This document discusses a study on the effect of glass powder on the strength of concrete subjected to sulphate attack. Various percentages of cement were replaced with glass powder from 5% to 40% in increments of 5%. Specimens were tested for compressive strength after 7, 28, and 90 days of immersion in a 5% magnesium sulphate solution. The results showed that replacing 20% of cement with glass powder achieved higher strength in concrete subjected to sulphate attack compared to the other replacement percentages tested.
Study of Properties of Concrete when its Fine Aggregate is replaced by Glass ...ijsrd.com
Use of waste material in concrete achieves a new height in the present construction world. In concrete all their ingredients are partially or fully replaced by many waste materials like Cement is replaced by Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Wheat Straw Ash, etc., Fine aggregate is replaced by Saw Dust Ash, Quarry Fines, and Glass Powder etc. And coarse aggregate is replaced by cockle shell, tire rubber, recycle aggregate etc. In this paper study of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Workability and water absorption of concrete is done when its fine aggregate is replaced by Glass Powder. 150 * 150 * 150 mm cube and 150 * 300 mm cylinders are cased of M 25 grade of concrete.
Partial replacement of cement in concrete using waste glass powder and m sand...eSAT Journals
Abstract: The traditional Taguchi method is widely used for optimizing the process parameters of a single response problem. Optimization of a single response results the non-optimum values for remaining. But, the performance of a machining process is often evaluated by several quality responses. Under such circumstances, multi-characteristics response optimization may be the solution to optimize multi-responses simultaneously. In the present work, a multi-characteristics response optimization model based on Taguchi and Utility concept is used to optimize process parameters, such as magnetic flux, rotational speed of CFG rod, shape of CFG rod, number of cycles, abrasive-to-iron ratio and abrasive particle size on multiple performance characteristics, namely, surface roughness (Ra) and material removal (MR) during polishing of hollow cylindrical brass work-pieces with Centrifugal-Magnetic Force Assisted Abrasive Flow Machining (CMA2FM) Process. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array (OA) is selected for experimental planning. The ANOVA and F-tests are used to analyze the results. It is found that all the input parameters significantly improve the Utility function comprising of two quality characteristics (MR and %ΔRa). Further, the confirmation tests are conducted and the results are found to be within the confidence interval.
Keywords: Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Centrifugal Force, Magnetic Force, CFG Rod, CMA2FM, Utility Concept,TaguchiMethod,MultiResponseOptimization
Experimental study on Use of Waste Glass as admixture in ConcreteIJSRD
Glass is utilized as a part of numerous structures in everyday life. It has restricted life and after use it is either stock heaped or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills don't give a situation well-disposed arrangement. Thus, there is solid need to use waste glasses. Many efforts has already been made in concrete engineering as a partial replacement of cement or fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. In this experiment we use waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement and a comparative study has been made with other admixture such as fly ash and silica fume. A series of test were conducted with partial replacement of glass by 15% and 30% to weight of cement where as we have used only 15% of partial replacement in case of fly ash and silica fume just to compare the results with glass at 15% and 30%. The present study demonstrates that waste glass, if ground finer than 100µm demonstrates a pozzolanic conduct. It responds with lime at early time phase of hydration forming extra CSH gel along these lines shaping denser bond matrix. The early utilization of alkalis by glass particles moderate alkali silica reaction consequently expands durability of cement.
Study of Properties of Concrete when its Fine Aggregate is replaced by Glass ...ijsrd.com
Use of waste material in concrete achieves a new height in the present construction world. In concrete all their ingredients are partially or fully replaced by many waste materials like Cement is replaced by Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Wheat Straw Ash, etc., Fine aggregate is replaced by Saw Dust Ash, Quarry Fines, and Glass Powder etc. And coarse aggregate is replaced by cockle shell, tire rubber, recycle aggregate etc. In this paper study of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Workability and water absorption of concrete is done when its fine aggregate is replaced by Glass Powder. 150 * 150 * 150 mm cube and 150 * 300 mm cylinders are cased of M 25 grade of concrete.
Partial replacement of cement in concrete using waste glass powder and m sand...eSAT Journals
Abstract: The traditional Taguchi method is widely used for optimizing the process parameters of a single response problem. Optimization of a single response results the non-optimum values for remaining. But, the performance of a machining process is often evaluated by several quality responses. Under such circumstances, multi-characteristics response optimization may be the solution to optimize multi-responses simultaneously. In the present work, a multi-characteristics response optimization model based on Taguchi and Utility concept is used to optimize process parameters, such as magnetic flux, rotational speed of CFG rod, shape of CFG rod, number of cycles, abrasive-to-iron ratio and abrasive particle size on multiple performance characteristics, namely, surface roughness (Ra) and material removal (MR) during polishing of hollow cylindrical brass work-pieces with Centrifugal-Magnetic Force Assisted Abrasive Flow Machining (CMA2FM) Process. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array (OA) is selected for experimental planning. The ANOVA and F-tests are used to analyze the results. It is found that all the input parameters significantly improve the Utility function comprising of two quality characteristics (MR and %ΔRa). Further, the confirmation tests are conducted and the results are found to be within the confidence interval.
Keywords: Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Centrifugal Force, Magnetic Force, CFG Rod, CMA2FM, Utility Concept,TaguchiMethod,MultiResponseOptimization
Experimental study on Use of Waste Glass as admixture in ConcreteIJSRD
Glass is utilized as a part of numerous structures in everyday life. It has restricted life and after use it is either stock heaped or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills don't give a situation well-disposed arrangement. Thus, there is solid need to use waste glasses. Many efforts has already been made in concrete engineering as a partial replacement of cement or fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. In this experiment we use waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement and a comparative study has been made with other admixture such as fly ash and silica fume. A series of test were conducted with partial replacement of glass by 15% and 30% to weight of cement where as we have used only 15% of partial replacement in case of fly ash and silica fume just to compare the results with glass at 15% and 30%. The present study demonstrates that waste glass, if ground finer than 100µm demonstrates a pozzolanic conduct. It responds with lime at early time phase of hydration forming extra CSH gel along these lines shaping denser bond matrix. The early utilization of alkalis by glass particles moderate alkali silica reaction consequently expands durability of cement.
Experimental Investigation on the Concrete as a Partial Replacement of Fine a...IJSRD
This project work involves in an experimental study on the concrete by using stone dust and brick dust on the mechanical properties of the concrete. In this experimental study two types admixtures are used in preparation of concrete mix. Stone dust and brick dust are added from 0% to 25% by weight of fine aggregate with increment of 5%. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the admixture concrete in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural strength properties. As the stone dust and brick dust content increases in cement concrete, the compressive and split tensile values are proportionally increasing. It is observed that at 20% of stone dust and brick dust is the optimum dosages for concrete mixture.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
Reusing of glass powder and industrial waste materials in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract A huge amount of concrete is consumed in the construction work. A good quality concrete is mixing of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures as needed to obtain an optimum quality and economy. In this study investigation were carried out on compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of M-40 grade of concrete mixes with 20% constant replacement of waste glass powder in cement and partial replacement of waste foundry sand in fine aggregate. From the test results, strength are achieved very less on 7th and 14th das but it increases on the 28thday. High strength values found at 40% replacement level in strength parameters. Keywords: waste glass powder, waste foundry sand, eco-friendly, concrete mix.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
Experimental Investigation on the Concrete as a Partial Replacement of Fine a...IJSRD
This project work involves in an experimental study on the concrete by using stone dust and brick dust on the mechanical properties of the concrete. In this experimental study two types admixtures are used in preparation of concrete mix. Stone dust and brick dust are added from 0% to 25% by weight of fine aggregate with increment of 5%. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the admixture concrete in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural strength properties. As the stone dust and brick dust content increases in cement concrete, the compressive and split tensile values are proportionally increasing. It is observed that at 20% of stone dust and brick dust is the optimum dosages for concrete mixture.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
Reusing of glass powder and industrial waste materials in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract A huge amount of concrete is consumed in the construction work. A good quality concrete is mixing of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures as needed to obtain an optimum quality and economy. In this study investigation were carried out on compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of M-40 grade of concrete mixes with 20% constant replacement of waste glass powder in cement and partial replacement of waste foundry sand in fine aggregate. From the test results, strength are achieved very less on 7th and 14th das but it increases on the 28thday. High strength values found at 40% replacement level in strength parameters. Keywords: waste glass powder, waste foundry sand, eco-friendly, concrete mix.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
Experiment and Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Parti...ijtsrd
In this examination the correlation silica fume, and copper slag concrete quality utilizing destructive test equipment have been completed. In this investigation three sorts of squanders materials silica fume and copper slag and ordinary aggregate were utilized for preparing beam specimens. There are M30 grade of blended extent are used. Squander materials are used in concrete with the substitution bond of 10 , 20 and 30 . These beams are tried on 28 days. The flexural quality are determined with the help of destructive test equipments. Racit Rawat | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari "Experiment & Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Partial Replacement of Cement by Silica Fume & Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47962.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47962/experiment-and-analysis-on-the-impact-of-flexural-strength-on-beam-with-partial-replacement-of-cement-by-silica-fume-and-copper-slag/racit-rawat
In persuit of alternative ingredients to cement concrete constructioneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to rapid demand and growth in infrastructure, the natural resources are fast depleting. The production of cement and aggregates consume energy which are responsible for increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. On the other hand huge amount of wastes are generated in various fields which are not being utilized other than for landfilling, incineration and a very few reused having a recycle value. Some wastes are biodegradable while others are toxic or harmful to environment. Hence there appears to be an urgent need to search for alternative materials, which can replace existing ingredients partially or fully, thereby reducing energy consumption and reduced CO2 emission. This paper discusses some options which appear to be promising in this direction. Index Terms: Eco-Friendly Concrete, Sustainability, Substitutes for Binders, Substitutes for Aggregates
Partially Replacement of Clay by S.T.P. Sludge in Brick ManufacturingAM Publications
In many countries, sludge is a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and the risks to environment and human health. The sludge presents increasingly difficult problem to cities of all sizes because of the scarcity of suitable disposal sites, increasing labour costs, and environmental concerns. The study investigated the use of water treatment sludge incorporated with clay. In this study bricks were produced with sewage sludge additions ranging from 20, 25, 30 and 40% by dry weight respectively and compare produce brick with regular brick. Bricks with a sludge content of up to 40 % were capable of meeting the relevant technical standards. However, if bricks with more than 30 % sludge addition are not recommended for use because they are brittle in nature and easily broken even when handled gently as well as colour is not as per the requirement. Also from this investigation me can solve disposal problem completely and also construct and economical structure with easy designing.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
2. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN 2228-9428(Print)
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therefore do not have significant environmental and social impact could result in serious
impact after disposal. Table no. 1 gives the chemical composition of the cementing
materials. The particle size distribution of the glass powder and cement are shown in
figure 1.
Irrespective of the nature of their products, almost all industries produce waste.
Effective disposal of wastes therefore is a challenging task. In olden days, solid wastes
were used as landfills in low-lying areas. Waste disposal in landfill sites however are
unsustainable in the end. Industrial wastes like fly ash, silica fume, blast furnace slag etc.
and other wastes of plastics, glass, tiles and agriculture are causing environmental
pollution. Recycling of wastes is therefore emerging as an important component of
technology for contributing towards sustainability
Wastes are produced by the industries irrespective of the nature of their products.
Disposal of wastes is a challenging task for industries. Industrial wastes like fly ash, silica
fume, blast furnace slag and other wastes like plastics, glass and agricultural wastes are
causing environmental pollution. The concrete industry to some extent is making use of
these industrial wastes in the production of concrete. Generally, wastes like fly ash, silica
fume and blast furnace slag in concrete act as pozzolana and replace a part of cement.
Pozzolanic reaction adds to the strength of concrete and also results in saving of cement.
Waste glass when ground to a very fine powder shows pozzolanic properties as it
contains high SiO2 and therefore to some extent can replace cement in concrete and
contribute in strength development.
Glass is an amorphous solid that has been around in various forms for thousands
of years and has been manufactured for human use since 12,000 BCE. The status of glass
as a liquid, versus a solid, has been hotly debated. The short story is that glass is a super
cooled liquid, meaning that it is rigid and static but does not change molecularly between
melting and solidification into a desired shape. Glass is one the most versatile substances
on Earth, used in many applications and in a wide variety of forms, from plain clears
glass to tempered and tinted varieties, and so forth. Glass occurs naturally when rocks
high in silicates melt at high temperatures and cool before they can form a crystalline
structure. Obsidian or volcanic glass is a well-known example of naturally occurring
glass, although it can also be formed by a lightning strike on a beach, which contains
silicate-rich sand. Early forms of glass were probably rife with impurities and subject to
cracking and other instability, but examples of glass beads, jars, and eating materials first
appeared in ancient Egyptian culture. When manufactured by humans, glass is a mixture
of silica, soda, and lime. Other materials are sometimes added to the mixture to “frost” or
cloud the glass or to add color. The elements of glass are heated to 1800° Fahrenheit
(982° Celsius). The resulting fused liquid can be poured into molds or blown into various
shapes, and when cooled, glass is a strong, minimally conducting substance that will not
interact with materials stored inside. As a result, glass is frequently used in scientific
laboratories to minimize inadvertent chemical reactions and to insulate power lines.
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Table 1 Chemical composition of cementing materials
Composition (% by mass)/ property Cement Glass powder
Silica (SiO2) 20.2 72.5
Alumina (Al2O3) 4.7 0.4
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 3.0 0.2
Calcium oxide (CaO) 61.9 9.7
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.6 3.3
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.19 13.7
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.82 0.1
Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 3.9 -
Loss of ignition 1.9 0.36
Fineness % passing (sieve size) 97.4(45 µm) 80 (45 µm)
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The concrete industry has been making use of industrial wastes like fly ash, silica
fume, blast furnace slag as pozzolana by replacing a part of cement.1 While Pozzolanic
reaction adds to the strength of concrete, and the utilization of these materials brings
about economy in concrete manufacture. It has been estimated that several million tons of
waste glasses are generated annually world wide2. The key sources of waste glasses are
waste containers, window glasses, windscreen, medicinal bottles, liquor bottles, tube
lights, bulbs, electronic equipments, etc. Only a part of this waste glass can be recycled.
A majority of the waste glass remains unutilized.
Waste glass is a major component of the solid waste stream in many countries and
is generally used in landfills3. As an alternative, however, waste glass could be used as a
concrete aggregate, either as a direct replacement for normal concrete aggregates (low
value) or as an exposed, decorative aggregate in architectural concrete products (high
value). Expansive alkali silica reactions (ASR) can occur between glass particles and
cement paste, particularly in moist conditions and high alkali cements. This reaction can
occur whenever aggregates contain reactive silica. However it is now well known that by
controlling cement alkali level and moisture, the reaction can be mitigated 4, 6. Research
has shown that the waste glass can be effectively used in concrete either as aggregate or
as pozzolana. Waste glass when ground to a very fine powder shows pozzolanic
properties. Therefore, glass powder shows pozzolanic properties. Therefore, glass powder
can partially replace cement and contribute to strength development. Finely ground glass
has the appropriate chemical composition including SiO2 to react with alkalis in cement
3
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(Pozzolanic Reaction) and form cementitious products that help contribute to the strength
development5.
Glass Pow der Cement
120
100
ec n g a s g
P r e ta eP s in
80
60
40
20
0
0.8 5 20 45 90 200
Particle Size ,M icrons
Figure 1.Particle Size Distributions of Cementitious Materials
3. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Recycling, disposal and decomposing of waste glass possesses major problems
for municipalities everywhere, and this problem can be greatly eliminated by re-using
waste glass as cement replacement in concrete. Moreover, there is a limit on the
availability of natural aggregate and minerals used for making cement, and it is necessary
to reduce energy consumption and emission of carbon dioxide resulting from
construction processes, solution of this problem are sought thought usages of waste glass
as partial replacement of Portland cement. Replacing cement by pozzolanic material like
waste glass powder in concrete, not only increases the strength and introduces economy
but also enhances the durability. Sulphates of sodium, magnesium and calcium are
present in alkaline soils and water. Sulphates react chemically with product of hydration
causes expansion .Therefore, the action of sulphates in concrete containing waste glass
powder needs to be investigated
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
In this experimentation, an attempt has been made to find out the effect of
Sulphate attack on the properties of concrete produced by replacing the cement with
waste glass powder in various percentages ranging from 5% to 40% in increments of 5%
(0%,5%, 10%,15%, 20%,25%, 30%,35% and 40%.) Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 43
grade, locally available sand and coarse aggregates were used in this experiments. The
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5. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research and Development (IJCERD), ISSN 2228-9428(Print)
ISSN 2248 – 9436(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
sand used was a Zone II had the specific gravity of 2.62. The specific gravity of the
coarse aggregate was 2.93. The coarse aggregate used were of 20 mm and down size. To
impart workability to the mix, a superplasticiser from a reputed company was used with
the dosage of 2% by weight of cement. The glass powder was obtained by crushing waste
glass pieces in a cone crusher mill. The 600-micron passing fraction was used for the
experimentation. Chemical composition of glass powder and cement is shown in Table 1.
Mix design carried out form M20 grade of concrete by IS 10262: 2009 yielded a
mix proportion of 1:2.35:4.47 with water cement ratio of 0.5041 Specimens were prepared
according to the mix proportion and by replacing cement with glass powder in different
proportion.
To find out the effect of Sulphate on compressive strength, specimens (of
dimensions 150 x 150 x 150 mm) and on flexural strength, specimen (of dimension 150
x150x 700 mm) were cast tested using a compressive testing machine (CTM) of capacity
2000KN as per IS 516:1959 42
To find out the effect of Sulphate attack, the cube specimen of dimension 150 x
150 x150 mm were used. The specimen was immersed in a 5% MgSo4 solution for 7, 28,
and 90 days.
5. TEST RESULTS
Table 2, 3, 4 and figures 2, 3, 4 summarize the results obtained from MgSo4
experiment conducted over 7 days, 28 days, and 90 days. These Tables shows the
compressive strength of concrete produced by replacing cement with glass powder. Table
5 and figure 5 shows the result of Variation of flexural strength of concrete with cement
replacement by glass powder for 7, 28 and 90 days
Table 2 Overall results of compressive strength with and without subjecting to sulphate
attack for 07 days
Concrete without
Concrete subjected to Percentage
subjecting to Sulphate
Percentage Sulphate attack for 07days decrease of
attack
replacement compressive
Percentage Percentage
of cement strength
increase or increase or
by glass Compressive Compressive when
decrease in decrease in
powder Strength Strength subjected to
compressive compressive
(%) (MPa) (MPa) Sulphate
strength w.r strength w.r
attack
t. ref.mix. t. ref.mix.
0(Ref.mix) 21.05 ------- 20.62 -------- 2.04
05 22.28 +6 21.83 +6 2.01
10 23.27 +11 22.57 +9 3.00
15 24.86 +18 24.36 +18 2.01
20 27.3 +30 26.75 +30 2.01
25 23.72 +13 23.00 +12 3.03
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30 17.62 -17 17.09 -17 3.00
35 16.04 -24 15.71 -24 2.05
40 12.93 -39 12.67 -39 2.01
Without subjecting to sulphate attack
Subjected to Sulphate attack
o pe s e tr n th
30
C m r s iv S e g
25
20
P)
(M a
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Re place m e nt of ce m e nt by glas s pow de r (%)
Figure 2.Variation of compressive strength of concrete with cement replacement by glass
powder and when subjected to Sulphate attack for 7 days
Table 3 Overall results of compressive strength with and without subjecting to sulphate attack
for 28 days
Concrete without Concrete subjected to
subjecting to Sulphate Sulphate attack for 28 Percentage
Percentage attack days decrease of
replacement Percentage Percentage compressive
of cement increase or increase or strength
by glass Compressive decrease in Compressive decrease in when
powder Strength compressive Strength compressive subjected to
(MPa) strength (MPa) strength Sulphate
w.r t. w.r t. attack
ref.mix. ref.mix.
0(Ref.mix) 27.05 ------ 25.45 -------- 5.91
05 28.58 +6 27.15 +7 5.00
10 29.77 +10 28.10 +10 5.61
15 31.56 +17 30.00 +18 4.94
20 33.50 +24 31.85 +25 4.92
25 30.52 +13 29.01 +14 4.94
30 24.22 -10 23.20 -9 4.21
35 22.44 -17 21.55 -15 3.96
40 19.03 -30 18.25 -28 4.1
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ISSN 2248 – 9436(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
Without subjecting to sulphate attack Without subjecting to sulphate attack
Subjected to Sulphate attack Subjected to Sulphate attack
Strength (MPa)
Strength (MPa)
Compressive
Compressive
40
40
30
20 20
10
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Re place m ent of cem ent by Replacem ent of cem ent by glass
glass pow de r (%) pow der ( %)
Figure 3.Variation of compressive strength Figure 4. Variation of compressive
Of concrete with cement replacement by glass of concrete with cement replacement
Powder and when subjected to sulphate attack by glass powder and when subjected
For 28 days. To sulphate attack for 90 days.
Table 4.Overall results of compressive strength with and without subjecting to sulphate attack
for 90 days
Concrete without subjecting to
Concrete subjected to sulphate attack Percentage
sulphate attack
Percentage decrease of
Percentage
replacement compressive
increase or Percentage increase or
of cement by Compressive Compressive strength when
decrease in decrease in
glass powder Strength Strength subjected to
compressive compressive strength
(MPa) (MPa) chloride
strength w.r t. w.r t. ref.mix.
attack
ref.mix.
0(Ref.mix) 27.33 ------ 22.80 ------- 16.57
05 28.87 +6 24.22 +6 16.10
10 30.08 +10 25.65 +11 14.72
15 31.85 +17 27.18 +19 14.66
20 33.86 +24 28.86 +27 14.76
25 30.82 +13 26.30 +15 14.66
30 24.44 -11 21.60 -5 11.62
35 22.72 -17 19.70 -14 13.29
40 19.25 -30 16.88 -26 12.31
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Table 5 Overall results of flexural strength of concrete with cement replacement by
glass powder
Percentage Flexural Percentage Flexural Percentage Flexural Percentage
replacement strength increase or strength increase or strength increase or
of cement by decrease in decrease in decrease in
glass (N/mm2) flexural (N/mm2) flexural (N/mm2) flexural
powder strength strength strength with
[07days] with [28 days] with respect [90 days] respect to
respect to to reference reference
reference mix mix
mix
0(Ref.mix) 2.40 - 3.50 - 3.60 ------
05 2.45 +2 3.62 +4 3.64 +2
10 2.78 +16 3.78 +8 3.82 +7
15 2.85 +19 3.95 +13 4.00 +12
20 3.05 +22 4.17 +20 4.21 +17
25 2.90 +21 4.00 +15 4.05 +13
30 2.82 +18 3.90 +12 3.92 +9
35 2.42 +1 3.57 +2 3.60 0
40 2.32 -4 3.41 -3 3.45 -5
7 day s 28 day s 90 day s
4.5
l xa t g ( a
F ulS nh P )
4
er r t M
3.5
3
e
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Re pla ce me nt of ce m e nt by gla ss pow de r (%)
Figure 5. Variation of flexural strength of concrete with cement replacement by glass
powder for 7, 28 and 90 days
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ISSN 2248 – 9436(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
6. DISCUSSION ON TEST RESULTS
An increasing trend in strength was observed with increasing replacement of cement
with glass powder up to 20%. The highest percentage increase in the compressive strength
was about 30% and flexural strength was about 22% at 20% replacement level. When the
cement replacement level was increased beyond 20%, the compressive strength decreased.
. The increase in strength up to 20% replacement of cement by glass powder may be
due to the pozzolanic reaction and filling the voids giving rise to a dense concrete
microstructure as a result waste glass powder offers resistance against expansive forces
caused by sulphates and the penetration of sulphate ions into the concrete mass. However,
beyond 20%, apparently, the dilution effect takes over and the strength starts to drop. Thus, it
can be concluded that better resistance to sulphate attack for concrete can be expected with
20% replacement of cement by glass powder.
The maximum strength development appeared at the same replacement level of 20%
of cement by glass powder. Replacement of cement by glass powder by more than 20%
decreased the compressive strength. In the 07 days experiment, the lowering in strength due to
sulphate attack was in the range of 2% to 4% while that in the 28 days experiment was in the
range of 3 % to 6%. In addition, in the 90 days experiment was in the range of 11 to 17 %.
The sample with 20% glass content had 30 %, 25. % and 27% more strength than the control
sample in 07days, 28 days and 90 days experiments respectively. This means that the concrete
produced with 20% of glass powder showed more resistance to sulphate attack.
It is observed that there was a reduction in strength of concrete produced by replacing
cement by glass powder when such concretes were subjected to sulphate attack. This may be
due the sulphate may react with the products of hydration and cause expansion which results
in micro cracks and these cracks may be responsible for reduction in strength.
Thus, it can be concluded that the strength properties are affected when concrete
produced by replacing cement by glass powder is subjected to sulphate attack.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on experimental observations, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Higher strengths were achieved when 20% cement was replaced by glass powder in
concrete.
2. Reduction in strength of concrete produced by replacing cement by glass powder
when such concrete were subjected to Sulphate attack
3. Waste glass powder in appropriate proportions could be used to resist Sulphate
attack
4 Considering the strength criteria, the replacement of cement by glass powder is
feasible.
5 It is recommended that the utilization of waste glass powder in concrete as
cement replacement is possible
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ISSN 2248 – 9436(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
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