disseminated to the hospital management team, Sub-Country health management team, County health management team, and other stakeholders, thereby demonstrating reasons for low uptake of free maternity services and helping to strategize for better service delivery. Based on the finding, the study recommends that to improve access to free maternal health care, the county government ought to place health services as close as possible to the community where people live. Secondly, there is a need to embrace the usage of the existing media network to sensitize pregnant mothers to the danger signs and the need to have decision-making powers over their safety. Lastly, hospital management ought to increase the awareness of free maternal health care and to include it among the community priorities during dialog days, action days, and other group discussions.
Background: With the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the epidemic of HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. HIV is extremely stigmatizing, resulting in highly emotionally charged responses to disclosure. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children should be informed of their HIV status at ages of 6 to 12 years and full disclosure at about 8 to 10 years. Disclosure process is much more difficult when the person being disclosed to is an adolescent. However, disclosure of HIV to a child should be an ongoing process that may last several years depending on the cognitive development of the child.
Methods: This study investigated the determinants of HIV status disclosure among HIV infected adolescents. A total of 209 HIV infected adolescents (10-19 years) who have been on treatment for at least six months, and are taking lifelong anti-retroviral therapy from Bondo County Hospital, Got Agulu and Uyawi Sub County Hospital in Bondo Sub County were enrolled. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting the adolescents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while statistical tests including Pearson Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to test the hypotheses.
Results: Findings on the overall parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and disclosure of HIV status to adolescents show that 180 (86.12%) of the respondents had a negative attitude compared to 29 (13.88%) who held a positive attitude. 122 (58.37%) of the respondents believed that overall availability and quality of counselling was moderate. 10 (4.78%) of the respondents believed that the overall availability and quality of counselling was high. Quality services and perception of the parents have been found to be good predictors of disclosure of HIV status among the newly diagnosed adolescents in Bondo sub-County, p-value<0.05.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study identified quality of service and perception of the parents as the two factors determining the disclosure of HIV status. There is a correlation between the parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and the quality of counselling to parental disclosure of HIV status to adolescents. Therefore the study recommends deliberate efforts to ensure quality service delivery and age specific disclosure counselling to caregivers to equip them with adequate knowledge on disclosure.
This Information Brief was developed by WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development to support staff of the Organization and other UN agencies working at global, regional and national levels in promoting the uptake of effective interventions to improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents through schools in low-income countries. The premise of the Brief is that school-based sexual and reproductive health education is one of the most important and widespread ways to help adolescents to recognize and avert risks and improve their reproductive health. This evidence-based information brief establishes ways in which the health sector can help the education sector provide appropriate information to adolescents about when and why they need to use health services and where these may be available.
Child Sexual Abuse as a Mental Health Issue - Tasmin Kurien, SHout ClubTasminKurien
Child Sexual Abuse: Ensuring Safe Environments & Healthy Childhoods
Presented by Tasmin Kurien, President of SHout Club, Department of Social Work, Madras Christian College on October 30, 2020
An overview of the health situation of youth today is provided in this chapter, which also explores the serious health challenges this vulnerable group is facing with the context of local and global developments. Socio-economic, cultural, educational and other factors affecting young people’s health are examined, and reference is made to particular issues and areas of concern. Emphasis is given to the importance of involving young people in identifying problems and developing solutions to ensure that programmes, policies and health services address their needs.
Christine Washington Davis of the Christian HIV and AIDS Network of Liberia and Seventh Day Adventist Church discusses the prevalence of teenage pregnancy and HIV infection among Liberian adolescents and how her organization is addressing the challenge.
The home visit is a crucial responsibility of family doctors. By doing home visits the physician and the team become more aware of the nature of the illness and other factors that playing role in either increasing the burden or decreasing the severity of the disease 9Such as the home environment, the family members interactions, and others...)
People in the world’s most populated continent are living longer, but not necessarily healthier, lives with overburdened, provider-led healthcare systems. As life expectancy across Asia-Pacific continues to rise, the region now carries a huge global burden of non-communicable diseases such as cancer and mental illnesses. As a result, governments in the Asia-Pacific region will need to consider policies and initiatives that prioritise improvements in care for people with a wide range of chronic conditions—but they must maintain vigilance against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
These are among the findings of a new study by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU): The shifting landscape of healthcare in Asia-Pacific: A look at Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea, sponsored by Janssen. Through in-depth desk research and interviews with healthcare experts, the study examines the disease-burden challenges facing healthcare systems in these countries.
For more information, please visit: http://www.economistinsights.com/healthcare/analysis/shifting-landscape-healthcare-asia-pacific
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
Child Sexual Abuse as a Mental Health Issue - Tasmin Kurien, SHout ClubTasminKurien
Child Sexual Abuse: Ensuring Safe Environments & Healthy Childhoods
Presented by Tasmin Kurien, President of SHout Club, Department of Social Work, Madras Christian College on October 30, 2020
An overview of the health situation of youth today is provided in this chapter, which also explores the serious health challenges this vulnerable group is facing with the context of local and global developments. Socio-economic, cultural, educational and other factors affecting young people’s health are examined, and reference is made to particular issues and areas of concern. Emphasis is given to the importance of involving young people in identifying problems and developing solutions to ensure that programmes, policies and health services address their needs.
Christine Washington Davis of the Christian HIV and AIDS Network of Liberia and Seventh Day Adventist Church discusses the prevalence of teenage pregnancy and HIV infection among Liberian adolescents and how her organization is addressing the challenge.
The home visit is a crucial responsibility of family doctors. By doing home visits the physician and the team become more aware of the nature of the illness and other factors that playing role in either increasing the burden or decreasing the severity of the disease 9Such as the home environment, the family members interactions, and others...)
People in the world’s most populated continent are living longer, but not necessarily healthier, lives with overburdened, provider-led healthcare systems. As life expectancy across Asia-Pacific continues to rise, the region now carries a huge global burden of non-communicable diseases such as cancer and mental illnesses. As a result, governments in the Asia-Pacific region will need to consider policies and initiatives that prioritise improvements in care for people with a wide range of chronic conditions—but they must maintain vigilance against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
These are among the findings of a new study by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU): The shifting landscape of healthcare in Asia-Pacific: A look at Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea, sponsored by Janssen. Through in-depth desk research and interviews with healthcare experts, the study examines the disease-burden challenges facing healthcare systems in these countries.
For more information, please visit: http://www.economistinsights.com/healthcare/analysis/shifting-landscape-healthcare-asia-pacific
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Determinants of quality of life among adolescent and young adult Ebola surviv...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Ebola virus disease has been widely researched in sub-Saharan Africa, but very few studies
examining the determinants on quality of life among adolescents and young adults Ebola survivors in sub-Saharan
and particularly in Democratic Republic of Congo. Objective was to determine the determinants of quality of life.
A mixed method quasi experimental study design was employed which utilized both quantitative and qualitative
methods. The study was conducted in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo after the Ebola outbreak of 2018-
2020. The target population was EVD adolescent and young adult survivors aged 10 to 24 years. A random sample
of 46 survivors at the baseline and 45 at the endline were recruited for quantitative data, qualitative data was
obtained from 14 in-depth interviews and 5 focus group discussions. Majority of the participants were female. In
a multivariable regression analysis, social support (aOR=2.19; 95%CI=1.02-4.70; p=0.04) and confusion
(aOR=0.26; 95%CI=0.11-0.61; p=0.001) were significant determinants affecting quality of life among adolescent
and young adult Ebola survivors. In qualitative analysis, participants associated education, medical care,
availability of food especially local foods and counselling with better quality of life. The quality of life of the
adolescents and the young adults Ebola survivors is poor and social support and confusion were significantly
associated.
KEYWORDS: Adolescents, determinants, Ebola Virus Disease, quality of life, young adults Adolescent.
Adolescence is the most vulnerable period to reproductive health problems.
These problems include early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually
infections transmitted (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), sexual abuse. Access for sexuality education and reproductive health
services to comprehensive and youth-friendly was limited. This study aims
to determine the effectiveness of peer educators and guidance and
counselling teachers in adolescent reproductive health level of knowledge.
This is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control
group design with treatment groups using peer educators and teacher as
control groups. The sample size was 70 respondents. Data was collected by
questionnaire that already had validity and reliability test. Data analysis used
univariate, t-test and logistic regression. The results of this study showed
that the provision of information was more effective through guidance
conselling teachers (p=0.000, exp B=14.5). This study recommends that
improve adolescents’ reproductive knowledge need to optimize the role of
guidance and counseling teachers in providing information.
Risk factorsComment 1There are several predisposing fact.docxcarlstromcurtis
Risk factors
Comment 1
There are several predisposing factors to adolescent pregnancy. They include a lack of parental guidance. Adolescent sexual behaviour which is promiscuous in nature. Exploitation by older men who lure young girls with money and other material things. Sexual abuse or rape and socio-economic. Inadequate knowledge about protected sexual intercourse. Peer pressure and teenage drinking which impairs the ability to make wise decisions.
Community resources
Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program
- The design focuses on the promotion of safe sexual and reproductive health practices so that there is reduction of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections among adolescents through the provision of community outreach, health education and positive youth development
Parenting Teen Program
It focuses on the provision of mothers at risk with the opportunity to get training and guidance on job, parenting and life skills. It also dwells on social, academic and independent living skill development among these mothers.
Pregnancy rates
There has been a steep fall in the teen pregnancy rate. By the year 2011 according to the data that is available, the rate was 62 pregnancies per 1,000 teen girls (age 15-19); some 5,270 teen pregnancies. Therefore the teen pregnancy rate has reduced by 57% since 1988. Since 2008, the teen pregnancy rate has changed by -10%
Commentary on rate
There has been a reduction in the teen pregnancy rate. One of the possible reasons that can be attributed to this reduction is that there is increased utilization of contraception in is Nevada. Research has demonstrated an increase in the contraceptive prevalence rate. This has been achieved through the public health campaigns that raise awareness about teenage pregnancies. There has been provision of free barrier contraceptives to the sexually active demographic.
Comment 2
Adolescent pregnancy is a very risky for both the adolescent and the baby. The body of an adolescent has not fully matured enough to provide and support a growing child, let alone the adolescent as well. The adolescent age is very important and is considered the stage where children learn to explore their sexuality while peer pressure influences their thoughts, behavior, likes and dislikes. The media also influences how adolescents perceive themselves as well as others around them. Girls are more sensitive to social media and lack of parental support, proper education on dangers of drugs, sex and violence can lead to poor health habits that are hard to break as they grow into adults. Based on Center of Disease and Control (CDC) the rate of adolescent pregnancy had decreased by 9% from 2013 to 2014. In California, the rate of adolescent pregnancy ages 15- 19 years of age has decreased to 25.7 % out of every 1,000 females in the past 10 years according to the California Department of Public health. The decrease in adolescent/ teen birth rates is said to be contributed to soci ...
Evaluation of the impacts of care givers on malnourished children in Ishaka A...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was done to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of care givers of malnourished children less than five years in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Uganda. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that targeted care givers of malnourished children below five years. Forty two care givers (using fishers’ method) were sampled using simple random technique and basing on the inclusion and exclusion criteria stated therein. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaires and data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.1 and was also assisted by excel in drawing charts and figures. During data collection, absolute ethical considerations were followed. 100% response rate was achieved, and the results showed that the majority of participants 20 (48%) were aged 18-24 years and 83% were females and majority of care takers were peasants 37(88%) and surprisingly 30(74%) had never completed primary level. 71% of respondents defined malnutrition as when the child is having a big head and a swollen stomach and a majority 26(62%) mentioned poor hygiene, un safe water, diseases and infection were the causes of malnutrition, good enough majority of them had knowledge on signs of malnutrition, care takers had a mixed attitude about malnutrition and some attributed it to bad lack in the family and majority of the mothers were breast feeding their children. In conclusion, participants had good knowledge and the care takers also had good attitude towards different feeding habits and it was recommended that outreach programs targeting care takers should be emphasized.
Keywords: malnutrition, feeding habits, care takers, infection
Socio Demographic Determinants for Effective Use of Modern Contraceptive amon...ijtsrd
This study was conducted to determine the Socio demographic determinants for effective use of modern contraceptive among married women of childbearing age in Anambra State. The design of the study was descriptive survey design, five research question and five hypotheses were formulated. The population was 1,352,944 married women of childbearing age in Anambra State, 750 married women of childbearing age were sampled from six Local Government Area using multistage sampling technique, the instrument for data collection was a researcher developed questionnaire named Socio demographic determinants for effective use of Modern Contraceptive among Married women of Child Bearing Age in Anambra State. Kuder Richardson 20 K R 20 the co efficient yielded was 0.89. Chi –Square was use for hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance .The result of the study shows that older women uses modern contraceptive more than the younger women ,highly educated mothers with tertiary education make use of modern contraceptive , following the conclusion and recommendation were made Health education on modern Contraceptives should be taken to church ,market and various women meeting and not only hospitals Husbands should encourage their wife to take up modern contraceptive use in order to have a happy family and enjoy their sexual life . Leonard E. Ananomo | Alozie Chioma Precious | Machie Kenechukwu Uchenna | Nnaemezie Nkiru Onyinyinyechukwu "Socio-Demographic Determinants for Effective Use of Modern Contraceptive among Married Women of Child Bearing Age in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47754.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/47754/sociodemographic-determinants-for-effective-use-of-modern-contraceptive-among-married-women-of-child-bearing-age-in-anambra-state/leonard-e-ananomo
Abstract—Adolescents are the future resources for any country to progress and prosper. According to Census 2001, in India, adolescent constitute one-fifth of the total population. Adolescent AGs are one of the important segments of the population for they are the future mother whose nutritional status affects that of the newborn baby. Anemia being a major public health problem among adolescent girls, a study was conducted with the objective to determine the socio-demographic correlates of anemia among girls. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 467 adolescent AGs in Ahmadabad city during May 2011 to august 2012 in Adolescent Friendly Health Services clinics. Results: Prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls was 85.9%. Highest prevalence was observed during mid-adolescence phase. As the age of girls increases, Hemoglobin tends to get on the lower side. A statistically significant association was observed between anemia and nutritional status. No association was observed between anemia and religion, birth order, type of -family, education of parents and occupation of parents. Conclusion: Association between anemia and under-nutrition has been reported earlier in numerous studies; however present study highlights the fact that it is not common to have anemia among girls who are over nourished or obese. Hence, special efforts should be made to address this issue among girls by doing dietary modifications.
The effects of adolescent pregnancies on child health are discussed in this paper. In recent decades adolescent pregnancy has become an important health issue in many countries, both developed and developing. According to WHO data in 2010, there are nearly 1, 2 billion adolescents in the world, which consists of 20% of the world population. 85% of these adolescents live in developing countries. A pregnancy in adolescence, which is a period of transmission from childhood to adulthood with physical, psychological and social changes, has been a public health issue having an increasing importance. Individual, cultural, social, traditional or religious factors play a great role in adolescent pregnancies which are among risky pregnancies. In the related studies, it is obviously stated that adolescent pregnancies, compared to adult pregnancies, have a higher prevalence of health risks such as premature delivery, low birth weight newborn, neonatal complications, congenital anomaly, problems in mother-baby bonding and breastfeeding, baby negligence and abuse. As a result, it is clear that adolescent pregnancies have negative effects on the health of children. Both the society and the health professionals have major responsibilities on this subject. Careful prenatal and postnatal monitoring of pregnant adolescents and providing of necessary education and support would have positive effects on both mother and child health. In this review, we have discussed affects of adolescent pregnancy on the health of a baby.
1. Onyebuchi et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
www.ejpmr.com 105
ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG PEOPLES HEALTH IN NIGERIA 1990- 2015;
MATCHING THEORY WITH PRACTICE
Ogbonna Brian Onyebuchi*
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe
University Awka, Nigeria.
Article Received on 10/10/2015 Article Revised on 02/11/2015 Article Accepted on 24/11/2015
INTRODUCTION
The New Global Standards for Quality Health-care
Services for Adolescents (NGSQHSA) was published by
WHO, and United States Agency for International
Development (UNAIDS) on the 6th
of October, 2015.
The report noted that existing health services often fail
the world‟s adolescents (10-19-year-olds), while many of
them who suffer from mental health disorders, substance
use, poor nutrition, intentional injuries and chronic
illness do not have access to critical preventive and
health care services. The goal of Adolescent Health
Policy in Nigeria is, “To meet the special needs of
adolescents”. The objectives is to promote the
acquisition of appropriate knowledge by adolescents,
create an appropriate climate for policies and laws
necessary for meeting adolescent health needs, train and
sensitize adolescents, and other relevant groups in the
skills needed to promote effective healthcare and healthy
behaviors. The policy seeks to facilitate the provision of
effective and accessible information guidance, services
for the promotion of health and prevention of problems
associated with adolescents. It covers the treatment and
rehabilitation of those in need, while facilitating the
acquisition of new knowledge concerning interactions
between adolescents and those who may provide them
with health care or influence their behavior regarding
biomedical and psycho-social issues related to
adolescents physical, mental and sexual development. A
survey indicated that 6% of children below 18 years in
Nigeria have one or both parents deceased and are
considered orphans while 9% of children are orphans or
are vulnerable due to illnesses among adult household
members.[1,2,3,24,33]
The fundamental issues affecting
adolescent health include parental education background,
shortage of health facilities and health services, poor
socio-economic factors occasioned by malnutrition, poor
growth and development, and poor environmental
conditions that predispose to diseases and ill health.
Statistics show that over 30 million young Nigerians fall
within the ages of 10 to 19 years while 50 million are
within the ages of 10 to 24 years accounting for one-third
of the population of Nigeria. More than 50% of new
HIV/AIDS diagnosed today, fall below 25years. Young
girls between the ages of 15-24 years are three times
more vulnerable and likely to be HIV-positive compared
to their boy‟s counterpart within the same age range.
Adolescent females are more affected by unwanted
pregnancies, which further complicate their academic,
physical, emotional and mental development in addition
to death and complications associated with early
pregnancy. Hospital surveys indicate that adolescent girls
account for over 60% of the population of women treated
for complications arising from unsafe abortion out of
which many resulted to infertility, permanent disability,
or death while 50% of girls get married before the age of
20.[4]
A study revealed that poor economic, social and
cultural factors impact negatively and influences African
adolescents‟ poor sexual health status. The study noted
that poor economic status predisposes adolescents to
high-risk behaviors and make parents to give out their
daughters in marriage early before they are mentally,
physically, and psychologically matured to go into it. It
SJIF Impact Factor 2.026
Research Article
ISSN 3294-3211
EJPMR
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
www.ejpmr.com
ejpmr, 2015,2(7), 105-109
*Correspondence for Author: Ogbonna Brian Onyebuchi
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria.
Mail ID: bo.ogbonna@unizik.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
The World Health Organization (WHO) defined „adolescent‟ as persons between the ages of 10 and 19 years, and
“young people” as those between 10 to 24 years. They face peculiar problems and are the potential work force of
any nation. This adventurous and daring group is vulnerable to juvenile delinquency, sexually transmitted diseases,
single parenting, or orphanage. They are among the determinants of the future of any nation and could herald
positive developmental changes when impacted positively to achieve optimum mental and physical development to
maximize their academic potentials. This study described the state of adolescent health to generated information for
further studies on adolescent health in Nigeria.
KEY WORDS: Adolescent, policy, public health, vulnerable group, Nigeria.
2. Onyebuchi et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
www.ejpmr.com 106
noted that socially prescribed gender roles undermine
female adolescent‟s ability to defend or protect
themselves.[5,9]
From the fore going, the Federal
Government through the national policy on adolescent
health, under the National Health Policy set out to
address some of the major challenges facing the
adolescent group. However, some are yet to be
implemented or engineered to meaningful intervention
programmes. Examples include the National Family Life
and HIV/AIDS Education (FLHE) curriculum and
programme for young people in school, out-of-school
adolescents, married adolescent girls, young people in
difficult circumstances, and those in rural areas. Poor
funding, monitoring, and evaluation, remain the major
setbacks to these programmes.[6,7,8,9]
This study described
the state of adolescent health and generated information
for further studies on adolescent health in Nigeria.
Adolescent Health and Reproductive Life
The leading causes of deaths in adolescents around the
world are road traffic injuries, HIV/AIDS, suicide, lower
respiratory infections, violence, diarrhea, drowning,
meningitis, epilepsy, endocrine, blood and immune
disorders. The top causes of illness and disability among
adolescents have been identified as depression, road
traffic injuries, anaemia, HIV/AIDS, self-harm, back and
neck pain, diarrhea, anxiety disorders, asthma and lower
respiratory infections. A study in Abia State, southeast
Nigeria indicated that 22 out of 180 adolescents (12.2%)
used condom in the past while 19.3% of boys and 9.5%
of girls admitted to have had either gonorrhea or syphilis.
In a population of secondary school students in Delta
State, south-south Nigeria revealed that 509(69%) out of
554 have had sex at one time or the other in their life. In
another study, 42.1% of adolescents had either sexually
transmitted infections (STI) or unwanted pregnancy and
illegal abortions in a rural Nigerian community.[10,11,12]
There are approximately 610,000induced abortions
annually in Nigeria.[13]
Majority of these population
comprised of adolescents in secondary schools and
colleges who are neither married nor gainfully employed
with regular jobs. In a study carried out in a rural
community in River State Nigeria, 263 (62%) of
adolescent have already had sex before, 81% of this
population are between the ages of 17- 19 years. Another
43% of this population who were between the ages of
12-17 years has had sex outside wedlock.[14,15]
A study in
south- south Nigeria revealed that 20,000 out of 50,000
maternal deaths were due to abortion and related
complications.[16]
A facility-based study revealed that
80% of patients admitted to a hospital for various
abortion related cases were all adolescents.[10,17]
In
Calabar, south-south Nigeria, 69(12.4%) out of a
554female adolescents had unintended sex at an average
age of 11 years and it was consistent with another study
in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.[18,19]
Unhealthy sexual habits
and early sexual initiation were evident.[10,20,21]
Most of
the adolescents go to traditional healers, proprietary
medicine vendors and private medical practitioners.[22]
These are typical of lives in jeopardy. However, in order
to secure her posterity, the policy framework was put in
place to halt and begins to reverse the trend. The policy
at inception was meant to achieve 50% to 75% of its 12
targets by the year 2015.
Strategic trust
The key policy trust as stated in the policy document
include advocacy and resource mobilization for policy,
education and programme implementation, career and
employment. Provision of access to a comprehensive
range of adolescent/youth-friendly information,
spirituality counseling and health care services, including
social adjustment and parental school health services and
provision of healthy, safe and supportive responsibilities
and environment for young people. Others include health
promotion and behavior change communication (BCC)
to foster the adoption of healthy behavior and enable
young people to take greater control over and improve
their health and capacity building for young people,
including life and livelihood skills, to maximize their
development. Capacity building for healthcare workers,
teachers and other stakeholders dealing with young
people, partnership development and coordination within
the health sector and between health and other sectors,
research activities to provide evidence-based platform
for programmes and policies; Monitoring and evaluation
of programmes and policy implementation were all
captured.[24]
Policy Chronicles and Dynamics
The 2006 national census in Nigeria shows that 33.6%
(47 million) of the total population of Nigerians are
adolescents between the ages of 10-24 years. It was
projected that by 2025, the population of Nigerian youth
would be in excess of 57 million. The Federal
Government of Nigeria has recognized that addressing
the sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents
is a vital commitment to nation building and positive step
towards her sociopolitical and economic well-being. The
government initiated the national adolescent policy to
reduce the vulnerability of adolescents by providing the
framework and introduced integrated multi sectorial
approach and institutionalization of partners and
stakeholders response to adolescents right to health,
education, sexual and reproductive health.[25]
The
International Conference on Population and
Development (ICDP), Cairo, 1994 brought to the fore the
desired paradigm shift for the development and
promotion of sexual and reproductive health among
young people and Nigeria was not an exception.
Nigeria launched her first National Adolescent Health
Policy in 1995. The policy, which was a holistic one,
recognized eight key areas for programming namely:
Sexual Behaviour, Reproductive Health, Nutrition,
Accidents, Drug Abuse, Education, Career, Employment,
Parental Responsibilities, and Social Adjustments. The
National Conference on Adolescent Reproductive Health
was held in 1999 with a view to formulating a viable
framework for successful take off and implementation of
3. Onyebuchi et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
www.ejpmr.com 107
the policy in order to reduce mortality, morbidity and
improve quality of life. The year 2007, marked the
development of the National Policy on Health and
Development of Adolescents and, Young People in
Nigeria and the Strategic Framework were developed.
National and regional surveys were conducted to
generate evidence-based data for proper implementation
and follow-up. Since program 2007, programme actions
were geared towards Advocacy, Information Education
and Communication, Education and Skills Development,
Training, Services, Legal Rights, Protection, Research,
Monitoring and Evaluation.[25,26]
Since 2007, no national resource or training centre on
young people‟s Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
has been established contrary to what was envisaged in
the framework. The FMOH in partnership with
Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and
donors have organized capacity building programmes.
As part of efforts to support effective implementation of
young people‟s SRH activities and in determining the
status of youth friendly health facilities as well as school
health system, resource materials were produced and
assessment activities were carried out at the federal level.
The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) initiated
training programs to ensure sustainability at all levels.
Training of Health Counselors (97) and Peer Educators
(260) under the Health Promoting School Initiatives in
10 States of the federation was undertaken.
Implementation of Adolescent Reproductive Health/Roll
Back Malaria Programmes in 31 schools spread across I9
states, establishment of referral linkages and provision of
clinic equipments. Training of Trainers in provision of
youth friendly health services for health care providers in
12 UNFPA states and 5 Comprehensive Pediatric and
Adolescent Support Services (ComPASS) project states
Refresher Training for Trained Health Providers and
Step down Training for Health Care Providers.[27,28]
Many developmental partners have been working with
the Federal Government towards the actualization of the
goals. Some of the organizations and agencies that work
together with the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH)
include World Health Organization (WHO), Young
People's Health and Development (YPHD), National
Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA),
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD),
Non-governmental Organization (NGO), National
HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey (NARHS).
Others include National Adolescent Reproductive Health
Working Group (NARHWG), National Agency for the
Control of AIDS (NACA), National Adolescent Health
and Development Working Group (NAHDWG). The
National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons
and other Related Offences (NAPTIP), Convention on
the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs),
Department of Community Development and Population
Activities (DCDPA). Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs),
Adolescent Health and Information Project (AHIP) and
Family Life and HIV/AIDS Education (FLHE), are all
involved in the project.
The FMOH provides the overall strategic support and
drive for the execution of this policy and occupies a
leading role with regard to activities and advocacy for
increased government participation. The FMOH oversees
the budgetary implications of programs and plays
supervisory and complimentary roles on the State
Ministry of Health (SMOH) which provides leadership
for the implementation of this policy within the States.
They integrate adolescent and youth-friendly services
into primary health care, primary schools, secondary
schools, social welfare and all other relevant activities
within the Local Government Area (LGA) authority.
They access the grass root through the primary health
care system. The Legislatures are integrated to support
the implementation of the policy and act as advocates for
the health and development of young people. The
Ministry of Education intensifies efforts to achieve
Universal Basic Education (UBE), eliminate illiteracy,
expand the integration and teachings of subjects that
relate to life and HIV&AIDS education into relevant
subject curricula at all levels of education. They organize
programmes and workshops covering substance abuse,
mental health, nutrition, school health services and health
promotion, personal and environmental hygiene.
Activities of school health services include promotion of
environmental health and healthy school environment,
health education, which provides information on health
protection, health promotion and healthy living. Others
are medical examinations and early detection of
abnormalities, school nutrition programme, assessment
of handicapped and vulnerable children, control of
infections and communicable diseases, treatment of
minor ailments, first aid and documentation of all
activities, examinations carried out and all treatments
instituted.[29,30,31,32]
Inter-sectorial collaboration
Other relevant ministries and agencies have been
integrated into the implementation drive. The Ministry of
Youth Development establishes and manages youth
centers with adolescent and youth-friendly counseling
services for adolescents in and out- of-school. The
Ministry of Women Affairs was established to promote
awareness of young people's health and sensitize the
public on health, developmental issues and challenges of
women at various levels. They operate through the
offices of the wife of governors of different states. The
Ministry of Sports and Social Development promote
recreational activities and manage recreational centers
that enhance youth health and development. The
Ministry of Finance contributes their quota through
budgetary allocations and timely release of funds for
projects and programmes.
The Ministry of Justice is instrumental for review of
necessary laws affecting the adolescents while the
National Planning Commission (NPC) helps in data
capture for adequate planning, forecasting and
4. Onyebuchi et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
www.ejpmr.com 108
budgeting. The National Bureau of Statistics ensures
timely collection, analysis, interpretation and
dissemination of data and information necessary for
program implementation, research and development. The
National Population Commission provides data on a
regular basis to the national data bank and other relevant
agencies and interprets them for national use especially
those pertaining to the adolescents. Ministry of
Information and National Orientation supports the
dissemination of YPHD fact sheets and other print and
electronic information through the national orientation
materials and mobilize available organizational
structures. The ministry of works, labor and productivity,
internal affairs, law enforcement agencies and other
uniformed services, Civil Society Organizations, Tertiary
Education Institutions, Research Institutes and Faith-
based Organizations are onboard the policy drive.[29]
CONCLUSION
The future of every nation depends largely on the welfare
of the citizens. Nearly one decade after lunching the
national policy on the health and development of
adolescents and young people in Nigeria, the state of the
adolescent child still need more pragmatic approach.
There is the need to match theory with practice through
logical and full implementation of the policy framework
to impact positively on the adolescent group. Sound
health promotes sound physical, mental and
sociopolitical wellbeing, which makes for a better,
healthier, and prosperous nation. What we need today is
a paradigm shift from policies to actions.
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