In this paper, an evolutionary genetic algorithm is used to generate face sketch from the face description. Face sketch generation without face image is extremely important for the law enforcement agencies. The genetic algorithm is used for generating face sketch through several iterations of the algorithm. The face image description is captured through graphical user interface just by clicking options for each face
features. Face features are used to extract face images and generate initial population for the genetic algorithm. Genetic operators such as selection, crossover and mutation are used for next generation of the population. The Genetic algorithm cycle is repeated until the user is satisfied with face sketch generated. The novelty of the paper includes face sketch generation from face image description. The result shows that
evolutionary based technique for sketch generation produces the desired face sketch.
Region based elimination of noise pixels towards optimized classifier models ...IJERA Editor
The extraction of the skin pixels in a human image and rejection of non-skin pixels is called the skin segmentation. Skin pixel detection is the process of extracting the skin pixels in a human image which is typically used as a pre-processing step to extract the face regions from human image. In past, there are several computer vision approaches and techniques have been developed for skin pixel detection. In the process of skin detection, given pixels are been transformed into an appropriate color space such as RGB, HSV etc. And then skin classifier model have been applied to label the pixel into skin or non-skin regions. Here in this research a “Region based elimination of noise pixels and performance analysis of classifier models for skin pixel detection applied on human images” would be performed which involve the process of image representation in color models, elimination of non-skin pixels in the image, and then pre-processing and cleansing of the collected data, feature selection of the human image and then building the model for classifier. In this research and implementation of skin pixels classifier models are proposed with their comparative performance analysis. The definition of the feature vector is simply the selection of skin pixels from the human image or stack of human images. The performance is evaluated by comparing and analysing skin colour segmentation algorithms. During the course of research implementation, efforts are iterative which help in selection of optimized skin classifier based on the machine learning algorithms and their performance analysis.
Data Mining Based Skin Pixel Detection Applied On Human Images: A Study PaperIJERA Editor
Skin segmentation is the process of the identifying the skin pixels in a image in a particular color model and dividing the images into skin and non-skin pixels. It is the process of find the particular skin of the image or video in a color model. Finding the regions of the images in human images to say these pixel regions are part of the image or videos is typically a preprocessing step in skin detection in computer vision, face detection or multi-view face detection. Skin pixel detection model converts the images into appropriate format in a color space and then classification process is being used for labeling of the skin and non-skin pixels. A skin classifier identifies the boundary of the skin image in a skin color model based on the training dataset. Here in this paper, we present the survey of the skin pixel segmentation using the learning algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
HSV Brightness Factor Matching for Gesture Recognition SystemCSCJournals
The main goal of gesture recognition research is to establish a system which can identify specific human gestures and use these identified gestures to be carried out by the machine, In this paper, we introduce a new method for gesture recognition that based on computing the local brightness for each block of the gesture image, the gesture image is divided into 25x25 blocks each of 5x5 block size, and we calculated the local brightness of each block, so, each gesture produces 25x25 features value, our experimental shows that more that %60 of these features are zero value which leads to minimum storage space, this brightness value is calculated from the HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color model that used for segmentation operation, the recognition rate achieved is %91 using 36 training gestures and 24 different testing gestures. This Paper focuses on the hand gesture instead of the whole body movement since hands are the most flexible part of the body and can transfer the most meaning, we build a gesture recognition system that can communicate with the machine in natural way without any mechanical devices and without using the normal input devices which are the keyboard and mouse and the mathematical equations will be the translator between the gestures and the telerobotic.
Identifying Gender from Facial Parts Using Support Vector Machine ClassifierEditor IJCATR
Gender classification can be stated as inferring female or male from a collection of facial images. There exist different
methods for gender classification, such as gait, iris, hand shape and hair, it is probably better way to find out gender based on facial
features. In this paper SVM basic kernel function has been employed firstly to detect and classify the human gender Image into
two labels i.e. (1) male and (2) female. The gender classifier achieves over 96% accuracy.
HVDLP : HORIZONTAL VERTICAL DIAGONAL LOCAL PATTERN BASED FACE RECOGNITION sipij
Face image is an efficient biometric trait to recognize human beings without expecting any co-operation from a person. In this paper, we propose HVDLP: Horizontal Vertical Diagonal Local Pattern based face recognition using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Local Binary Pattern (LBP). The face images of different sizes are converted into uniform size of 108×990and color images are converted to gray scale images in pre-processing. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is applied on pre-processed images and LL band is obtained with the size of 54×45. The Novel concept of HVDLP is introduced in the proposed method to enhance the performance. The HVDLP is applied on 9×9 sub matrix of LL band to consider HVDLP coefficients. The local Binary Pattern (LBP) is applied on HVDLP of LL band. The final features are generated by using Guided filters on HVDLP and LBP matrices. The Euclidean Distance (ED) is used to compare final features of face database and test images to compute the performance parameters.
Region based elimination of noise pixels towards optimized classifier models ...IJERA Editor
The extraction of the skin pixels in a human image and rejection of non-skin pixels is called the skin segmentation. Skin pixel detection is the process of extracting the skin pixels in a human image which is typically used as a pre-processing step to extract the face regions from human image. In past, there are several computer vision approaches and techniques have been developed for skin pixel detection. In the process of skin detection, given pixels are been transformed into an appropriate color space such as RGB, HSV etc. And then skin classifier model have been applied to label the pixel into skin or non-skin regions. Here in this research a “Region based elimination of noise pixels and performance analysis of classifier models for skin pixel detection applied on human images” would be performed which involve the process of image representation in color models, elimination of non-skin pixels in the image, and then pre-processing and cleansing of the collected data, feature selection of the human image and then building the model for classifier. In this research and implementation of skin pixels classifier models are proposed with their comparative performance analysis. The definition of the feature vector is simply the selection of skin pixels from the human image or stack of human images. The performance is evaluated by comparing and analysing skin colour segmentation algorithms. During the course of research implementation, efforts are iterative which help in selection of optimized skin classifier based on the machine learning algorithms and their performance analysis.
Data Mining Based Skin Pixel Detection Applied On Human Images: A Study PaperIJERA Editor
Skin segmentation is the process of the identifying the skin pixels in a image in a particular color model and dividing the images into skin and non-skin pixels. It is the process of find the particular skin of the image or video in a color model. Finding the regions of the images in human images to say these pixel regions are part of the image or videos is typically a preprocessing step in skin detection in computer vision, face detection or multi-view face detection. Skin pixel detection model converts the images into appropriate format in a color space and then classification process is being used for labeling of the skin and non-skin pixels. A skin classifier identifies the boundary of the skin image in a skin color model based on the training dataset. Here in this paper, we present the survey of the skin pixel segmentation using the learning algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
HSV Brightness Factor Matching for Gesture Recognition SystemCSCJournals
The main goal of gesture recognition research is to establish a system which can identify specific human gestures and use these identified gestures to be carried out by the machine, In this paper, we introduce a new method for gesture recognition that based on computing the local brightness for each block of the gesture image, the gesture image is divided into 25x25 blocks each of 5x5 block size, and we calculated the local brightness of each block, so, each gesture produces 25x25 features value, our experimental shows that more that %60 of these features are zero value which leads to minimum storage space, this brightness value is calculated from the HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color model that used for segmentation operation, the recognition rate achieved is %91 using 36 training gestures and 24 different testing gestures. This Paper focuses on the hand gesture instead of the whole body movement since hands are the most flexible part of the body and can transfer the most meaning, we build a gesture recognition system that can communicate with the machine in natural way without any mechanical devices and without using the normal input devices which are the keyboard and mouse and the mathematical equations will be the translator between the gestures and the telerobotic.
Identifying Gender from Facial Parts Using Support Vector Machine ClassifierEditor IJCATR
Gender classification can be stated as inferring female or male from a collection of facial images. There exist different
methods for gender classification, such as gait, iris, hand shape and hair, it is probably better way to find out gender based on facial
features. In this paper SVM basic kernel function has been employed firstly to detect and classify the human gender Image into
two labels i.e. (1) male and (2) female. The gender classifier achieves over 96% accuracy.
HVDLP : HORIZONTAL VERTICAL DIAGONAL LOCAL PATTERN BASED FACE RECOGNITION sipij
Face image is an efficient biometric trait to recognize human beings without expecting any co-operation from a person. In this paper, we propose HVDLP: Horizontal Vertical Diagonal Local Pattern based face recognition using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Local Binary Pattern (LBP). The face images of different sizes are converted into uniform size of 108×990and color images are converted to gray scale images in pre-processing. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is applied on pre-processed images and LL band is obtained with the size of 54×45. The Novel concept of HVDLP is introduced in the proposed method to enhance the performance. The HVDLP is applied on 9×9 sub matrix of LL band to consider HVDLP coefficients. The local Binary Pattern (LBP) is applied on HVDLP of LL band. The final features are generated by using Guided filters on HVDLP and LBP matrices. The Euclidean Distance (ED) is used to compare final features of face database and test images to compute the performance parameters.
A FACE RECOGNITION USING LINEAR-DIAGONAL BINARY GRAPH PATTERN FEATURE EXTRACT...ijfcstjournal
Face recognition is one the most interesting topic in the field in computer vision and image processing.
Face recognition is a processing system that recognizes and identifies individuals human by their faces.
Automatic face recognition is powerful way to provide, authorized access to control their system. Face
recognition has many challenging problems (like face pose, face expression variation, illumination
variation, face orientation and noise) in the field of image analysis and computer vision. This method is
work on feature extraction part of face recognition. New way to extract face feature using LD-BGP code
operator it is like LGS and LBP feature extraction operator. In our LD-BGP-code operator work in two
direction first linear then diagonal. In both direction, its create eight digits code to every pixel of image.
Means of these two directional are taken so that is cover all neighbor of center pixel. First linear direction,
only horizontal and vertical pixel are taken. Second diagonal direction only diagonal pixels taken. In
matching phase, we use Euclidean distance to match a face image. We perform the Linear and diagonal
directional operator method on face database ORL. We get accuracy 95.3 %. LD-BGP method also works
on different type image like illuminated and expression variation image.
50Combining Color Spaces for Human Skin Detection in Color Images using Skin ...idescitation
Skin detection remains a challenging task over
several decades in spite of many techniques evolved. It is the
elementary step of most of the computer vision applications
like face recognition, human computer interaction, etc. It
depends on the suitability of color space chosen, skin modeling
and classification of skin and non-skin pixels under varying
illumination conditions. This paper presents a symbolic
interpretation on the performance of the color spaces using
piecewise linear decision boundary classifier in color images
to find the winning color space (s). The whole task is divided
into three processes: analysis of color spaces individually;
analysis of the combination of two color spaces; and finally
making a comparative analysis among the results obtained by
the above two processes. For performing the fair evaluation,
the whole experiment is tested over commonly used databases.
Based on the success rate, false positive and false negative of
each color spaces, the winner(s) has been chosen among single
and the combination of color spaces.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
NEURAL NETWORK BASED SUPERVISED SELF ORGANIZING MAPS FOR FACE RECOGNITIONijsc
The word biometrics refers to the use of physiological or biological characteristics of human to recognize
and verify the identity of an individual. Face is one of the human biometrics for passive identification with
uniqueness and stability. In this manuscript we present a new face based biometric system based on neural
networks supervised self organizing maps (SOM). We name our method named SOM-F. We show that the
proposed SOM-F method improves the performance and robustness of recognition. We apply the proposed
method to a variety of datasets and show the results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel approach for performance parameter estimation of face recognition bas...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Skin Detection Based on Color Model and Low Level Features Combined with Expl...IJERA Editor
Skin detection is active research area in the field of computer vision which can be applied in the application of
face detection, eye detection, etc. These detection helps in various applications such as driver fatigue monitoring
system, surveillance system etc. In Computer vision applications, the color model and representations of the
human image in color model is one of major module to detect the skin pixels. The mainstream technology is
based on the individual pixels and selection of the pixels to detect the skin part in the whole image. In this thesis
implementation, we presents a novel technique for skin color detection incorporating with explicit region based
and parametric based approach which gives the better efficiency and performances in terms of skin detection in
human images. Color models and image quantization technique is used to extract the regions of the images and
to represent the image in a particular color model such as RGB and HSV, and then the parametric based
approach is applied by selecting the low level skin features are applied to extract the skin and non-skin pixels of
the images. In the first step, our technique uses the state-of-the-art non-parametric approach which we call the
template based technique or explicitly defined skin regions technique. Then the low level features of the human
skin are being extracted such as edge, corner detection which is also known as parametric method. The
experimental results depict the improvement in detection rate of the skin pixels by this novel approach. And in
the end we discuss the experimental results to prove the algorithmic improvements.
A Novel Mathematical Based Method for Generating Virtual Samples from a Front...CSCJournals
This paper deals with one sample face recognition which is a new challenging problem in pattern recognition. In the proposed method, the frontal 2D face image of each person divided to some sub-regions. After computing the 3D shape of each sub-region, a fusion scheme is applied on sub-regions to create a total 3D shape for whole face image. Then, 2D face image is added to the corresponding 3D shape to construct 3D face image. Finally by rotating the 3D face image, virtual samples with different views are generated. Experimental results on ORL dataset using nearest neighbor as classifier reveal an improvement about 5% in recognition rate for one sample per person by enlarging training set using generated virtual samples. Compared with other related works, the proposed method has the following advantages: 1) only one single frontal face is required for face recognition and the outputs are virtual images with variant views for each individual 2) need only 3 key points of face (eyes and nose) 3) 3D shape estimation for generating virtual samples is fully automatic and faster than other 3D reconstruction approaches 4) it is fully mathematical with no training phase and the estimated 3D model is unique for each individual.
Face Recognition System Using Local Ternary Pattern and Signed Number Multipl...inventionjournals
This paper presents a novel approach to face recognition. The task of face recognition is to verify a claimed identity by comparing a claimed image of the individual with other images belonging to the same individual/other individual in a database. The proposed method utilizes Local Ternary Pattern and signed bit multiplication to extract local features of a face. The image is divided into small non-overlapping windows. Processing is carried out on these windows to extract features. Test image’s features are compared with all the training images using Euclidean's distance. The image with lowest Euclidean distance is recognized as the true face image. If the distance between test and all training images is more than threshold then test image is considered as unrecognised image or match not found .The face recognition rate of proposed system is calculated by varying the number of images per person in training database
Novel Approach to Use HU Moments with Image Processing Techniques for Real Ti...CSCJournals
Sign language is the fundamental communication method among people who suffer from speech and hearing defects. The rest of the world doesn’t have a clear idea of sign language. “Sign Language Communicator” (SLC) is designed to solve the language barrier between the sign language users and the rest of the world. The main objective of this research is to provide a low cost affordable method of sign language interpretation. This system will also be very useful to the sign language learners as they can practice the sign language. During the research available human computer interaction techniques in posture recognition was tested and evaluated. A series of image processing techniques with Hu-moment classification was identified as the best approach. To improve the accuracy of the system, a new approach; height to width ratio filtration was implemented along with Hu-moments. System is able to recognize selected Sign Language signs with the accuracy of 84% without a controlled background with small light adjustments.
Implementation of Face Recognition in Cloud Vision Using Eigen FacesIJERA Editor
Cloud computing comes in several different forms and this article documents how service, Face is a complex multidimensional visual model and developing a computational model for face recognition is difficult. The papers discuss a methodology for face recognition based on information theory approach of coding and decoding the face image. Proposed System is connection of two stages – Feature extraction using principle component analysis and recognition using the back propagation Network. This paper also discusses our work with the design and implementation of face recognition applications using our mobile-cloudlet-cloud architecture named MOCHA and its initial performance results. The dispute lies with how to performance task partitioning from mobile devices to cloud and distribute compute load among cloud servers to minimize the response time given diverse communication latencies and server compute powers
Recognition of Facial Expressions using Local Binary Patterns of Important Fa...CSCJournals
Facial Expression Recognition is one of the exciting and challenging field; it has important applications in many areas such as data driven animation, human computer interaction and robotics. Extracting effective features from the human face is an important step for successful facial expression recognition. In this paper we have evaluated Local Binary Patterns of some important parts of human face, for person independent as well as person dependent facial expression recognition. Extensive experiments on JAFFE database are conducted. The experiment results show that person dependent method is highly accurate and outperform many existing methods.
A Review on Feature Extraction Techniques and General Approach for Face Recog...Editor IJCATR
In recent time, alongwith the advances and new inventions in science and technology, fraud people and identity thieves are
also becoming smarter by finding new ways to fool the authorization and authentication process. So, there is a strong need of efficient
face recognition process or computer systems capable of recognizing faces of authenticated persons. One way to make face recognition
efficient is by extracting features of faces. Several feature extraction techniques are available such as template based, appearancebased,
geometry based, color segmentation based, etc. This paper presents an overview of various feature extraction techniques
followed in different reasearches for face recognition in the field of digital image processing and gives an approach for using these
feature extraction techniques for efficient face recognition
A New Skin Color Based Face Detection Algorithm by Combining Three Color Mode...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Face detection is one of the most suitable applications for image processing and biometric programs. Artificial neural networks have been used in the many field like image processing, pattern recognition, sales forecasting, customer research and data validation. Face detection and recognition have become one of the most popular biometric techniques over the past few years. There is a lack of research literature that provides an overview of studies and research-related research of Artificial neural networks face detection. Therefore, this study includes a review of facial recognition studies as well systems based on various Artificial neural networks methods and algorithms.
A study of techniques for facial detection and expression classificationIJCSES Journal
Automatic recognition of facial expressions is an important component for human-machine interfaces. It
has lot of attraction in research area since 1990's.Although humans recognize face without effort or
delay, recognition by a machine is still a challenge. Some of its challenges are highly dynamic in their
orientation, lightening, scale, facial expression and occlusion. Applications are in the fields like user
authentication, person identification, video surveillance, information security, data privacy etc. The
various approaches for facial recognition are categorized into two namely holistic based facial
recognition and feature based facial recognition. Holistic based treat the image data as one entity without
isolating different region in the face where as feature based methods identify certain points on the face
such as eyes, nose and mouth etc. In this paper, facial expression recognition is analyzed with various
methods of facial detection,facial feature extraction and classification.
Face Emotion Analysis Using Gabor Features In Image Database for Crime Invest...Waqas Tariq
The face is the most extraordinary communicator, which plays an important role in interpersonal relations and Human Machine Interaction. . Facial expressions play an important role wherever humans interact with computers and human beings to communicate their emotions and intentions. Facial expressions, and other gestures, convey non-verbal communication cues in face-to-face interactions. In this paper we have developed an algorithm which is capable of identifying a person’s facial expression and categorize them as happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral. Our approach is based on local binary patterns for representing face images. In our project we use training sets for faces and non faces to train the machine in identifying the face images exactly. Facial expression classification is based on Principle Component Analysis. In our project, we have developed methods for face tracking and expression identification from the face image input. Applying the facial expression recognition algorithm, the developed software is capable of processing faces and recognizing the person’s facial expression. The system analyses the face and determines the expression by comparing the image with the training sets in the database. We have followed PCA and neural networks in analyzing and identifying the facial expressions.
Facial Expression Recognition Based on Facial Motion Patternsijeei-iaes
Facial expression is one of the most powerful and direct mediums embedded in human beings to communicate with other individuals’ feelings and abilities. In recent years, many surveys have been carried on facial expression analysis. With developments in machine vision and artificial intelligence, facial expression recognition is considered a key technique of the developments in computer interaction of mankind and is applied in the natural interaction between human and computer, machine vision and psycho- medical therapy. In this paper, we have developed a new method to recognize facial expressions based on discovering differences of facial expressions, and consequently appointed a unique pattern to each single expression.by analyzing the image by means of a neighboring window on it, this recognition system is locally estimated. The features are extracted as binary local features; and according to changes in points of windows, facial points get a directional motion per each facial expression. Using pointy motion of all facial expressions and stablishing a ranking system, we delete additional motion points that decrease and increase, respectively, the ranking size and strenghth. Classification is provided according to the nearest neighbor. In the conclusion of the paper, the results obtained from the experiments on tatal data of Cohn-Kanade demonstrate that our proposed algorithm, compared to previous methods (hierarchical algorithm combined with several features and morphological methods as well as geometrical algorithms), has a better performance and higher reliability.
A FACE RECOGNITION USING LINEAR-DIAGONAL BINARY GRAPH PATTERN FEATURE EXTRACT...ijfcstjournal
Face recognition is one the most interesting topic in the field in computer vision and image processing.
Face recognition is a processing system that recognizes and identifies individuals human by their faces.
Automatic face recognition is powerful way to provide, authorized access to control their system. Face
recognition has many challenging problems (like face pose, face expression variation, illumination
variation, face orientation and noise) in the field of image analysis and computer vision. This method is
work on feature extraction part of face recognition. New way to extract face feature using LD-BGP code
operator it is like LGS and LBP feature extraction operator. In our LD-BGP-code operator work in two
direction first linear then diagonal. In both direction, its create eight digits code to every pixel of image.
Means of these two directional are taken so that is cover all neighbor of center pixel. First linear direction,
only horizontal and vertical pixel are taken. Second diagonal direction only diagonal pixels taken. In
matching phase, we use Euclidean distance to match a face image. We perform the Linear and diagonal
directional operator method on face database ORL. We get accuracy 95.3 %. LD-BGP method also works
on different type image like illuminated and expression variation image.
50Combining Color Spaces for Human Skin Detection in Color Images using Skin ...idescitation
Skin detection remains a challenging task over
several decades in spite of many techniques evolved. It is the
elementary step of most of the computer vision applications
like face recognition, human computer interaction, etc. It
depends on the suitability of color space chosen, skin modeling
and classification of skin and non-skin pixels under varying
illumination conditions. This paper presents a symbolic
interpretation on the performance of the color spaces using
piecewise linear decision boundary classifier in color images
to find the winning color space (s). The whole task is divided
into three processes: analysis of color spaces individually;
analysis of the combination of two color spaces; and finally
making a comparative analysis among the results obtained by
the above two processes. For performing the fair evaluation,
the whole experiment is tested over commonly used databases.
Based on the success rate, false positive and false negative of
each color spaces, the winner(s) has been chosen among single
and the combination of color spaces.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
NEURAL NETWORK BASED SUPERVISED SELF ORGANIZING MAPS FOR FACE RECOGNITIONijsc
The word biometrics refers to the use of physiological or biological characteristics of human to recognize
and verify the identity of an individual. Face is one of the human biometrics for passive identification with
uniqueness and stability. In this manuscript we present a new face based biometric system based on neural
networks supervised self organizing maps (SOM). We name our method named SOM-F. We show that the
proposed SOM-F method improves the performance and robustness of recognition. We apply the proposed
method to a variety of datasets and show the results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel approach for performance parameter estimation of face recognition bas...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Skin Detection Based on Color Model and Low Level Features Combined with Expl...IJERA Editor
Skin detection is active research area in the field of computer vision which can be applied in the application of
face detection, eye detection, etc. These detection helps in various applications such as driver fatigue monitoring
system, surveillance system etc. In Computer vision applications, the color model and representations of the
human image in color model is one of major module to detect the skin pixels. The mainstream technology is
based on the individual pixels and selection of the pixels to detect the skin part in the whole image. In this thesis
implementation, we presents a novel technique for skin color detection incorporating with explicit region based
and parametric based approach which gives the better efficiency and performances in terms of skin detection in
human images. Color models and image quantization technique is used to extract the regions of the images and
to represent the image in a particular color model such as RGB and HSV, and then the parametric based
approach is applied by selecting the low level skin features are applied to extract the skin and non-skin pixels of
the images. In the first step, our technique uses the state-of-the-art non-parametric approach which we call the
template based technique or explicitly defined skin regions technique. Then the low level features of the human
skin are being extracted such as edge, corner detection which is also known as parametric method. The
experimental results depict the improvement in detection rate of the skin pixels by this novel approach. And in
the end we discuss the experimental results to prove the algorithmic improvements.
A Novel Mathematical Based Method for Generating Virtual Samples from a Front...CSCJournals
This paper deals with one sample face recognition which is a new challenging problem in pattern recognition. In the proposed method, the frontal 2D face image of each person divided to some sub-regions. After computing the 3D shape of each sub-region, a fusion scheme is applied on sub-regions to create a total 3D shape for whole face image. Then, 2D face image is added to the corresponding 3D shape to construct 3D face image. Finally by rotating the 3D face image, virtual samples with different views are generated. Experimental results on ORL dataset using nearest neighbor as classifier reveal an improvement about 5% in recognition rate for one sample per person by enlarging training set using generated virtual samples. Compared with other related works, the proposed method has the following advantages: 1) only one single frontal face is required for face recognition and the outputs are virtual images with variant views for each individual 2) need only 3 key points of face (eyes and nose) 3) 3D shape estimation for generating virtual samples is fully automatic and faster than other 3D reconstruction approaches 4) it is fully mathematical with no training phase and the estimated 3D model is unique for each individual.
Face Recognition System Using Local Ternary Pattern and Signed Number Multipl...inventionjournals
This paper presents a novel approach to face recognition. The task of face recognition is to verify a claimed identity by comparing a claimed image of the individual with other images belonging to the same individual/other individual in a database. The proposed method utilizes Local Ternary Pattern and signed bit multiplication to extract local features of a face. The image is divided into small non-overlapping windows. Processing is carried out on these windows to extract features. Test image’s features are compared with all the training images using Euclidean's distance. The image with lowest Euclidean distance is recognized as the true face image. If the distance between test and all training images is more than threshold then test image is considered as unrecognised image or match not found .The face recognition rate of proposed system is calculated by varying the number of images per person in training database
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Age Invariant Face Recognition using Convolutional Neural Network IJECEIAES
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Multi Local Feature Selection Using Genetic Algorithm For Face IdentificationCSCJournals
Face recognition is a biometric authentication method that has become more significant and relevant in recent years. It is becoming a more mature technology that has been employed in many large scale systems such as Visa Information System, surveillance access control and multimedia search engine. Generally, there are three categories of approaches for recognition, namely global facial feature, local facial feature and hybrid feature. Although the global facial-based feature approach is the most researched area, this approach is still plagued with many difficulties and drawbacks due to factors such as face orientation, illumination, and the presence of foreign objects. This paper presents an improved offline face recognition algorithm based on a multi-local feature selection approach for grayscale images. The approach taken in this work consists of five stages, namely face detection, facial feature (eyes, nose and mouth) extraction, moment generation, facial feature classification and face identification. Subsequently, these stages were applied to 3065 images from three distinct facial databases, namely ORL, Yale and AR. The experimental results obtained have shown that recognition rates of more than 89% have been achieved as compared to other global-based features and local facial-based feature approaches. The results also revealed that the technique is robust and invariant to translation, orientation, and scaling.
Fiducial Point Location Algorithm for Automatic Facial Expression Recognitionijtsrd
We present an algorithm for the automatic recognition of facial features for color images of either frontal or rotated human faces. The algorithm first identifies the sub images containing each feature, afterwards, it processes them separately to extract the characteristic fiducial points. Then Calculate the Euclidean distances between the center of gravity coordinate and the annotated fiducial points coordinates of the face image. A system that performs these operations accurately and in real time would form a big step in achieving a human like interaction between man and machine. This paper surveys the past work in solving these problems. The features are looked for in down sampled images, the fiducial points are identified in the high resolution ones. Experiments indicate that our proposed method can obtain good classification accuracy. D. Malathi | A. Mathangopi | Dr. D. Rajinigirinath ""Fiducial Point Location Algorithm for Automatic Facial Expression Recognition"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21754.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/data-miining/21754/fiducial-point-location-algorithm-for-automatic-facial-expression-recognition/d-malathi
Efficient Facial Expression and Face Recognition using Ranking MethodIJERA Editor
Expression detection is useful as a non-invasive method of lie detection and behaviour prediction. However, these facial expressions may be difficult to detect to the untrained eye. In this paper we implements facial expression recognition techniques using Ranking Method. The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying people's identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition technology has received significant attention in the past several years. Experiments are performed using standard database like surprise, sad and happiness. The universally accepted three principal emotions to be recognized are: surprise, sad and happiness along with neutral.
This paper describes for a robust face recognition system using skin segmentation technique. This paper addresses the problem of detecting faces in color images in the presence of various lighting conditions. In this paper the face is preprocessed using histogram equalization to avoid illumination problems and then is detected using skin segmentation method. The principal component analysis using neural network is used to recognize the extracted facial features.
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Local Region Pseudo-Zernike Moment- Based Feature Extraction for Facial Recog...aciijournal
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efficient facial-based identical twins feature extractor based on the geometric moment is applied into
local regions of face image. The used feature extractor is Pseudo-Zernike Moment (PZM) which is
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method, two datasets, Twins Days Festival and Iranian Twin Society, are collected where the datasets
includes scaled and rotated facial images of identical twins in different illuminations. The experimental
results demonstrates the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of identical twins in
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FACE SKETCH GENERATION USING EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING
1. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
DOI:10.5121/ijsc.2016.7401 1
FACE SKETCH GENERATION USING
EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING
N K Bansode 1
and P K Sinha 2
1
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune
ABSTRACT
In this paper, an evolutionary genetic algorithm is used to generate face sketch from the face description.
Face sketch generation without face image is extremely important for the law enforcement agencies. The
genetic algorithm is used for generating face sketch through several iterations of the algorithm. The face
image description is captured through graphical user interface just by clicking options for each face
features. Face features are used to extract face images and generate initial population for the genetic
algorithm. Genetic operators such as selection, crossover and mutation are used for next generation of the
population. The Genetic algorithm cycle is repeated until the user is satisfied with face sketch generated.
The novelty of the paper includes face sketch generation from face image description. The result shows that
evolutionary based technique for sketch generation produces the desired face sketch.
KEYWORDS
Evolutionary Computing, Genetic Algorithm, Face Sketch Generation
1. INTRODUCTION
Face plays an important role in person identification and conveys a verity of demographic
information like age, gender, and emotions. We can recognize a familiar person and remember
for several years. There are several applications of automatic face recognition such face
authentication, face movement tracking, security, and surveillance.
In Investigation, witness or victim of the crime provides the description of an attacker or any
other source of information related to crime. Witness plays a very important role to give valuable
information regarding the crime. Sometimes the attacker face image is not available in such cases,
an artist help is taken to generate face sketch from the description given by the witness.
Employing artist for face sketch generation is time consuming and tedious tasks. The cognitive
interview process is used to obtain information from a witness of the crime regarding the facial
description of the suspect.
To enable a computer to generate face sketch from the description involves an automation of
conceptual sketching. Face composite systems were developed as alternate systems to the sketch
artist. The face composite generation consists of a selection of the face features matching with
target face and assembling together in the face frame. In the past several years, face composite
systems were developed with the use of new technology for composite generation. The problem
with face composite system is that, the limited number of the face features supported for face
composite generation. The advanced face composite systems consist of large dataset of the facial
features.
The recent face composites are generated using evolutionary genetic algorithm [1]. The
evolutionary algorithm generates a variety of the faces by evolving face through several
2. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
2
generations. The user (witness) selects the best matching face in the current population and new
faces are generated through the process of face evolutions. The process stops when the generated
faces are similar to the target face.
2. RELATED WORK
Face sketch generation systems developed in the past from sketch artist to the modern intelligent
algorithm such as a genetic algorithm. The face composite systems developed using
technological support available at the time of development of the composite systems. Due to
technological advancement, a variety of the face composite systems developed over the period of
the time [2]. The study of such systems presented in the following paragraphs.
Xiaoou Tang and Xiaogang Wang [19] presented photo retrieval system using sketch drawing.
Face photo recognized using sketches. Face features such as shape and texture calculated by
eigen transformations. Hao Wang and Kangqiao Wang [6] used feature extraction and image
based face drawing. Hough transforms used for face component detection such as eyes and
intensity valley information to locate the pair of iris. Xiaoou Tang and Xiaogang Wang [20]
described face recognition system using face sketches. A database of face photo and sketches of
188 people is used for photo retrieval. The image of face photo and sketch represents the different
form of the image. Photo image represented by grayscale values and texture information, while
sketches presented only by the grayscale values. In order to match sketch with the photo, the
photo image converted into the sketch image. i.e. a database of photo image transformed into a
database of sketch images. The eigenface recognition used to recognize face sketch in the
database.
Hong Chen et al. [5,8,9] attempted to generate example based composite sketching of human
portraits. The method for drawing face composite similar to the method used by the artist used for
drawing of the picture. Fan Yang [3] presented non-parametric generation of example based
human facial sketch. The conditional distribution of pixels in sketch image used to generate
sketch. Hao Wang [7] attempted to draw a face using active shape models and parametric
morphing.
Futoshi Sugimoto et al [4] presented drawing of a facial image in users mind using psychometric
space model of the face. An image in user mind represented as psychological space model and
image sketch considered into the different model of drawing. The genetic algorithm used to
search image. Fuzzy reasoning is used to calculate the fitness of images generated by the genetic
algorithm [15]. The process is repeated until the user gets satisfied or maximum number of
generations are completed. Junji Nishino and Tomonori Kameyama [10] explained the process of
caricature drawing using linguistic variables for the face features. Mayada F and Abdul Halim et
al [11] described a system for facial composite generation using the genetic algorithm. The
system consists of two step process. In step one, a database of facial part is created. In the second
step, the genetic algorithm is used for reconstructing the facial composite image likeness to the
facial composite image in mind of the witness. The recognition based strategy used to recognize
the image rather than to recall the image. Additional tools for painting, smoothing, and
sharpening used to enhance quality of the facial image.
Masashi Yamada et al [12] used the genetic algorithm to draw a logo. The picture of logo consists
of one string and two images. Stuart Gibson et al [16] presented a facial composite system using
an evolutionary algorithm. Global and local model for face features used for drawing face
composite. Shape and texture for training images are derived and treated as the appearance model
for the face. A witness is presented with virtual faces and allowed to determine likeness and
ranking of each face by comparing with the target face. Three variants of evolutionary algorithm
3. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
3
used and their performance measured using the virtual witness. Pong C, Yuen and C H Man [13]
performed an experiment for human face searching using the face sketch images.
The literature survey for face composite generation indicates that several face composite systems
were developed and the performance of these face composite systems was low. In this paper,
we have implemented new approach for face sketch generation algorithm to generate face sketch
from face image description.
3. METHODOLOGY
The face sketch is generated using the process of the evolution. The genetic algorithm evolves the
faces through several generations. The genetic algorithm is a search and optimization technique
based on Darwin’s principal of the “survival of the fittest”. Face sketch generation system based
on the genetic algorithm is an advanced process of the sketch generation which evolves the face
using genetic operators. The Genetic algorithm is described in the following sections.
3.1 Genetic Algorithm
Genetic Algorithms are an evolutionary procedure that finds the solution to problems using the
mechanics of natural selection. Genetic algorithms are used in the problem where the finding
solution is difficult, but due to the probabilistic nature these algorithms gives optimal solutions. In
the cycle of the genetic algorithm as shown in figure 1, it starts with an initial set of random
solutions called population. Each individual in the population is called as chromosome,
representing the solution to the problem to solve. During each generation, the chromosomes are
evaluated using some measure of fitness [21]. This fitness of individual solution string is used to
create the next generation, a new chromosome are formed by three essential operations: selection,
crossover, mutation. The process of the genetic algorithm cycle is shown in Figure 1.
3.2 Genetic Operators
Selection is a process in which individual strings are copied according to their objective (fitness)
function values. Copying strings according to their fitness value uses means that strings with a
higher fitness value will have a higher probability contributing one or more offspring in the next
generation. The crossover is a process of merging two chromosomes from current generation to
from two similar offspring’s. The mutation is a process of modifying a chromosome and
occasionally one or more bits of a string are altered while the process is being performed. The
flowchart of the genetic algorithm is shown in Figure 2
Figure 1: Genetic Algorithm Cycle
4. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
4
Figure 2 : Genetic Algorithm flowchart
Table 1: Face features description parameters
Sr. No. Features
1 Gender Male Female
2 Age Group Child Young Old
3 Face Shape Ellipse Circle Oval, Square, Triangle
4 Left Eye brow Small Normal Large
5 Right Eyebrow Small Normal Large
6 Left Eye Thin Medium Large
7 Right Eye Small Normal Large
8 Nose Small Normal Large
9 Mouth Thin Medium Large
5. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
5
Figure 3 : Graphical user interface for face description
3.3 Face Sketch Generation Algorithm
The face sketch is generated using evolutionary genetic algorithm based on the facial feature
description provided by the user. Table 1 shows the face features description and the possible
parameter values. The graphical user interface is designed as shown in Figure 3 for capturing the
facial parameters. The facial description entered through the GUI is used to extract faces which
are resemble to the feature descriptions. The faces collected from the description used as initial
population for the genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm works on these faces is given below:
Genetic algorithm for Sketch Generation
// This algorithm generates the face composite from the face image
// Input : Face Image
// Output : Face Sketch
// Input parameters: Population Size, Crossover Rate, Mutation Rate, Max. Number of
Generations
Procedure
1. Begin
2. Start Generation (t <0)
3. Initialize Face Population (t)
4. While (Not Termination Condition)
5. begin
6. t <- t+1 // Generation= Generation +1
7. Select p(t) from p(t-1) // Select the parent faces from the population
8. Crossover p (t) // Crossover the face to produce new faces
6. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
6
9. Mutate p (t) // Modify the face (genotype)
10. Evaluate p (t) // Find the fitness with face with the target face
11. end // End of Generation
12. End // End of Maximum Number of Generations
13. End // End Begin
Figure 4 : Face Skecth Generation (Initial Young Population)
Figure 5: Face sketch Generation (Initial Old Populations)
7. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
7
4. RESULTS
The face sketch generation from the face features description is performed based on the
evolutionary genetic algorithm. This system developed for automatic face sketch generation
similar to the sketch artists. Face sketch generation for two types of population such as young
and old population is implemented as shown in Figure 4 for young population and Figure 5 for
old population. The genetic algorithm parameters such as population size, crossover rate and
mutation rate are specified for each type of the population. The population after the 20
generations are converged and shown in Figure 6 for young population. The mean square error is
measured for every generation and shown in Table 2 and 3. The two face datasets used for sketch
generations [22, 23]. Figure 7 and 8 shows graph for the mean square error in each generation.
The average mean square error is reduced in each generation.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Figure 6: Population after 20 generations
Table 2: Final Population after 20 Generation (Young Population)
8. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
8
Figure 7: Graph of MSE (Young Population)
Table 3: Final Population after 20 Generation (Old Population)
9. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.7, No. 4, November 2016
9
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Face 1
Face 2
Face 3
Face 4
Face 5
Face 6
Face 7
Face 8
Face 9
Figure 8: Graph of MSE (Old Population)
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have performed the experiment for face sketch generation based on evolutionary
genetic algorithm. The face is described using facial feature description such as gender, age and
shape. The face other features such as size of left eye, right eye, left eyebrow, right eye brow,
nose and mouth are captured through the graphical user interface as shown in Figure 3. The face
sketch generation using face description based on genetic algorithm is novelty concept
implemented in paper. Genetic algorithm works on the population of face and evolves through
several generations. In each generation, the faces with higher fitness value retained and the faces
with the lower fitness value are removed. Thus, genetic algorithm iterates through the several
generation until the desired face is generated.
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[22] http://mmlab.ie.cuhk.edu.hk/archive/facesketch.html
[23] http://www.vision.caltech.edu/html-files/archive.htm
Authors
N K Bansode currently doing research in computer science in university of Pune. He has published a
number of papers in the different international conferences and journals
P K Sinha is a researcher, scientist, inventor, IEEE Fellow and the internationally acclaimed author of
computer textbooks, with more than twenty-five years of professional experience.