This document analyzes the translation procedures used to translate terms from the English version of the Facebook social networking website into the Bahasa Indonesia version. It uses Vinay and Dalbernet's theory of translation procedures, which divides methods into direct translation (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique translation (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The analysis finds that of the seven procedures, only three are present in the data: borrowing, literal translation, and transposition. Borrowing is the most frequently used procedure.
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
This document summarizes a lecture on introduction to translation. It defines translation as conveying meaning from the source language to the target language using processes like analysis, transfer, and restructuring. It discusses how translation involves determining the demands of both the source and target languages. The key aspects that are translated are meaning, which is influenced by language components like words, grammar, style, and sounds. Translation methods can be literal, free, semantic, communicative, formal, dynamic, pragmatic, or creative. The translation process involves analyzing the source text, transferring meaning to a universal representation, and restructuring it in the target language.
Techniques in translation, computer assisted, machine translation, subtitling...Moses Altovar
This document discusses various translation techniques including computer-assisted translation, machine translation, subtitling, and editing/post-editing. It provides details on each technique in 3-4 paragraphs. Computer-assisted translation involves human translators using computer programs, tools, and technology to assist them. Machine translation aims to translate without human intervention but often requires human pre-editing and post-editing. Subtitling has constraints related to synchronization with visual/audio elements and reading speed, requiring simplification and brevity in the subtitles.
Spotting The Difference–Machine Versus Human TranslationUlatus
Regardless of how much the systems have improved and made worldwide communication easier, there is still no alternative to human translation. Machines can only comply to grammatical accuracy, but the semantic, linguistic, and the cultural completeness in a text can only be achieved by human speakers
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
The document discusses translation, which involves interpreting the meaning of a text in one language and producing an equivalent text in another language that conveys the same message. It notes that translation requires competence in both languages as well as the ability to choose accurate and appropriate expressions in the target language. The document also outlines trends in translation such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and cultural translation. It distinguishes between the training received by translators and interpreters.
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
This document summarizes a lecture on introduction to translation. It defines translation as conveying meaning from the source language to the target language using processes like analysis, transfer, and restructuring. It discusses how translation involves determining the demands of both the source and target languages. The key aspects that are translated are meaning, which is influenced by language components like words, grammar, style, and sounds. Translation methods can be literal, free, semantic, communicative, formal, dynamic, pragmatic, or creative. The translation process involves analyzing the source text, transferring meaning to a universal representation, and restructuring it in the target language.
Techniques in translation, computer assisted, machine translation, subtitling...Moses Altovar
This document discusses various translation techniques including computer-assisted translation, machine translation, subtitling, and editing/post-editing. It provides details on each technique in 3-4 paragraphs. Computer-assisted translation involves human translators using computer programs, tools, and technology to assist them. Machine translation aims to translate without human intervention but often requires human pre-editing and post-editing. Subtitling has constraints related to synchronization with visual/audio elements and reading speed, requiring simplification and brevity in the subtitles.
Spotting The Difference–Machine Versus Human TranslationUlatus
Regardless of how much the systems have improved and made worldwide communication easier, there is still no alternative to human translation. Machines can only comply to grammatical accuracy, but the semantic, linguistic, and the cultural completeness in a text can only be achieved by human speakers
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
The document discusses translation, which involves interpreting the meaning of a text in one language and producing an equivalent text in another language that conveys the same message. It notes that translation requires competence in both languages as well as the ability to choose accurate and appropriate expressions in the target language. The document also outlines trends in translation such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and cultural translation. It distinguishes between the training received by translators and interpreters.
Translation is an intellectual activity that involves analyzing a text to examine its function and determine the appropriate linguistic resources for conveying an equivalent message in the target language for its intended readership. It requires the translator to understand the meaning of the original message and recreate it in a clear, faithful, and accurate way in the new language. There are three types of translation according to Jakobson: intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and intersemiotic. The goal of translation is communication by reproducing the sense of a message through an equivalent version in another language.
Error Analysis of Rule-based Machine Translation OutputsParisa Niksefat
Rule-based machine translation systems were evaluated based on errors in translations from English to Persian. Several error categories were identified including syntactic errors (word order, missing words, parts of speech), unknown words, and semantic errors (incorrect words, idiomatic expressions). Three texts (a short story, user guide, and magazine article) were translated using two machine translation systems and analyzed sentence-by-sentence to identify errors according to the defined categories.
This document discusses the importance of purpose in translation. It defines purpose as conveying the original intent while accounting for cultural differences. The concept of "skopos" or aim was introduced in the 1970s to emphasize translating for a specific purpose. The document stresses that clients should clearly communicate their purpose to translators so the appropriate translator can be selected to help achieve the desired goal. It provides examples of different translation purposes such as legal documents, marketing materials, and websites that would require different translator specializations and skills. Throughout, the document underscores how understanding purpose is vital for effective collaboration between translators and clients.
This document provides information about translation and interpreting as professions. It begins by defining the key differences between translation, which deals with written text, and interpreting, which involves spoken communication. It then discusses the skills required for each profession, such as understanding nuances, conducting research, and communicating effectively. The document also outlines various paths to careers in translation or interpreting, including university programs, and describes some of the settings where translators and interpreters may work, such as in the public or private sectors.
Difference Between Translation and InterpretationUlatus
The document discusses the key differences between translation and interpretation. A translator works with written text while an interpreter works with spoken words. A translator produces a written output while an interpreter provides a spoken output. While translators typically work in one language direction, interpreters are able to work bi-directionally and translate between two languages fluently. The document also provides descriptions of the skills required of good translators and interpreters and examples of where each type of work typically takes place.
This document provides an overview of translation studies for an intermediate Spanish language course. It defines translation as expressing the meaning of written or spoken content in another language. Translation can occur between languages, within one language, or from non-verbal to verbal forms. There are different types of translation including word-for-word, literal, balanced/idiomatic, and free translation. The final objective is for students to independently translate Spanish texts to English, including self-editing for accuracy in translation and grammar.
The document summarizes the different types of meaning that can be conveyed through language, including referential meaning (what words refer to), organizational meaning (how language is structured), and situational meaning (how context impacts word choice). It also discusses implicit vs. explicit information, with implicit information being implied and explicit being overtly stated. The document then provides an overview of the translation process, including establishing the project goals, analyzing the source text, creating an initial draft, getting feedback, revising the draft, and creating a final version.
Our Turkish translation service specializes in technical, law, business, medical, literature and academia which have provided in many languages all over the world. We offer hassle-free premium translation service to the client.
This document provides an introduction to machine translation and different approaches to machine translation. It discusses the history of machine translation, beginning in the 1950s. It then describes four main approaches to machine translation: direct machine translation, rule-based machine translation, corpus-based machine translation, and knowledge-based machine translation. For each approach, it provides a brief overview and example. It focuses in more depth on direct machine translation and rule-based machine translation, explaining their process and limitations.
This document discusses translation methods and the challenges faced by translators. It describes translation as transferring meaning from the source language to the target language as closely, completely, and accurately as possible. This includes syntax, vocabulary, style, and phonology.
The document outlines several methods of translation, including literal vs. free translation, semantic vs. communicative translation, and formal equivalent vs. dynamic translation. It also discusses two main difficulties for translators - difficulties related to items/vocabulary and sentence structure/style. Specific challenges include words having different meanings depending in context and translating idioms.
This document summarizes an English Education course on theories of translating offered at a university in Indonesia. The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge of translation processes, methods, and ethics. Over the course of 16 weeks, topics will include an overview of translation theories, techniques for translating different text types, cultural adaptation, and the use of computer-assisted tools. Assessment will include class participation, translation assignments, a midterm exam, and a final exam. Students are expected to develop their skills in translating a variety of texts from English to Indonesian and vice versa.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
A ROBUST THREE-STAGE HYBRID FRAMEWORK FOR ENGLISH TO BANGLA TRANSLITERATIONkevig
Phonetic typing using the English alphabet has become widely popular nowadays for social media and chat services. As a result, a text containing various English and Bangla words and phrases has become increasingly common. Existing transliteration tools display poor performance for such texts. This paper proposes a robust Three-stage Hybrid Transliteration (THT) framework that can transliterate both English words and phonetic typed Bangla words satisfactorily. This is achieved by adopting a hybrid approach of dictionary-based and rule-based techniques. Experimental results confirm superiority of THT as it significantly outperforms the benchmark transliteration tool.
INTEGRATION OF PHONOTACTIC FEATURES FOR LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION ON CODE-SWITC...kevig
In this paper, phoneme sequences are used as language information to perform code-switched language
identification (LID). With the one-pass recognition system, the spoken sounds are converted into
phonetically arranged sequences of sounds. The acoustic models are robust enough to handle multiple
languages when emulating multiple hidden Markov models (HMMs). To determine the phoneme similarity
among our target languages, we reported two methods of phoneme mapping. Statistical phoneme-based
bigram language models (LM) are integrated into speech decoding to eliminate possible phone
mismatches. The supervised support vector machine (SVM) is used to learn to recognize the phonetic
information of mixed-language speech based on recognized phone sequences. As the back-end decision is
taken by an SVM, the likelihood scores of segments with monolingual phone occurrence are used to
classify language identity. The speech corpus was tested on Sepedi and English languages that are often
mixed. Our system is evaluated by measuring both the ASR performance and the LID performance
separately. The systems have obtained a promising ASR accuracy with data-driven phone merging
approach modelled using 16 Gaussian mixtures per state. In code-switched speech and monolingual
speech segments respectively, the proposed systems achieved an acceptable ASR and LID accuracy.
In this slides the basic concept of machine translation is described.MT challenges are represented and describes rule-based and statistical MT briefly. Some notes about evaluation is described too
The document discusses finding a qualified translator and translation agency. It recommends working with an agency that employs native speakers as professional translators, editors, and proofreaders. The agency should manage the full translation process, including style and formatting reviews, to ensure accuracy. Machine translation alone is not sufficient, as programs cannot account for contextual meaning. When requesting a quote, clients should provide details about their document and needs. Cost depends on word count, language combination, and services included like project management.
Facebook has revolutionized social media optimization by connecting businesses to over 800 million active users. It allows companies to target specific demographics and understand how users engage with their content. When users like a business's page or ad, their connections are notified, creating a chain reaction that helps the business gain reliability and acquire new customers in a trusted word-of-mouth manner. Compared to other platforms, Facebook sees high levels of user engagement with over 700 billion minutes spent on the site each month.
This document provides an overview of Facebook and how non-profits can use it. It discusses what Facebook is, how it works through profiles, friends, and the activity feed. It explains the difference between Facebook Pages and Groups, with Pages being better for larger organizations and Groups for smaller discussions. Tips are provided for setting up a Page and engaging fans through posts, media, and applications. Statistics on Facebook's large user base are presented to demonstrate why non-profits should utilize the platform.
Translation is an intellectual activity that involves analyzing a text to examine its function and determine the appropriate linguistic resources for conveying an equivalent message in the target language for its intended readership. It requires the translator to understand the meaning of the original message and recreate it in a clear, faithful, and accurate way in the new language. There are three types of translation according to Jakobson: intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and intersemiotic. The goal of translation is communication by reproducing the sense of a message through an equivalent version in another language.
Error Analysis of Rule-based Machine Translation OutputsParisa Niksefat
Rule-based machine translation systems were evaluated based on errors in translations from English to Persian. Several error categories were identified including syntactic errors (word order, missing words, parts of speech), unknown words, and semantic errors (incorrect words, idiomatic expressions). Three texts (a short story, user guide, and magazine article) were translated using two machine translation systems and analyzed sentence-by-sentence to identify errors according to the defined categories.
This document discusses the importance of purpose in translation. It defines purpose as conveying the original intent while accounting for cultural differences. The concept of "skopos" or aim was introduced in the 1970s to emphasize translating for a specific purpose. The document stresses that clients should clearly communicate their purpose to translators so the appropriate translator can be selected to help achieve the desired goal. It provides examples of different translation purposes such as legal documents, marketing materials, and websites that would require different translator specializations and skills. Throughout, the document underscores how understanding purpose is vital for effective collaboration between translators and clients.
This document provides information about translation and interpreting as professions. It begins by defining the key differences between translation, which deals with written text, and interpreting, which involves spoken communication. It then discusses the skills required for each profession, such as understanding nuances, conducting research, and communicating effectively. The document also outlines various paths to careers in translation or interpreting, including university programs, and describes some of the settings where translators and interpreters may work, such as in the public or private sectors.
Difference Between Translation and InterpretationUlatus
The document discusses the key differences between translation and interpretation. A translator works with written text while an interpreter works with spoken words. A translator produces a written output while an interpreter provides a spoken output. While translators typically work in one language direction, interpreters are able to work bi-directionally and translate between two languages fluently. The document also provides descriptions of the skills required of good translators and interpreters and examples of where each type of work typically takes place.
This document provides an overview of translation studies for an intermediate Spanish language course. It defines translation as expressing the meaning of written or spoken content in another language. Translation can occur between languages, within one language, or from non-verbal to verbal forms. There are different types of translation including word-for-word, literal, balanced/idiomatic, and free translation. The final objective is for students to independently translate Spanish texts to English, including self-editing for accuracy in translation and grammar.
The document summarizes the different types of meaning that can be conveyed through language, including referential meaning (what words refer to), organizational meaning (how language is structured), and situational meaning (how context impacts word choice). It also discusses implicit vs. explicit information, with implicit information being implied and explicit being overtly stated. The document then provides an overview of the translation process, including establishing the project goals, analyzing the source text, creating an initial draft, getting feedback, revising the draft, and creating a final version.
Our Turkish translation service specializes in technical, law, business, medical, literature and academia which have provided in many languages all over the world. We offer hassle-free premium translation service to the client.
This document provides an introduction to machine translation and different approaches to machine translation. It discusses the history of machine translation, beginning in the 1950s. It then describes four main approaches to machine translation: direct machine translation, rule-based machine translation, corpus-based machine translation, and knowledge-based machine translation. For each approach, it provides a brief overview and example. It focuses in more depth on direct machine translation and rule-based machine translation, explaining their process and limitations.
This document discusses translation methods and the challenges faced by translators. It describes translation as transferring meaning from the source language to the target language as closely, completely, and accurately as possible. This includes syntax, vocabulary, style, and phonology.
The document outlines several methods of translation, including literal vs. free translation, semantic vs. communicative translation, and formal equivalent vs. dynamic translation. It also discusses two main difficulties for translators - difficulties related to items/vocabulary and sentence structure/style. Specific challenges include words having different meanings depending in context and translating idioms.
This document summarizes an English Education course on theories of translating offered at a university in Indonesia. The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge of translation processes, methods, and ethics. Over the course of 16 weeks, topics will include an overview of translation theories, techniques for translating different text types, cultural adaptation, and the use of computer-assisted tools. Assessment will include class participation, translation assignments, a midterm exam, and a final exam. Students are expected to develop their skills in translating a variety of texts from English to Indonesian and vice versa.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
A ROBUST THREE-STAGE HYBRID FRAMEWORK FOR ENGLISH TO BANGLA TRANSLITERATIONkevig
Phonetic typing using the English alphabet has become widely popular nowadays for social media and chat services. As a result, a text containing various English and Bangla words and phrases has become increasingly common. Existing transliteration tools display poor performance for such texts. This paper proposes a robust Three-stage Hybrid Transliteration (THT) framework that can transliterate both English words and phonetic typed Bangla words satisfactorily. This is achieved by adopting a hybrid approach of dictionary-based and rule-based techniques. Experimental results confirm superiority of THT as it significantly outperforms the benchmark transliteration tool.
INTEGRATION OF PHONOTACTIC FEATURES FOR LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION ON CODE-SWITC...kevig
In this paper, phoneme sequences are used as language information to perform code-switched language
identification (LID). With the one-pass recognition system, the spoken sounds are converted into
phonetically arranged sequences of sounds. The acoustic models are robust enough to handle multiple
languages when emulating multiple hidden Markov models (HMMs). To determine the phoneme similarity
among our target languages, we reported two methods of phoneme mapping. Statistical phoneme-based
bigram language models (LM) are integrated into speech decoding to eliminate possible phone
mismatches. The supervised support vector machine (SVM) is used to learn to recognize the phonetic
information of mixed-language speech based on recognized phone sequences. As the back-end decision is
taken by an SVM, the likelihood scores of segments with monolingual phone occurrence are used to
classify language identity. The speech corpus was tested on Sepedi and English languages that are often
mixed. Our system is evaluated by measuring both the ASR performance and the LID performance
separately. The systems have obtained a promising ASR accuracy with data-driven phone merging
approach modelled using 16 Gaussian mixtures per state. In code-switched speech and monolingual
speech segments respectively, the proposed systems achieved an acceptable ASR and LID accuracy.
In this slides the basic concept of machine translation is described.MT challenges are represented and describes rule-based and statistical MT briefly. Some notes about evaluation is described too
The document discusses finding a qualified translator and translation agency. It recommends working with an agency that employs native speakers as professional translators, editors, and proofreaders. The agency should manage the full translation process, including style and formatting reviews, to ensure accuracy. Machine translation alone is not sufficient, as programs cannot account for contextual meaning. When requesting a quote, clients should provide details about their document and needs. Cost depends on word count, language combination, and services included like project management.
Facebook has revolutionized social media optimization by connecting businesses to over 800 million active users. It allows companies to target specific demographics and understand how users engage with their content. When users like a business's page or ad, their connections are notified, creating a chain reaction that helps the business gain reliability and acquire new customers in a trusted word-of-mouth manner. Compared to other platforms, Facebook sees high levels of user engagement with over 700 billion minutes spent on the site each month.
This document provides an overview of Facebook and how non-profits can use it. It discusses what Facebook is, how it works through profiles, friends, and the activity feed. It explains the difference between Facebook Pages and Groups, with Pages being better for larger organizations and Groups for smaller discussions. Tips are provided for setting up a Page and engaging fans through posts, media, and applications. Statistics on Facebook's large user base are presented to demonstrate why non-profits should utilize the platform.
Facebook Indonesia Developer Challenge Rama Mamuaya
The document announces a Facebook hackathon to take place on September 3-4, 2016 in Jakarta, Indonesia. It provides an agenda for the event including introductions to Facebook developer platforms and APIs. It lists cash prizes for the top three teams, including a special track and prize for apps and bots targeted towards women. Requirements for participant teams and judging details are also outlined.
In 2007, Facebook opened its platform to developers and communities sprung up in Indonesia for programmers and marketers interested in working with the Facebook platform. One community, called Facebook Developers Indonesia, holds monthly meetups for sharing and networking in the creative industry. The events have sponsorship from organizations supporting education in Indonesia. By 2009, Indonesia had over 1.5 million Facebook users.
This document discusses why Google acquired DoubleClick. The acquisition positioned Google on the banner advertising market and allowed it to reach highly popular websites. With DoubleClick, Google "moved up" the long tail of advertisers by gaining market shares of main online advertisers in relation to website traffic. The acquisition helped Google expand from the traditional text ad market to the larger banner market.
JESS3 x Facebook Top 5 Elections on Facebook 2014JESS3
1) The top 5 elections on Facebook in 2014 were the Brazilian general election, American midterm elections, Indian Lok Sabha elections, Indonesian presidential election, and Scottish independence referendum. These 5 elections generated over 1.3 billion interactions on Facebook.
2) The Brazilian general election saw 674.4 million interactions on Facebook, with 54% of active Brazilian Facebook users engaging. Dilma Rousseff was reelected as president.
3) The American midterm elections saw 272 million interactions on Facebook and helped Republicans gain control of the Senate. Facebook played a key role in voter targeting.
Facebook is a social networking website that connects people around the world who share common interests. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 while he was a student at Harvard University. Facebook allows users to share updates, photos, and messages with friends, family and connections. It has grown tremendously and is now one of the largest social networks in the world with billions of users and revenue in the billions of dollars.
Facebook is a free social networking website that allows users to connect with friends, family, and make new connections. It was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg and others. Users can create profiles to share photos, information, messages and videos. While it allows users to share and connect, it's important to keep personal information private and use privacy settings to control what is shared. Parents should also talk to children about being safe online.
Today we all live and work in the Internet Century, where technology is roiling the business landscape, and the pace of change is only accelerating.
In their new book How Google Works, Google Executive Chairman and ex-CEO Eric Schmidt and former SVP of Products Jonathan Rosenberg share the lessons they learned over the course of a decade running Google.
Covering topics including corporate culture, strategy, talent, decision-making, communication, innovation, and dealing with disruption, the authors illustrate management maxims with numerous insider anecdotes from Google’s history.
In an era when everything is speeding up, the best way for businesses to succeed is to attract smart-creative people and give them an environment where they can thrive at scale. How Google Works is a new book that explains how to do just that.
This is a visual preview of How Google Works. You can pick up a copy of the book at www.howgoogleworks.net
Similar to An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used in English Version of “Facebook” Social Networking Website And Its Bahasa Indonesia Version
This document provides background information and context for a study on translation procedures. It begins with definitions of key concepts like translation, translation procedures, modulation, and transposition. It then discusses Vinay and Darbelnet's classification of translation procedures into direct (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The document focuses specifically on modulation and transposition, defining them and providing examples. It outlines the research problem, objectives, scope, and significance of the study, which involves analyzing instances of modulation and transposition in subtitles for the film "Sang Pencerah" to evaluate accuracy and clarity.
This thesis investigates the difficulties faced by MA translation students at Yarmouk University in translating Arabic administrative circulars into English. 30 students were asked to translate sample circulars in areas of vacations, employee benefits, appointments, and regulations. The researcher provided a standard translation and identified common errors in students' translations, categorizing syntactic, semantic, lexical and pragmatic problems. Error analysis was used to identify, define, categorize and calculate error percentages to determine the most difficult aspects of translating administrative circulars between Arabic and English. The study aims to help students and translators improve their skills in this specialized field.
A SURVEY ON CROSS LANGUAGE INFORMATION RETRIEVALIJCI JOURNAL
Now a days, number of Web Users accessing information over Internet is increasing day by day. A huge
amount of information on Internet is available in different language that can be access by anybody at any
time. Information Retrieval (IR) deals with finding useful information from a large collection of
unstructured, structured and semi-structured data. Information Retrieval can be classified into different
classes such as monolingual information retrieval, cross language information retrieval and multilingual
information retrieval (MLIR) etc. In the current scenario, the diversity of information and language
barriers are the serious issues for communication and cultural exchange across the world. To solve such
barriers, cross language information retrieval (CLIR) system, are nowadays in strong demand. CLIR refers
to the information retrieval activities in which the query or documents may appear in different languages.
This paper takes an overview of the new application areas of CLIR and reviews the approaches used in the
process of CLIR research for query and document translation. Further, based on available literature, a
number of challenges and issues in CLIR have been identified and discussed.
The document discusses how the high cost of medications can decrease compliance among the elderly, leading to worse health outcomes, and identifies 3 best practices for assisting the elderly with medication costs to improve compliance. It describes searching academic databases and guidelines to find relevant studies on interventions for reducing medication costs for the elderly, which were evaluated based on their evidence level and recommendations for clinical practice. The findings from the graded research were used to determine the 3 best interventions.
An Analysis Of Rhetorical Move And Translation Techniques In Undergraduate Th...Steven Wallach
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the rhetorical moves and translation techniques used in undergraduate thesis abstracts written in Indonesian and English. The study used 60 abstracts from English and Indonesian literature programs. It found that both languages generally used the same rhetorical moves, with Move 3 (Method) and Move 4 (Results) appearing in all abstracts. Move 5 (Conclusion) appeared less frequently across languages. In terms of translation techniques, literal translation was used most frequently to translate between Indonesian and English. The study recommends further analysis with more data from different fields to expand understanding of rhetorical moves and translation techniques in academic abstracts.
Translation studies: Simplification and Explicitation UniversalsClaudiu Mihăilă
This document discusses translation universals and reviews research on simplification and explicitation. It provides an overview of proposed translation universals and describes studies that have aimed to confirm or disconfirm tendencies toward simplification and explicitation in translated texts. Specifically, it summarizes research showing evidence of simplification in terms of lexical richness and sentence length in Spanish translations. It also reviews studies finding higher use of optional connectives like "that" in translated English texts compared to original texts.
The Ideology of Translation in Turtle and Dolphin Story into Indonesian and B...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research examines the ideology of translation applied in translating adjectives in an
English trilingual child story book entitled “Turtle and Dolphin” by Dunkle, et al (2012) which is written in
English, Indonesian, and Balinese. It has a message to keep the environment clean and green. This study is
aimed at finding out the translation ideology by describing the procedures and methods of translation. The data
were obtained by documentation method and note-taking technique. Three theories applied to analyze the
problems of study are translation procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000), translation methods by
Newmark‟s (1988), and translation ideology by Hatim & Mason (1997). The results showed that there are three
procedures applied including literal, transposition, and modulation. Meanwhile, the translation methods applied
were literal and communicative method. The amounts of source language emphasis is higher than the target
language emphasis, therefore it can be considered that the ideology of translation is the Foreignization ideology.
The use of this ideology is well adjusted especially for children as the main target readers. The translation result
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An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used in English Version of “Facebook” Social Networking Website And Its Bahasa Indonesia Version
1. An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used
in English Version of “Facebook” Social Networking Website
And Its Bahasa Indonesia Version
By :
NI MADE ARI LISTIANI, S.S.
1090161018
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM OF LINGUISTICS
(TRANSLATION)
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2010
2. ABSTRAK
Paper ini berjudul An Analysis of Translation Procedures of The Terms Used in English Version of
“Facebook” Social Networking Website And Its Bahasa Indonesia Version. Paper ini menganalisa
terjemahan dari istilah-istilah yang digunakan dalam Website “Facebook” Versi Bahasa Inggris ke
dalam Website Versi Bahasa Indonesia. Teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data adalah teori
“Translation Procedures” yang dikemukakan oleh Vinay dan Dalbernet. Teori ini membagi metode
penerjemahan menjadi 2 (dua) bagian : (1). Terjemahan harfiah (literal translation) yang mencakup
(a) borrowing, (b) calque, dan (c) literal translation, dan (2) terjemahan wajib (oblique
translation) yang mencakup (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, (f) Equivalence dan (g) adaptation.
Dari hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa dari 7 (tujuh) prosedur penterjemahan yang ada, hanya
ditemukan 3 (tiga) jenis prosedur pada data, yaitu (1) Borrowing, (2) Literal Translation dan (3)
Transposition. Dan dari ketiga kategori tersebut, Borrowing yang paling banyak ditemukan.
Kata Kunci : borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposisi, modulasi, equivalence dan
adaptation.
3. ABSTRACT
This paper is entitled An Analysis of Translation Procedures of The Terms Used in English Version
of “Facebook” Social Networking Website Into Its Bahasa Indonesia Version. It analysed the
translation of the terms used in English Version “Facebook” Website and its translation into Bahasa
Indonesia Version. The theory applied to analyse the data is Vinay and Dalbernet’s Translation
Procedures Theory. This theory divided the translation method into 2 (two), i.e : (1) Literal
Translation that covers (a) borrowing, (b) calque, dan (c) literal translation and (2) Oblique
Translation covering (d) transposition, (e) modulation, (f) Equivalence and (g) Adaptation.
From the result of analysis, it is found that from 7 (seven) types of Translation Procedures, there are
only 3 (three) types procedures that occur in the analysed data. They are : (d) transposition, (e)
modulation, (f) Equivalence dan (g) adaptation. And from the three types, Borrowing is the most
dominant type of translation procedures that occur in the analysed data.
Key words : borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposisi, modulasi, equivalence dan
adaptation.
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... ……. i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problems of Analysis ............................................................................................... 3
1.3 Aims of Analysis ..................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Research Method ..................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 6
2.1 Definition of Translation.......................................................................................... 6
2.2 Process, Product and Theory of Translation ............................................................. 7
2.3 Translation Procedures ............................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER III : DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 11
3.1 Analysis of Types of Translation Procedures ........................................................... 11
3.2 Analysis of The Dominant Type of Translation Procedures...................................... 16
CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 18
BIBLIOGRAPHY
5. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Nowadays, it seems to be impossible to separate our daily life from computer and
Internet. In fact, internet becomes very important for us that it is really affecting society’s
life. There is no distance when we are using internet service. People can get in touch with
their family, colleages or friends even if they are separated thousand miles just in one click
and a second waiting. Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and
television services, are reformed or redefined using the technologies of the Internet,
Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Websites, Blogging and Web feeds. The
Internet has also enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions
through Instant messaging, Internet forums and Social Networking sites.
A social networking service usually focuses on building and reflecting of social
relations among people. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events,
and interests within their individual networks. Web based social network services make it
possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and
geographic borders.
One of the most popular Social Networking services in the world is Facebook.
Launched in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, one of Harvard University students,
Facebook has more than 500 million active users around the world. It has really become a
phenomena all around the world. Anyone can sign up for Facebook and interact with the
people they know in a trusted environment. Users can add people as friends and send them
messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves.
6. Additionally, users can join networks organized by workplace, school, or college.
Something that makes it acceptable and popular almost in all country in the world is because
Facebook has already been translated into about 110 languages, including Bahasa Indonesia.
In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts—including
religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts—in another language and thus making
them available to wider readers. As means of communication, translation is known as a
technique for learning foreign languages. According to Meetham and Hudson (1969) in Bell
(1991:13), translation is:
“The process or result o f converting information from one language into another. The
aim is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of
the Source Language original by finding equivalents in the target language. At the
same time all factual information in the original text must be retained in the
translation”.
Nida in Theory of Translation (http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf),
states that Translating is not a separate science, but it often does represent specialized skills
and can also require aesthetic sensitivity. Skilled translators must have a special capacity for
sensing the closest natural equivalent of a text, whether oral or written. But translating is
essentially a skill and depends largely on a series of disciplines, for example, linguistics,
cultural anthropology, philology, psychology, and theories of communication.
It is not always possible to translate the segments with equivalent structures. That is
the reason why translators often use several procedures in order to assure the translation of a
determined text. As depicted by Nida (1964), translation procedures are devided into two,
namely Technical Procedure and Organizational Procedure. Newmark in Ordudari (2007)
mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes
7. that, "While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for
sentences and the smaller units of language".
The first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological
purpose was presented by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Nur, 2008: pp 19-21). According to their
classification, translation procedures were classified into two method covering seven
procedures. They are “(i) direct translation, covering borrowing, calque and literal
translation, and (ii) oblique translation which is transposition, modulation, equivalence
and adaptation”
This Paper will use Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedure to analyze
the terms used in Facebook Website of English and its Bahasa Indonesia Version as the
theory is simple and easy to understand. A research is done to prove whether the theory
mentioned is exist or not in the data analyzed.
1.2 Problems of Analysis
In this paper, there are two problems of analysis which are discussed, i.e.:
a. What kinds of translation procedures are found in the terms used in Bahasa
Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which is translated
from the English Version?
b. What is the most dominant translation procedures found in the terms used in
Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which is
translated from the English Version?
8. 1.3 Aims of Analysis
The aims of analysis in this Paper are formulated as follow:
a. To find and analyze kinds of kinds of translation procedures found in the terms
used in Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which
is translated from the English Version.
b. To find out the dominant types of translation procedures found in the terms used
in Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which is
translated from the English Version.
1.4. Research Method
Research method in this Paper is divided into three points: how the data are collected, how
the data are analyzes and how the analysis is presented.
a. Data Collection
The data was collected from English Version and Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook
Social Networking Website to find out translation procedures by using Vinay and
Dalbernet’s theory. The web consists of three main pages, namely Home, Profile and
Account. Each page has its section. The data was collected from only the main menu of each
section.
b. Data Analysis
The collected data was analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative
method is used to analyze the Translation Procedures in the data. Whereas, quantitative
method is used to find out the percentage of the most dominant types of translation
procedures, this paper will apply the following formula:
X x 100% = N
Y
9. Where: X = number of data in specified type of translation procedure
Y = Total number of data
N = Percentage of each type of translation procedure in the data
c. Presenting the Analysis
The data analysis is presented formally and informally, i.e. with the presentation of
statistical features such as tables, symbols and abbreviation and also by using descriptive
method. The result of the analysis is described words by words in order to make it clear and
specific and to ease the reader to understand the analysis.
10. CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Definition on Translation
The term “Translation” can be generally defined as the action of converting the
information or the meaning of a source text, and production of the equivalence target text
that communicates the same information or message in another language. Based on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation August, 22nd 2010; 11:27 AM, Translation is
defined as the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an
equivalent target-language text.
According to Nida (http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf), there are
8 principles that can help new translators know how they can best initiate themselves into
the principles and procedures of translation:
1. A language is a series of verbal habits that represent aspects of a culture. Thus
persons who wish to use the language of a different language community must learn
how to use the words in a culturally acceptable manner.
2. The meaning of a verbal symbol is defined indirectly by all contrastive symbols. For
example, the meaning of traffic symbols is defined by all the other symbols referring
to the movement of vehicles on streets. Accordingly, it is not possible to have an
absolute set of definitions.
3. Within any symbolic system the context normally contains more information than
any focal term. This means that the different contexts are maximized and the
functions of specific terms are minimized.
11. 4. There are no complete synonyms within a language or between different languages,
but such a statement seems evidently incorrect because almost all dictionaries have
extensive lists of synonyms, for example, sets such as rich/wealthy and run/race. But
such sets of synonyms are normally limited to a restricted set of contexts.
5. All languages and cultures are continually in the process of change, and such
changes occur on all levels of structure.
6. On all levels of American English, from sounds to discourse, important changes are
occurring, but most speakers are largely unaware of what is happening.
7. One important aspect of languages and cultures is the fact that stylistic models have
a very important role in communication, and proper adherence to such models is
imperative, but highly creative writing is not always controlled by fixed rules.
8. Some universal models of discourse are very important for translators and
interpreters. The four most important classes of discourse are narration description,
argumentation, and conversation.
2.2 Process, Product and Theory of Translation
According to Bell (1991), the aim of translation is to reproduce as accurately as
possible all grammatical and lexical features of the source language original by finding
equivalents in the target language. At the same time all the factual information contained
in the original text must be retained in the translation. He then suggests that there are
three distinguishable meaning for the word. It can refer to:
(1). Translating : The process (to translate, the activity rather than the tangible
object)
(2) A Translation : The Product of the process of the translation
12. (3) Translation : the abstract concept that encompasses both the process of translating
and the product of the process
2.3 Translation Procedures
a. Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. It refers to a case where a word
or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form,
that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. It is
usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts.
Haugen in Sari (2009: 27) argued that there are some possibilities that may occur in
this procedure: (1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords).
For examples: email email, internet internet, (2) borrowing with changes in
form but without changes the meaning (mixed loanword). For examples: account
akun, compensation kompensasi. and (3) borrowing when part of the terms is
native and another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends). For
examples: internet provider penyedia layanan internet.
b. Calque
Calque, refers to the case where the translator imitates in his translation the structure
or manner of expression of the ST. Calque may introduce a structure that is stranger
from the TL. For instance, “photo studio” in English is still translated as photo studio
in Bahasa Indonesia, although there is normally no such Modifier + Head
construction in Bahasa Indonesia Noun Phrase.
13. c. Literal Translation
Literal translation is a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and
idiomatically appropriate to TL text. Principally, literal translation is a unique
solution in which is reversible and complete in itself. For examples, “black market”
in English is translated to be pasar gelap in Bahasa Indonesia. Honey moon is
translated to be bulan madu.
d. Transposition
Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the
meaning of the message. The method also involves a change in the grammatical
change that occurs in translation from SL to TL (singular to plural, position of
adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). For instance, a compound
“keyword” in English is translated as Kata kunci (Phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.
e. Modulation
Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same
phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs
when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the TL.
There are two types of modulation, i.e. Free or Optional Modulation and Fixed or
Obligatory Modulation. For instance, “He was killed in the war” in English is
translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. ‘Negated contrary’,
which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in translation from
negative to positive or vice versa, is also considered as fixed modulation. For
example, “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.
14. f. Equivalent
This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same situation by
different stylistic or structural means. For example, an interjection “Ouch!” in
English can be translated to be Aduh or Aw in Bahasa Indonesia. An English idiom
“Don’t cry over spoiled milk” may can be translated as Nasi sudah menjadi bubur in
Bahasa Indonesia.
g. Adaptation
Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the
SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such case, the translators have to create
a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. For instance, “Take a
bath” in English is translated into Mandi in Bahasa Indonesia.
15. CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected from English Version and Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook
website then analysed and listed based on the Translation Procedures, and finnaly each
group of data that its translation procedures has been analysed will be analysed
quantitatively in order to get the most dominant type of translation procedure occurs in the
analysed data.
3.1 Analysis of Types of Translation Procedure
a. Borowing
From 65 collected data, there are 19 borrowing cases found as follows :
Table. 1
List of Borrowing Translation
TRANSLATION
NO. SOURCE TARGET PROCEDURES
1 email Email borrowing (PL)
2 video Video borrowing (PL)
3 info Info borrowing (PL)
4 block Blokir borrowing (ML)
5 profile Profil borrowing (ML)
6 account Akun borrowing (ML)
7 photo Foto borrowing (ML)
8 careers Karier borrowing (ML)
9 privacy Privasi borrowing (ML)
10 accessibility Aksesibilitas borrowing (ML)
11 edit my profile sunting profil saya borrowing (LB)
12 linked account akun-akun tertaut borrowing (LB)
13 deactivate account nonaktifkan akun borrowing (LB)
14 account security keamanan akun borrowing (LB)
15 your email email anda borrowing (LB)
16 re-enter email masukkan kembali email borrowing (LB)
17 account setting pengaturan akun borrowing (LB)
16. 18 privacy setting pengaturan privasi borrowing (LB)
19 application setting pengaturan aplikasi borrowing (LB)
a. Pure Borrowing :
“Email”, “video”, and “info” are purely borrowed from the SL without any change in the
TL writing system.
b. Mixed Loanwords :
1. “Block” Blokir
Blokir is borrowed from SL “Block” with some change in writing system. The letter
“c” in SL is ommited and there is an addition of suffix “ir” at the end of TL word.
2. “Profile” Profil
“Profil” is borrowed from SL “Profile” with some change in writing system. The
letter “e” in SL is ommited in TL.
3. “Account” Akun
“Akun” is borrowed from SL “Account” with some change in writing system. “cco”
in SL is changed with letter “k” in TL and the ending letter “t” in SL is lost in TL.
4. “Photo” Foto
“Foto” is borrowed from SL “Photo” with some change in writing system. The
letters “ph” in SL is changed with letter “f” in TL.
5. “Career” Karier
“Karier” is borrowed from SL “Career” with some change in writing system.The
letter “c” inSlis replaced with letter “k” in TL, and the first letter “e” in SL is
changed with “i” in TL
17. 6. “Privacy” Privasi
“Privasi” is borrowed from SL “Privacy” with some change in writing system. The
morpheme ”cy” in SL is replaced with morpheme “si” in TL.
7. “Accesibility” Aksesibilitas
“Aksesibilitas” is borrowed from SL “Accesibility” with some change in writing
system. The letter ”cc” in SL is replaced with letters “ks” in TL, and the suffix “ty”
is replaced with suffix “tas” in TL.
c. Loan Blends
1. Sunting and saya is native while “profil” is borrowed from SL “profile”.
2. Both Tertaut and Nonaktifkan are native while “akun” is borrowed from SL
“account”.
3. Keamanan is native while “akun” is borrowed from SL “account”.
4. Anda and masukkan kembali are native while “email” is purely borrowed from SL
“email”.
5. Pengaturan is native while “akun”, “privasi” and “application” are borrowed from
SL “account”, “privacy” and “application”.
2. Chalque
There is no Calque found in the data
3. Literal Translation
These following table shows the data that are categorized as Literal Translation where the
text in SL is translated word by word into TL by adopting TL structures.
18. Table. 2
Literal Translation
TRANSLATION
NO. SOURCE TARGET
PROCEDURES
1 sign up Mendaftar literal translation
2 first name nama depan literal translation
3 last name nama belakang literal translation
4 Birthday Ulang tahun literal translation
5 Stay connected Tetaplah berhubungan literal translation
6 home Beranda literal translation
7 top news berita populer literal translation
8 most recent paling baru literal translation
9 news feed kabar berita literal translation
10 message pesan literal translation
11 event acara literal translation
12 friend teman literal translation
13 edit friends sunting teman literal translation
14 help center pusat bantuan literal translation
15 log out keluar literal translation
siapa saja yang ada di
16 who's on facebook? Facebook? literal translation
17 find your friends cari teman-teman anda literal translation
who's not on siapa yang belum ada di
18 Facebook? facebook? literal translation
19 invite them now undang mereka sekarang literal translation
who's here because siapa saja yang ada disini
20 of you berkat anda? literal translation
21 find your invites lacak undangan anda literal translation
22 connect on the go terhubung saat bepergian? literal translation
23 try facebook mobile cobalah facebook seluler literal translation
24 about tentang literal translation
25 advertising iklan literal translation
26 developers pengembang' literal translation
27 terms ketentuan literal translation
28 help bantuan literal translation
29 wall dinding literal translation
30 boxes kotak literal translation
31 notes catatan literal translation
32 search pencarian literal translation
33 setting pengaturan literal translation
19. 34 network jaringan literal translation
35 notification pemberitahuan literal translation
36 mobile seluler literal translation
37 languange bahasa literal translation
38 payment pembayaran literal translation
39 facebook ads iklan facebook literal translation
40 getting started memulai literal translation
41 message and inbox pesan dan pesan masuk literal translation
42 troubleshooting penyelesaian masalah literal translation
4. Transposition
According to Vinay and Dalbernet in Sari (2009 : 62), “transposition involves replacing one
word class with another without changing the meaning of the message in SL.
Table. 3
Transposition
TRANSLATION
NO. SOURCE TARGET PROCEDURES
1 password kata sandi transposition
2 it's free Gratis transposition
3 username nama pengguna transposition
untuk mengenali anda
4 security question sebagai pemilik akun transposition
1. “Password” Kata sandi
(Compound) (A Phrase)
“Password” which is a compound (word level) in SL turning into a phrase (NP)
“kata sandi in TL.
2. “It’s free” Gratis
(Clause) (A word)
“It’s free” which is a clause in SL is translated as a word Gratis in TL.
3. “Username” Nama pengguna
20. (Compound) (A Phrase)
“Username” which is a compound (word level) in SL turning into a phrase (NP)
“nama pengguna” in TL.
4. “Security Question” Untuk mengenali anda sebagai pemilik akun
(A Phrase) (A dependent clause)
“Security Question” which is a phrase in SL turning into a dependent clause
“untuk mengenali anda sebagai pemilik akun” in TL.
5. Modulation
There is no modulation founded in the data.
6. Equivalent
There is no equivalence founded in the data.
7. Adaptation
There is no adaptation founded in the data.
3.2 Analysis of The Most Dominant Types of Translation Procedures
From the analysed data, there are only 3 types of translation procedures that are
found. They are (1) Borrowing, (2) Literal Translation and (3) Transposition. From 65
analysed data, there are 19 cases of Borrowing, 42 cases of Literal Translation and 4
cases of Transposition.
So, the percentage of each type of translation procedures can be calculated as
follows :
a. Borrowing :
19 x 100% = 29,2 %
65
b. Literal Translation :
21. 42 x 100% = 64, 6 %
65
c.Transposition :
4 x 100% = 6, 2 %
65
Chart. 1
Percentage of Existing Types of Translation Procedures
A = Borrowing
B = Literal Translation
C = Transposition
From the chart above, it can be concluded that the most dominant type of
Translation Procedure occurs in the analysed data is Literal Translation (64,60%),
followed by Borrowing (29,2%) and Transposition (6,2%).
22. CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
Having analysed the data on this paper, two conclusion can be drawn, they are :
1. From 7 (seven) types of Vinay and Dalbernet’s Translation Procedures Theory, the are
only 3 (three) procedures that are exist on the analysed data. They are :
(1) Borrowing (2) Literal Translation and (3) Transposition.
2. The most dominant type of Translation Procedure that occurs in the analysed data is
Literal Translation (42 cases in 65 collected data, or 64.60% ), followed by Borrowing
(19 cases in 65 collected data or 29.2%/) and Tansposition at the third place (with only 4
cases in 65 collected data or 6.2%)
23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Nida,E.A.1964. Toward A Science of Translation. Leiden:E.J.Brill
Nida,E,A.Theories of Translation. http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf
Nur, Muhamas.2008.A Thesis : Translation and Signification Analysis of Computer
Technical Terms”. Denpasar : Post Graduate Programme Udayana University
Ordudari, Mahmou. 2007. Translation procedures, strategies and methods.
http://accurapid.com/journal/41culture.htm
Sari, Fachwinalia Keumala. 2009. An Analysis of Translation Procedures of Translating
Computer Terms in Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks Into Bahasa
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