The information processing theory focuses on how knowledge enters and is stored in memory and retrieved. It involves three main stages: encoding, where information is perceived and attended to; storage, where information is kept for brief or extended periods; and retrieval, where stored information is reactivated. There are different types of knowledge like general/specific, declarative, procedural, and episodic. Memory involves three stages - sensory register (holds info <3 sec), short-term memory (holds 5-9 chunks for 18 sec), and long-term memory (unlimited capacity, indefinite duration). Forgetting occurs through decay or interference, while retrieval is increased through rehearsal, meaningful learning, organization, elaboration, imagery, generation, context,

1. - Is cognitive theoretical
framework that focuses on how
knowledge enters and is stored in
and is retrieved from our memory.
Information Processing

2. Types of knowledge
• General vs. specific – this involves whether the
knowledge is useful in many tasks or in only one.
• Declarative – this refers to factual knowledge.
• Procedural – this includes knowledge to do things.
• Episodic – this includes memories of life events.
• Conditional – this is about “knowing when and why”
to apply declarative or procedural strategies.

3. Stages in the information processing theory

4. Three primary stages in IPT
1. Encoding – information is sensed, perceived and
attended to.
2. Storage – the information is stored for either a
brief or extended period of time, depending
upon the processes following encoding
3. Retrieval – the information is brought back at the
appropriate time and reactivated for use on a
current task, the true measure of effective
memory.

5. Three main stages in the memory process

6. 1. Sensory register – holds all sensory information for a very
brief time
capacity: our mind receives a great amount of information but it is
more than what our mind can hold or perceived
duration: it only holds the information for an extremely brief period (in
the order of 1-3 seconds)
Short term memory (STM)
Capacity: the STM can hold only 5 to 9
chunks of information sometimes
describe as 7+/-2. STM maintains
limited time.
Duration: around 18 seconds
• To reduce the loss of information
in 18 seconds, you need to do
maintenance rehearsal
Long-term memory (LTM)
Ltm is the final or
permanent storing
house for memory
information
Capacity: LTM has
unlimited capacity
Duration: duration in the
LTM is indefinite

7. Executive control processes
• It involves the executive processor or
what is referred to as metacognitive

8. Forgetting
• It is the inablilty to retrieve or
access information when needed

9. Two main ways in which forgetting likely occurs:
Decay – information is not attended to and
eventually “fades” away.
Interference – new or old information “blocks”
access to the information in question.

10. Methods of increasing retrieval of information
Rehearsal – this is repeating information
verbatim, either mentally or aloud.
Meaningful learning – this is making connections
between new information and prior
knowledge.
Organization – it is making connections among
various pieces of information.
Elaboration – this is adding additional ideas to
new information based on what one
already know.

11. Visual imagery – this means forming a
“picture” of the information.
Generation – things we “produce” are easier
to remember than things we “hear”
context – remembering the situation helps
recover information
personalization – it is making the information
relevant to the individual.

12. Other memory methods
Serial position effect (recency and primacy)-
You will remember the beginning and end of
a ‘list’ more readily.
Part Learning-Break up the list or chunk
information to increase memorization.
Distributed Practice-Break up learning
sessions, rather than cramming all the info
in at once(Massed Practice).
Mnemonic Aids-These are memory
techniques that learners may employ to
help them retain and retrieve information
more effectively.