The four main factors that affect the amount of depreciation are: 1) The cost of the asset, which includes the purchase price and additional expenditures required to ready the asset for use. 2) The estimated residual value, or expected sale price of the asset at the end of its useful life minus disposal costs. 3) The depreciable cost, which is the original cost minus the estimated residual value. 4) The estimated useful life of the asset, which depends on its expected period of use, maintenance, and potential obsolescence.

1. FACTORS AFFECTING THE
AMOUNT OF DEPRECIATION

2. THE CALCULATION OF DEPRECIATION DEPENDS ON COST,
ESTIMATED USEFUL LIFE OF ASSET AND PROBABLE SALVAGE VALUE
OR RESTORE VALUE OF ASSET.
THERE ARE MAINLY FOUR FACTORS THAT AFFECTING THE AMOUNT
OF DEPRECIATION. THEY ARE:
1. COST OF ASSET
2. ESTIMATED NET RESIDUAL VALUE
3. DEPRECIABLE COST
4. ESTIMATED USEFUL LIFE

3. COST OF ASSET
1. THE COST OF ASSET ALSO CALLED AS HISTORICAL COST OR ORIGINAL
COST OF ASSET.
2. THE COST OF ASSET INCLUDES INVOICE PRICE AND OTHER COST SUCH
AS FREIGHT AND TRANSPORTATION COST, TRANSIT INSURANCE,
INSTALLATION COST, REGISTRATION COST, COMMISSION PAID ON
PURCHASE OF ASSET ADD ITEMS SUCH AS SOFTWARE, ETC. WHICH ARE
NECESSARY TO PUT THE ASSET IN USE .
3. IN CASE OF PURCHASE OF A SECOND HAND ASSET IT INCLUDES INITIAL
REPAIR COST TO PUT THE ASSET IN WORKABLE CONDITION.

4. 1. ACCORDING TO ACCOUNTING STANDAND-6 OF ICAI, COST OF A
FIXED ASSET IS “THE TOTAL COST SPENT IN CONNECTION WITH
ITS ACQUISITION, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING AS WELL
AS FOR ADDITION OR IMPROVEMENT OF THE DEPRECIABLE
ASSET”.
2. FOR EXAMPLE, A PHOTOCOPY MACHINE IS PURCHASED FOR
RS.50,000 AND RS.5,000 IS SPENT ON ITS TRANSPORTATION
AND INSTALLATION. IN THIS CASE THE ORIGINAL COST OF THE
MACHINE IS RS.55,000 (I.E. RS.50,000 + RS.5,000 ) WHICH WILL
BE WRITTEN- OFF AS DEPRECIATION OVER THE USEFUL LIFE OF
THE MACHINE.

5. ESTIMATED NET RESIDUAL VALUE
1. NET RESIDUAL VALUE IS THE ESTIMATED NET REALISABLE VALUE (OR
SALE VALUE) OF THE ASSET AT THE END OF ITS USEFUL LIFE .
2. THE NET RESIDUAL VALUE IS CALCULATED AFTER DEDUCTING THE
EXPENSES NECESSARY FOR THE DISPOSAL (DISTRIBUTION) OF THE
ASSET.
3. FOR EXAMPLE, A MACHINE IS PURCHASED FOR RS.50,000 AND IS
EXPECTED TO HAVE A USEFUL LIFE OF 10 YEARS. AT THE END OF 10TH
YEAR IT IS EXPECTED TO HAVE A SALE VALUE OF RS.6,000 BUT
EXPENSES RELATED TO ITS DISPOSAL ARE ESTIMATED AT RS.1,000.
THEN ITS NET RESIDUAL VALUE SHALL BE RS.5,000 (I.E. RS.6,000 –
RS.1,000).

6. DEPRECIABLE COST
• DEPRECIABLE COST = (ORIGINAL COST OF THE ASSET – ESTIMATED NET RESIDUAL
VALUE OF
THE ASSET)
• FOR EX : A MACHINE PURCHASED FOR RS.50,000
TRANSPORTATION AND INSTALLATION
+RS.5,000
-------------------------------- ORIGINAL COST OF MACHINE
IS (50,000+5,000) RS.55,000 EXPECTED TO HAVE
USEFUL LIFE OF 10 YEARS AND AT THE END
OF 10TH YEAR IT IS EXPECTED TO HAVE A SALE VALUE OF RS.11,000
BUT EXPENSES RELATED TO ITS DISPOSAL ARE ESTIMATED AT -
RS.1,000 -------
--------------------------
NET RESIDUAL VALUE SHALL BE (11,000-1000) RS.10,000
---------------------------
------

7. • RS.45,000 SHALL BE CHARGED AS DEPRECIATION OVER A PERIOD
OF 10 YEARS.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO MENTION HERE THAT TOTAL AMOUNT OF
DEPRECIATION CHARGED OVER THE USEFUL LIFE OF THE ASSET
MUST BE EQUAL TO THE DEPRECIABLE COST.
EX :RS.45,000 = 45,000*10% OF 10
TIMES 10 = 45,000
1 = ?
• 1*45,000/10 = 4,500 . IT IS THE 10% OF 45,000. SO CHARGE OF
DEPRECIATION ON ASSET, HERE IS 10% FOR 1 YEAR.
• IF NOT THEN CAPITAL EXPENDITURE IS UNDER RECOVERED. IT
VIOLATES THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPER MATCHING OF REVENUE AND
EXPENSE.

8. ESTIMATED USEFUL LIFE
• AS PER ACCOUNTING STANDARD – 6 USEFUL LIFE OF AN ASSET IS
NORMALLY THE “PERIOD OVER WHICH IT IS EXPECTED TO BE USED BY
THE ENTERPRISE”.
• IN SIMPLE USEFUL LIFE OF THE ASSET IS THE PERIOD TILL EXPIRY OF THE
ASSET ON THE OTHER HAND IT IS ECONOMIC OR COMMERCIAL LIFE OF
THE ASSET.
• PHYSICAL LIFE OF AN ASSET IS NOT IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE ASSET
MAY EXIST PHYSICALLY BUT NOT CAPABLE FOR THE USE AFTER THE
EXPIRY DATE. FOR EX: A MACHINE IS
PURCHASED AND IT IS ESTIMATED THAT IT CAN BE USED IN
PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR 5 YEARS. AFTER 5 YEARS THE MACHINE
MAY STILL BE IN GOOD PHYSICAL CONDITION BUT CAN’T BE USED
FOR PRODUCTION PROFITABLY, I.E., IF IT IS STILL USED THE COST
OF PRODUCTION MAY BE VERY HIGH.

9. • ESTIMATION OF USEFUL LIFE OF AN ASSET IS DIFFICULT AS IT DEPENDS
UPON SEVERAL FACTORS SUCH AS USAGE LEVEL OF ASSET,
MAINTENANCE OF THE ASSET, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES, MARKET
CHANGES, ETC.
• THE USEFUL LIFE OF AN ASSET IS EXPRESSED IN NUMBER OF YEARS BUT
IT CAN ALSO BE EXPRESSED IN OTHER UNITS, E.G., NUMBER OF UNITS
OF OUTPUT (AS IN CASE OF MINES) OR NUMBER OF WORKING HOURS.
• USEFUL LIFE DEPENDS UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS :
• PRE-DETERMINED BY LEGAL OR CONTRACTUAL LIMITS, E.G. IN CASE OF
LEASEHOLD ASSET, THE USEFUL LIFE IS THE PERIOD OF LEASE.
• THE NUMBER OF SHIFTS FOR WHICH ASSET IS TO BE USED.
• REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE POLICY OF THE BUSINESS ORGANISATION.
• TECHNOLOGICAL OBSOLESCENCE.
• INNOVATION/IMPROVEMENT IN PRODUCTION METHOD.
• LEGAL OR OTHER RESTRICTIONS.

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