This paper shows that nickel nanowires of length 11μm and diameters 800 and 15nm were grown within
the pores of nuclear track polycarbonate membrane by electrodepositing nickel. Surface morphology and
crystallographic structure of the deposited nanowires was investigated using SEM, TEM and XRD
respectively. It is found that low current density gives good result, while high current density leads to the
formation of curled nanowires. Fabricated nanowires were further investigated for electrical properties
and found that nanowires obey ohm’s law. Through structural characterization it has been observed that
the fabricated nanowires posses FCC lattice structure.
The development of desalination technology become a necessary due to the intense shortage of fresh water, especially in the gulf.
In the last six decades, the number of desalination units have increased dramatically.
Different techniques have been used for water desalination systems such as:
Capacitive deionization (CDI)
Multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Electrodialysis
Nuclear power
Fabrication of semiconductor materials by using electrospinningBecker Budwan
Semiconductor (s/c) is a materials conducts electricity more than an insulators but less than a pure conductors.
Semiconductors are usually very small and complex devices, and can be found in thousands of products such as computers, cell phones and medical equipment.
The development of desalination technology become a necessary due to the intense shortage of fresh water, especially in the gulf.
In the last six decades, the number of desalination units have increased dramatically.
Different techniques have been used for water desalination systems such as:
Capacitive deionization (CDI)
Multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Electrodialysis
Nuclear power
Fabrication of semiconductor materials by using electrospinningBecker Budwan
Semiconductor (s/c) is a materials conducts electricity more than an insulators but less than a pure conductors.
Semiconductors are usually very small and complex devices, and can be found in thousands of products such as computers, cell phones and medical equipment.
Electrospinning for nanofibre production Akila Asokan
This presentation provides u some knowledge about the nanofibre (advantage ,disadvantage and applications) and also the method of production of those fibres using a novel technique called electospinning .And also some charecterisation techniques are exained here .then some factors that governs the fibre shape and size also discussed here .
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Incorporated with Tio2 -ZnO NanoparticlesScientific Review SR
We demonstrated an improvement in efficiency of Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) decorated with
zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). A series of
ZnO with different SILAR cycles were synthesized on TiO
2 that has been pre-grown on fluorine tin oxide (FTO)
glass slides. The performance of DSSCs containing ZnO NPs was significantly affected. The photovoltaic (PV)
performance decreased with increasing number of SILAR cycles from two SILAR cycles to four SILAR cycles,
the best performance was achieved using the anodes prepared with two SILAR cycles. The best cell shows a
conversion efficiency (η) of 0.0064 %. The cell exhibits ~ 2.13 improvement over the performance (0.0030 %) of
bare FTO-based device. The related PV performance enhancement mechanism is discussed
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRESijoejournal
Copper nanowires were prepared through electrochemical template synthesis using Nucleopore polycarbonate membranes having nominal pore sizes of 800nm and 15nm diameter. The 800nm and 15nm nanowires thus grown were viewed under SEM and TEM respectively, while their FCC crystallographic structure was confirmed through X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction peaks indicated strong texturing for (200). The texturing was found to reduce significantly upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Electrospinning for nanofibre production Akila Asokan
This presentation provides u some knowledge about the nanofibre (advantage ,disadvantage and applications) and also the method of production of those fibres using a novel technique called electospinning .And also some charecterisation techniques are exained here .then some factors that governs the fibre shape and size also discussed here .
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Incorporated with Tio2 -ZnO NanoparticlesScientific Review SR
We demonstrated an improvement in efficiency of Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) decorated with
zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). A series of
ZnO with different SILAR cycles were synthesized on TiO
2 that has been pre-grown on fluorine tin oxide (FTO)
glass slides. The performance of DSSCs containing ZnO NPs was significantly affected. The photovoltaic (PV)
performance decreased with increasing number of SILAR cycles from two SILAR cycles to four SILAR cycles,
the best performance was achieved using the anodes prepared with two SILAR cycles. The best cell shows a
conversion efficiency (η) of 0.0064 %. The cell exhibits ~ 2.13 improvement over the performance (0.0030 %) of
bare FTO-based device. The related PV performance enhancement mechanism is discussed
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRESijoejournal
Copper nanowires were prepared through electrochemical template synthesis using Nucleopore polycarbonate membranes having nominal pore sizes of 800nm and 15nm diameter. The 800nm and 15nm nanowires thus grown were viewed under SEM and TEM respectively, while their FCC crystallographic structure was confirmed through X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction peaks indicated strong texturing for (200). The texturing was found to reduce significantly upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Potentiostatic Deposition of ZnO Nanowires: Effect of Applied Potential and Z...IJRES Journal
In this work we report on potentiostatic deposition of Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) covered glass substrates from electroreduction of molecular oxygen. The influence of applied deposition potential, and the concentrations of zinc precursor (ZnCl2) on the properties of ZnO nanowires was investigated.SEM results revealed that ZnO nanowires electrodeposited at applied potential -0.85Vhave high density and good alignment. The diameters and densities of the electrodeposited ZnO nanowires are strongly dependent on the zinc ion concentrations and well aligned nanowires with uniform diameter can be obtained when the concentration of zinc ions is between 0.5 mM and 1 mM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Microstructural, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of La0.9Pb0.1M...Scientific Review SR
The present work studies the microstructural and electrical properties of La0.9Pb0.1MnO3 and La0.8Y0.1Pb0.1MnO3 ceramics synthesized by solid-state route method. Microstructure and elemental analysis of both samples were carried out by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) method, respectively. Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated formation of single phase distorted structure. The XRD data were further analyzed by Rietveld refinement technique. Raman analysis reveals that Y atom substitutes La site into the LPMO with shifting of phonon modes. The temperature variation of resistivity of undoped and Y-doped La0.9Pb0.1MnO3 samples have been investigated. The electrical resistivity as a function of temperature showed that all samples undergo an metal-insulator (M-I) transition having a peak at transition temperature TMI. Y-doping increases the resistivity and the metal-insulator transition temperature (TMI) shifts to lower temperature. The temperature-dependent resistivity for temperatures less than metal-insulator transition is explained in terms the quadratic temperature dependence and for T > TMI, thermally activated conduction (TAC) is appropriate. Variation of frequency dispersion in permittivity and loss pattern due to La-site substitution in LPMO was observed in the dielectric response curve.
Ultraconductive copper wire - Overview of worldwide research and development ...mcburwell
Ultraconductive copper is an early-stage technology promising >200% of the room-temperature electrical conductivity of pure copper. The material is a composite of <1%>99% pure copper
This work studied the effect of applying pulse current
(ton=off=1s) on the electrodeposition of silver nanoparticles on
carbon sphere surface as a substrate. The electrolyte is made of 0.1
M KNO3, 0.1 M KCN and 0.01M AgNO3. The pH value has been
adjusted in the alkaline region of 9.1 with the help of K(NO3)
addition. Experiments were carried out at room temperature for
periods up to 12 minutes. The cell is fitted with a mechanical stirrer
to keep the electrolyte in a dynamic state. Product(s) was
characterized with the help of SEM and EDX and field emission.
Results obtained show that silver nanoparticles has successfully
electrodeposited under pulse current conditions with a particle size
of 100–400 nm after 2 minutes. Deposition takes place on certain
accessible sites of the carbon surface of the substrate forming a
monolayer of scattered silver nanoparticles. Formation of macro
particles with larger diameter and multilayer in thickness takes
place with continuous deposition of silver nanoparticles on the
formerly deposited silver. Pulse current helps management of the
monolayer deposition as compared to the steady DC application
with respect to particle diameter and number of layers.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Fabrication and characterization of nickel
1. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL
NANOWIRES
Raminder Kaur
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
ABSTRACT
This paper shows that nickel nanowires of length 11μm and diameters 800 and 15nm were grown within
the pores of nuclear track polycarbonate membrane by electrodepositing nickel. Surface morphology and
crystallographic structure of the deposited nanowires was investigated using SEM, TEM and XRD
respectively. It is found that low current density gives good result, while high current density leads to the
formation of curled nanowires. Fabricated nanowires were further investigated for electrical properties
and found that nanowires obey ohm’s law. Through structural characterization it has been observed that
the fabricated nanowires posses FCC lattice structure.
KEYWORDS
Nanowires, nuclear track membrane, electrodeposition
1. INTRODUCTION
Nanowires are one of the most interesting nanostructures with potential application in the field
of sensors and renewable energy devices. Out of the various fabrication techniques, such as self-assembly
[1], sputtering or evaporation, template-based synthesis is the most suitable one for
fabricating metallic nanowires. Template synthesis [2] is relatively inexpensive and simple
technique, through which the nanowires can be formed in a uniform and parallel porous
structure. In template synthesis process, size and shape of the nanowires remain confined to the
pores of template. A versatile approach that has been used by a number of groups for fabricating
freestanding metal, semiconductors and polymers nanowires through electrodeposition into
nanoporous membrane template was given by Possin [3] and C. R. Martin [1]. A technique
suitable for fabricating structure with high aspect ratios and small lateral dimensions involves a
combination of heavy ion irradiation and chemical etching of some dielectric materials [4].
Conditions related to electrolyte composition and electroplating parameters, such as current
density, electrolyte temperature etc. markedly affect the properties and structure of Ni nanowires
[5]. Metal nanowires are of great interest due to their electrical [6,7], optical [8,9] and magnetic
[10] properties.
2. FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
In the present work, the technique of template synthesis has been employed for fabricating high
aspect-ratio nanowires of nickel into the pores of nuclepore polycarbonate membranes having
nominal pore size of 800 and 15nm, with a pore density of 108 cm–2 and 11 μm thicknesses.
Two-electrode electrochemical cell has been used for depositing nickel into the pores of the
template. Similar cell design has been used previously for fabricating copper nanowires [11].
DOI: 10.5121/ijoe.2014.3401 1
2. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
Nickel plating is similar to other electroplating processes that employ soluble metal anodes. It
requires the passage of direct current between two electrodes that are immersed in a conductive,
aqueous solution of nickel salt. The flow of direct current causes one of the electrodes (the
anode) to dissolve and the other electrode (cathode) to get covered with a layer of elemental
nickel. For deposition of nickel nanowires, the cell was filled with freshly prepared and filtered
electrolyte, comprising of 60 g/l of NiSO4.6H2O along with 30 g/l of H3BO3 (Boric Acid)
dissolved in double distilled, de-ionized water at room temperature (35°C). Nickel sulfate is
available in commercially pure form and is relatively inexpensive. Boric acid is used for
buffering purposes.
The electrodeposition was performed potentiostatically at a low current density of 6 mA/cm2
which has been found to yield good results (refer Figure 1). Whenever very dense and closely
packed nano/microstructures are deposited using polycarbonate membrane, the structures are
forced to grow in an upward ensemble, i.e. in a direction normal to the substrate surface. It is
generally believed that the nanowires in such a scenario are held together by Van der Waals
interaction and that it is so closely packed that the only possible growth direction is upwards.
This phenomenon is very well depicted by the nanowires shown in Figure 1In case the
electrochemical deposition is carried out even after complete filling of the pores, hemispherical
caps begin to appear over the tops of the wires, as is shown with an arrow-mark in Figure 1
Eventually, these caps will coalesce to form bulk material, if deposition is continued further. The
diameter of the Ni nanoowires corresponds well with the pore diameter of the used
polycarbonate membrane.
In another deposition setup, where relatively high current density of 30mA/cm2 was used, the
resulting nanowires, subsequent to the deposition of template membrane were found to be
curled, as can be seen from the micrographs given in Figure 3. As all other parameters were kept
same, the high current density is believed to be the cause of deviation from straight geometry.
Figure 2 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the deposited nickel nanowires. In all the X-ray
diffraction patterns, five peaks have been observed in the span ranging from 40° to 80°. Lattice
planes corresponding to these peaks have been identified by applying extinction rules, these
peaks and associated d-values have been found to correspond to the nickel hkl planes (111),
(200), (220), (311) and (222) thus confirming FCC structure of the nanowires formed.
2
3. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
3
Figure 1. SEM image showing nickel nanowires grown in membrane having pore diameter of
800nm
Figure 2. X-Ray diffractogram of nickel nanowires deposited at 40ºC in membrane having pore
diameter of 800nm.
The transmission electron micrograph of 15nm diameter, high aspect ratio nickel nanowires is
shown in Figure 4. The wires have a tendency to form clusters in the ethanol solution, which are
hard to disintegrate through ultrasonic agitation. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED)
pattern for these nickel nanowires is given in Figure 5. The lattice structure is found to be FCC
with lattice parameter of 3.5 angstroms, as computed in Table 1. The planes thus identified have
been marked on corresponding diffraction rings in Figure 5.
4. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
4
Figure 3. SEM showing curled nanowires
5. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
5
Figure 4. TEM image showing nickel nanowires grown in membrane having pore
diameter of 15nm
Figure 5. Selected area electron diffraction pattern obtained for nickel nanowires
grown in membrane having pore diameter of 15nm
The electrical characteristics of the deposited nanowires were studied using Keithley 617
programmable voltage source and electrometer. Figure 6 and Figure 7 represent the voltage-current
(V/I) characteristics of 800 and 15nm nickel nanowires embedded in the polycarbonate
membrane. The linear V/I graphs show that the nanowires obey ohm’s law.
6. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
6
Table 1. Determination of lattice structure of nickel from SAED Pattern
q (rad) sin2 q Ratios
Lattice
planes
Lattice
Parameter
0.006218311
0.000038667
3.000
(111)
3.50 Å
0.007241253
0.000052435
4.068 ~ 4
(200)
0.010172063
0.000103467
8.027 ~ 8
(220)
0.011953454
0.000142878
11.085 ~ 11
(311)
0.012484991
0.000155867
12.017 ~ 12
(222)
Figure 6. The V/I characteristics of nickel nanowires grown in membrane having pore diameter of
800nm.
7. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
7
Figure 7. The V/I characteristics of nickel nanowires grown in membrane having pore diameter of
15nm.
3. CONCLUSIONS
Template synthesis has become a powerful and very simple technique for fabrication of
nanowires of high aspect ratio. With this technique, it is possible to grow nanowires with defined
diameter and length depending on the applied current and time. It is observed that low current
density yields the most favorable results and from the SEM images shows that about 90% to
95% of the pores were filled. The transmission electron micrograph shows high aspect ratio
nickel nanowires. XRD and SAED diffraction studies reveal that the fabricated nanowires have
an FCC crystal lattice similar to pure nickel in bulk form. The current-voltage characteristics
show that the fabricated metallic wires obey ohm’s law.
REFERENCES
1. C.R. Martin, 1994 “Nanomaterials: A membrane- Based synthesis approach”, Science, Vol. 266,
pp1961.
2. C.A.J. Foss, G.L. Hornyak, J.A. Stockert, C.R. Martin, 1994 “Template-Synthesized Nanoscopic
Gold Particles: Optical Spectra and the Effects of Particle Size and Shape”, J.Phys. Chem, Vol. 98,
pp 2963.
3. G.E. Possin, 1970 “A method for forming very small diameter wires”, Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 41,
pp772.
4. R. Spohr, 1990 “Ion tracks and microtechnology”. Vieweg Verlagsgesellschaft, Braunschweig.
5. G. A DiBari, 1994 “Nickel Plating”. ASM, Material Handbook Vol. 5.
6. C. Durkan and M.E.Welland, 2000 “Size effects in the electrical resistivity of polycrstalline
nanowire”, Phys. Rev. , Vol. B 61, pp14215-8.
7. V. Rodrigues and D. Ugarte, 2002“ Metal nanowires: atomic arrangement and electrical transport
properties”, Nanotechnology, Vol. 13, pp404-8.
8. J.C. Weeber, J.R. Krenn, A. Dereux, B. Lamprecht, Y. Lacroute and J.P. Goudonnet, 2001 “ Near-field
observation of surface plasmon polariton propagation on thin metal stripes”, Phys. Rev., Vol.
B64, pp045411.
8. International Journal on Organic Electronics (IJOE) Vol.3, No.1/2/3/4, October 2014
9. G. Schider, J.R. Krenn, W. Gotschy, B. Lamprecht, H. Ditlbacher, a. Leitner and F.R. Aussenegg,
8
2001“ Optical properties of Ag and Au nanowires gratings ”, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 90, pp 3825-30.
10. D. J. Sellmyer, M. Zheng and R. Skomski,2001“Magnetism of Fe, Co and Ni nanowires in self-assembled
arrays”, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, Vol.13, pp R433-60.
11. R. Kaur, N. K Vema, S.K Chakarvarti, S. Kumar, 2006 “Fabrication of copper microcylinders in
polycarbonate membranes and their characterization” J Mater Sci., pp 41:3723.
Author
Dr. Raminder Kaur is presently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Basic
and Applied Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India. She has been pursuing
research on fabrication, characterization and application of nanomaterials since 2003.