The document discusses methods for determining radium levels in hydraulic fracturing flowback water from Marcellus Shale. It tested several common radium analysis methods using a representative Marcellus Shale flowback water sample, including:
1) Wet chemical approaches like EPA method 903.0 (BaSO4 coprecipitation) recovered as little as 1% of radium, questioning the reliability of these techniques for high ionic strength flowback water.
2) Nondestructive techniques like radon emanation measurement and high-purity germanium gamma spectroscopy were effective in determining radium levels.
3) The results suggest that nondestructive spectroscopic techniques are most appropriate for analysis of radium in
IQ Academy Lunch & Learn Webinar | Cost Effective Water Quality Monitoring wi...IQ_UK
The document provides details of upcoming branch events for various quarrying associations in September. It also provides information on an upcoming webinar titled "Water Quality Monitoring: Making it High Quality and Cost Effective" presented by Dr. Craig Speed. The webinar will discuss how to optimize the quality of water quality monitoring programs while reducing costs to achieve cost effectiveness. It will cover monitoring design, quality control and quality assurance measures, and how to strategically reduce sampling frequency and parameters to lower expenses. A case study example is also provided.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of a Micro-Respirometer to Measure the Short-Te...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a micro-respirometer to measure the short-term respiratory quotient (RQ) of wastewater samples. The researchers developed a low-cost respirometer using locally available materials to determine oxygen consumption rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, and RQ of wastewater samples. They tested wastewater samples from various sources covering a range of chemical oxygen demand levels. Samples from a pharmaceutical industry showed the highest carbon dioxide evolution rate and RQ above one. A mixed wastewater sample showed the highest RQ for low-range samples. The respirometer allows wastewater treatment plant operators to assess influent wastewater characteristics to inform plant operation.
Is Marcellus Shale Frack Wastewater More Radioactive Than Previously Thought?Marcellus Drilling News
A study by the University of Iowa researchers, titled "Understanding the Radioactive Ingrowth and Decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Environment: An Analysis of Produced Fluids from the Marcellus Shale" and published in the peer reviewed journal Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2015. The research reportedly shows a new method for testing the total potential radioactivity of shale wastewater not previously considered. The chief shortcoming of the research is that it is based on a single sample from a single Marcellus Shale well.
Brian Wayne Butler has over 7 years of experience in analytical chemistry, protein chemistry, amyloid fibril research, and environmental chemistry. He holds an M.S. in Chemistry and B.S. in Chemistry and Biochemistry from Old Dominion University. Currently he works as a Shift Manager at Advance Auto Parts, where he provides customer service and ensures high standards. Previously he has worked as a Laboratory Technician performing coal analysis and wastewater testing, as well as a Teaching Assistant for chemistry labs.
This document describes a single-laboratory validation study of a combustion method for determining total sulfur content in fertilizers. The method involves combusting samples at 1150°C, converting sulfur species to SO2, and measuring SO2 levels using a thermal conductivity detector. Eleven fertilizer samples with sulfur content ranging from 1.47-91% were analyzed over multiple days. Recoveries ranged from 94.3-125.9% and precision was good, suggesting the method is accurate and precise for determining total sulfur in fertilizers. Further collaborative study is recommended to validate the method.
Nuclear Track Detection of Radon Activities among Branded Bottled Water and L...Premier Publishers
In this study, radon activities and exhalation rate were calculated in ten bottled waters (branded and locally). The measurements were performed by nuclear track detectors. The findings of the study indicated that radon activities in all the analysed samples of branded bottled waters were found to be lower than the maximum contamination level recommended for drinking water by United State Public Health Service (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines value. Further, the result showed that the mean value of radon activity in local bottled waters is higher than the mean value from branded bottled waters. The results revealed that revealed that all investigated samples of branded bottled water are safe for consumption in Afghanistan from the point of radon activity.
Chlorine Dose Determination in Water Distribution System of Jabalpur City usi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used EPANET software to determine chlorine doses in Jabalpur city's water distribution system. Field samples were taken from 5 zones to measure residual chlorine levels. The observed values were compared to EPANET predictions to calibrate chlorine decay coefficients. A wall decay coefficient (Kw) of -0.55/day provided the best fit. Minimum initial chlorine doses were determined for each zone to maintain at least 0.2 mg/L residual chlorine throughout the system, in accordance with standards. The calibrated model can help optimize chlorine usage and water quality management in Jabalpur's distribution network.
IQ Academy Lunch & Learn Webinar | Cost Effective Water Quality Monitoring wi...IQ_UK
The document provides details of upcoming branch events for various quarrying associations in September. It also provides information on an upcoming webinar titled "Water Quality Monitoring: Making it High Quality and Cost Effective" presented by Dr. Craig Speed. The webinar will discuss how to optimize the quality of water quality monitoring programs while reducing costs to achieve cost effectiveness. It will cover monitoring design, quality control and quality assurance measures, and how to strategically reduce sampling frequency and parameters to lower expenses. A case study example is also provided.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of a Micro-Respirometer to Measure the Short-Te...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a micro-respirometer to measure the short-term respiratory quotient (RQ) of wastewater samples. The researchers developed a low-cost respirometer using locally available materials to determine oxygen consumption rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, and RQ of wastewater samples. They tested wastewater samples from various sources covering a range of chemical oxygen demand levels. Samples from a pharmaceutical industry showed the highest carbon dioxide evolution rate and RQ above one. A mixed wastewater sample showed the highest RQ for low-range samples. The respirometer allows wastewater treatment plant operators to assess influent wastewater characteristics to inform plant operation.
Is Marcellus Shale Frack Wastewater More Radioactive Than Previously Thought?Marcellus Drilling News
A study by the University of Iowa researchers, titled "Understanding the Radioactive Ingrowth and Decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Environment: An Analysis of Produced Fluids from the Marcellus Shale" and published in the peer reviewed journal Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2015. The research reportedly shows a new method for testing the total potential radioactivity of shale wastewater not previously considered. The chief shortcoming of the research is that it is based on a single sample from a single Marcellus Shale well.
Brian Wayne Butler has over 7 years of experience in analytical chemistry, protein chemistry, amyloid fibril research, and environmental chemistry. He holds an M.S. in Chemistry and B.S. in Chemistry and Biochemistry from Old Dominion University. Currently he works as a Shift Manager at Advance Auto Parts, where he provides customer service and ensures high standards. Previously he has worked as a Laboratory Technician performing coal analysis and wastewater testing, as well as a Teaching Assistant for chemistry labs.
This document describes a single-laboratory validation study of a combustion method for determining total sulfur content in fertilizers. The method involves combusting samples at 1150°C, converting sulfur species to SO2, and measuring SO2 levels using a thermal conductivity detector. Eleven fertilizer samples with sulfur content ranging from 1.47-91% were analyzed over multiple days. Recoveries ranged from 94.3-125.9% and precision was good, suggesting the method is accurate and precise for determining total sulfur in fertilizers. Further collaborative study is recommended to validate the method.
Nuclear Track Detection of Radon Activities among Branded Bottled Water and L...Premier Publishers
In this study, radon activities and exhalation rate were calculated in ten bottled waters (branded and locally). The measurements were performed by nuclear track detectors. The findings of the study indicated that radon activities in all the analysed samples of branded bottled waters were found to be lower than the maximum contamination level recommended for drinking water by United State Public Health Service (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines value. Further, the result showed that the mean value of radon activity in local bottled waters is higher than the mean value from branded bottled waters. The results revealed that revealed that all investigated samples of branded bottled water are safe for consumption in Afghanistan from the point of radon activity.
Chlorine Dose Determination in Water Distribution System of Jabalpur City usi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used EPANET software to determine chlorine doses in Jabalpur city's water distribution system. Field samples were taken from 5 zones to measure residual chlorine levels. The observed values were compared to EPANET predictions to calibrate chlorine decay coefficients. A wall decay coefficient (Kw) of -0.55/day provided the best fit. Minimum initial chlorine doses were determined for each zone to maintain at least 0.2 mg/L residual chlorine throughout the system, in accordance with standards. The calibrated model can help optimize chlorine usage and water quality management in Jabalpur's distribution network.
This document describes an environmental engineering laboratory course on water and wastewater characterization. The course objectives are to familiarize students with procedures to quantify quality parameters of water and sewage. It lists 14 required experiments involving sampling methods, and determination of parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, and BOD/COD. The document also provides the list of required equipment, references, and procedures for individual experiments.
TWCA Annual Convention: Optimizing Slime Control Chemical Feed in TRWD Raw Wa...TWCA
This presentation discusses optimizing slime control and chemical feed in the raw water pipelines of Tarrant Regional Water Districts. It presents results from bench-scale and full-scale testing to evaluate chloramine decay and the impact of nitrifying bacteria in the pipelines. The testing showed that higher chlorine to nitrogen ratios, lower pH levels, and the presence of nitrifying bacteria increased chloramine decay. It also showed chloramine loss from nitrification occurring in the pipelines. The presentation recommends improvements to existing chemical systems and designing new chloramine feed systems to better control slime and protect the pipelines.
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...ISCT GROUP US LLC
One of the few refinery mercury management case studies available that I jammed out for HP (have to give some credit to some of the former founders of MMS - now PMG). This case study is truly one of the building blocks of my career and led to the improvement and development of several technologies that started when I was at PSC working with one of the giants and pioneers in mercury fate and transport in hydrocarbon process systems (Dr. Mark Wilhelm - RIP my friend).
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Method of sampling and analysis of 13 c dic in groundwatersMahbubul Hassan
This document describes a new method for analyzing the stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater samples. The method uses a gas evolution technique where water samples are injected into vials containing phosphoric acid, which causes the DIC to evolve as CO2 gas. The vials are then analyzed using an automated continuous-flow gas preparation system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. This allows for fast (10 minute) analysis of DIC δ13C with high precision (0.1‰) and accuracy. The method is robust, requires minimal field handling, and is well-suited for large sample batches analyzed using an autosampler.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. It provides common ranges for key design parameters like membrane flux rates, mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations, and aeration requirements. The text indicates MBR systems require careful design to prevent fouling and ensure integrity. It also notes TCEQ may require a pilot study or 2-year performance bond for non-standard MBR proposals.
Quality Assurance program and interlaboratory comparisons within the UN/ECE I...ExternalEvents
First meeting of the Global Soil Laboratory Network (GLOSOLAN), 1 - 2 Nov 2017 at FAO HQ in Rome. This network will be composed of national soil reference laboratories as a means to exchange resources, knowledge and experience. The goal of GLOSOLAN is to strengthen the performance of laboratories in support of the harmonization of soil data sets and information towards the development of standards. Indeed, the harmonization of soil analysis is a critical component of making soil information comparable and interpretable across laboratories, countries and regions. Presentations by Nils Koenig, Northwest German Forest Research Institute.
(1) The document presents an abstract submission for a conference on comparative studies of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed from wastewater disinfection using peracetic acid (PAA) versus sodium hypochlorite (NaClO).
(2) The study aims to identify and compare potential genotoxic and mutagenic DBPs formed from each method, and also compare the reduction and potential DBP formation of selected endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals.
(3) Preliminary results found chlorinated forms of 17β-estradiol and estrone formed from NaClO disinfection that may be more toxic, while PAA disinfection formed two unidentified DBPs including a proposed
Abstracts of publications in ppc whilst affiliated with sask powerEmmanuel Quagraine
1) The document summarizes 5 journal publications by Emmanuel K. Quagraine related to power plant chemistry while affiliated with SaskPower.
2) The publications provide evidence that chlorinated compounds can ingress into power plant condensers in gaseous form through weak seals or porous brass tubesheets, causing chloride contamination issues. Regression models were able to confirm this hypothesis.
3) One publication evaluates using a biologically active carbon filter in series with a granular activated carbon filter for removing organics in boiler makeup water, finding over 80% removal with the two filters working synergistically.
The document discusses the use of passive sampling devices, specifically the Chemcatcher®, to monitor pollutants in water systems. It notes that passive samplers can provide time-weighted average concentrations over time rather than just snapshots. The Chemcatcher® is introduced as a three-part passive sampler that uses receiving phases like disks to sequester pollutants. Examples of using the Chemcatcher® to detect spikes in pollutants are provided from the UK and India. Future work is proposed to further evaluate the Chemcatcher®'s potential for monitoring and identifying pollution sources in India.
Daniel K. Lesniewski has over 15 years of experience in organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and process development. He holds an M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry from Colorado State University-Pueblo and a B.Sc. in Chemistry from the same institution. His experience includes positions at Corden Pharma, Avista Pharma Solutions, General Air, Amgen, Lexmark International, and Colorado State University, where he has experience in multi-step organic synthesis, analytical instrumentation, scale-up reactions, method development, and research.
This project aimed to develop graphene oxide (GO) membranes for water filtration by synthesizing GO flakes using two Hummer's methods, characterizing the flakes, selecting a substrate, depositing GO on it, and testing salt rejection. Polyethersulfone (PES) was chosen as the substrate. The second synthesis method yielded more oxidized and amorphous GO flakes based on characterization. GO was deposited on plasma-treated PES using a dead-end cell. Diffusion testing found the homemade GO membrane rejected 75.6% of salts compared to 94.2% for a commercial membrane, demonstrating potential for economical water treatment.
(originally aired 07-26-12)
U.S. EPA and many state agencies are investigating fracking in Marcellus Shale’s impact on environmental water quality. Public outcry has led to drafting legislation. Increased levels of bromide in drinking water systems correlate to higher levels of brominated disinfection byproducts. Trace metals (i.e., arsenic, selenium, lead), important constituents of flowback water, must be accurately determined for regulatory compliance, challenging due to high levels of dissolved salts which can cause physical and spectral interferences. Here, experts discuss monitoring and measuring anion concentrations in water from recycling impoundments, the typical constituents reported for Marcellus Shale fracking operations, flowback water preparation, and ICP-OES and ICP-MS metals analysis.
Sampling of Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) by Muhammad Qasim, ...Muhammad Qasim
Experimental evidence collected over the last three decades has shown clearly that the accumulation in air of volatile organic compounds might represent an important source of risk for human health.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
Doran and Zander 2005 - An improved method for measuring soil microbial activ...Alek Zander
This document describes an improved method for measuring soil microbial activity by analyzing carbon dioxide (CO2) production using gas phase flow injection analysis (GPFIA). The traditional method involves trapping CO2 in an alkali solution and then determining concentration indirectly by titration, which is time-consuming and operator-dependent. The new GPFIA method allows CO2 trapped in alkali to be released into a sampling chamber and collected in a syringe for injection into the GPFIA system. A comparison of GPFIA and titration results found no significant difference, but GPFIA uses only a tenth of the sample volume and does not require expensive equipment. The GPFIA method was validated and then applied to analyze CO2
Ambient air radon monitoring around mosaic riverview’s phosphogypsum board pr...seanpmcginnis
The document summarizes ambient air and radon monitoring near a phosphogypsum stack. Dust monitoring from 2003-2007 showed no statistically significant difference in dust concentrations near the stack. Radon monitoring at schools and sites near the stack in 2010 found average radon levels below the EPA action level. Gamma radiation readings were also low, similar to everyday sources like dental x-rays or air travel. The initial radon study did not find any elevated readings at the nearby schools.
The Drilling Productivity Report uses recent data on the total number of drilling rigs in operation along with estimates of drilling productivity and estimated changes in production from existing oil and natural gas wells to provide estimated changes in oil and natural gas production for six key fields. EIA's approach does not distinguish between oil-directed rigs and gas-directed rigs because once a well is completed it may produce both oil and gas; more than half of the wells produce both.
American Ceramics Society Bulletin Article on Converting Industrial Waste int...Marcellus Drilling News
An article detailing the discovery/process from a pair of Penn State materials scientists that outlines how industrial waste can be converted into proppant materials used in oil and gas drilling. Proppants--usually silica sand--is used to "prop open" tiny holes in rock layers to allow gas and oil and come out. This discovery would replace the need to mine sand and would help clear up industrial waste at the same time.
This document describes an environmental engineering laboratory course on water and wastewater characterization. The course objectives are to familiarize students with procedures to quantify quality parameters of water and sewage. It lists 14 required experiments involving sampling methods, and determination of parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, and BOD/COD. The document also provides the list of required equipment, references, and procedures for individual experiments.
TWCA Annual Convention: Optimizing Slime Control Chemical Feed in TRWD Raw Wa...TWCA
This presentation discusses optimizing slime control and chemical feed in the raw water pipelines of Tarrant Regional Water Districts. It presents results from bench-scale and full-scale testing to evaluate chloramine decay and the impact of nitrifying bacteria in the pipelines. The testing showed that higher chlorine to nitrogen ratios, lower pH levels, and the presence of nitrifying bacteria increased chloramine decay. It also showed chloramine loss from nitrification occurring in the pipelines. The presentation recommends improvements to existing chemical systems and designing new chloramine feed systems to better control slime and protect the pipelines.
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...ISCT GROUP US LLC
One of the few refinery mercury management case studies available that I jammed out for HP (have to give some credit to some of the former founders of MMS - now PMG). This case study is truly one of the building blocks of my career and led to the improvement and development of several technologies that started when I was at PSC working with one of the giants and pioneers in mercury fate and transport in hydrocarbon process systems (Dr. Mark Wilhelm - RIP my friend).
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Method of sampling and analysis of 13 c dic in groundwatersMahbubul Hassan
This document describes a new method for analyzing the stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater samples. The method uses a gas evolution technique where water samples are injected into vials containing phosphoric acid, which causes the DIC to evolve as CO2 gas. The vials are then analyzed using an automated continuous-flow gas preparation system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. This allows for fast (10 minute) analysis of DIC δ13C with high precision (0.1‰) and accuracy. The method is robust, requires minimal field handling, and is well-suited for large sample batches analyzed using an autosampler.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. It provides common ranges for key design parameters like membrane flux rates, mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations, and aeration requirements. The text indicates MBR systems require careful design to prevent fouling and ensure integrity. It also notes TCEQ may require a pilot study or 2-year performance bond for non-standard MBR proposals.
Quality Assurance program and interlaboratory comparisons within the UN/ECE I...ExternalEvents
First meeting of the Global Soil Laboratory Network (GLOSOLAN), 1 - 2 Nov 2017 at FAO HQ in Rome. This network will be composed of national soil reference laboratories as a means to exchange resources, knowledge and experience. The goal of GLOSOLAN is to strengthen the performance of laboratories in support of the harmonization of soil data sets and information towards the development of standards. Indeed, the harmonization of soil analysis is a critical component of making soil information comparable and interpretable across laboratories, countries and regions. Presentations by Nils Koenig, Northwest German Forest Research Institute.
(1) The document presents an abstract submission for a conference on comparative studies of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed from wastewater disinfection using peracetic acid (PAA) versus sodium hypochlorite (NaClO).
(2) The study aims to identify and compare potential genotoxic and mutagenic DBPs formed from each method, and also compare the reduction and potential DBP formation of selected endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals.
(3) Preliminary results found chlorinated forms of 17β-estradiol and estrone formed from NaClO disinfection that may be more toxic, while PAA disinfection formed two unidentified DBPs including a proposed
Abstracts of publications in ppc whilst affiliated with sask powerEmmanuel Quagraine
1) The document summarizes 5 journal publications by Emmanuel K. Quagraine related to power plant chemistry while affiliated with SaskPower.
2) The publications provide evidence that chlorinated compounds can ingress into power plant condensers in gaseous form through weak seals or porous brass tubesheets, causing chloride contamination issues. Regression models were able to confirm this hypothesis.
3) One publication evaluates using a biologically active carbon filter in series with a granular activated carbon filter for removing organics in boiler makeup water, finding over 80% removal with the two filters working synergistically.
The document discusses the use of passive sampling devices, specifically the Chemcatcher®, to monitor pollutants in water systems. It notes that passive samplers can provide time-weighted average concentrations over time rather than just snapshots. The Chemcatcher® is introduced as a three-part passive sampler that uses receiving phases like disks to sequester pollutants. Examples of using the Chemcatcher® to detect spikes in pollutants are provided from the UK and India. Future work is proposed to further evaluate the Chemcatcher®'s potential for monitoring and identifying pollution sources in India.
Daniel K. Lesniewski has over 15 years of experience in organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and process development. He holds an M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry from Colorado State University-Pueblo and a B.Sc. in Chemistry from the same institution. His experience includes positions at Corden Pharma, Avista Pharma Solutions, General Air, Amgen, Lexmark International, and Colorado State University, where he has experience in multi-step organic synthesis, analytical instrumentation, scale-up reactions, method development, and research.
This project aimed to develop graphene oxide (GO) membranes for water filtration by synthesizing GO flakes using two Hummer's methods, characterizing the flakes, selecting a substrate, depositing GO on it, and testing salt rejection. Polyethersulfone (PES) was chosen as the substrate. The second synthesis method yielded more oxidized and amorphous GO flakes based on characterization. GO was deposited on plasma-treated PES using a dead-end cell. Diffusion testing found the homemade GO membrane rejected 75.6% of salts compared to 94.2% for a commercial membrane, demonstrating potential for economical water treatment.
(originally aired 07-26-12)
U.S. EPA and many state agencies are investigating fracking in Marcellus Shale’s impact on environmental water quality. Public outcry has led to drafting legislation. Increased levels of bromide in drinking water systems correlate to higher levels of brominated disinfection byproducts. Trace metals (i.e., arsenic, selenium, lead), important constituents of flowback water, must be accurately determined for regulatory compliance, challenging due to high levels of dissolved salts which can cause physical and spectral interferences. Here, experts discuss monitoring and measuring anion concentrations in water from recycling impoundments, the typical constituents reported for Marcellus Shale fracking operations, flowback water preparation, and ICP-OES and ICP-MS metals analysis.
Sampling of Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) by Muhammad Qasim, ...Muhammad Qasim
Experimental evidence collected over the last three decades has shown clearly that the accumulation in air of volatile organic compounds might represent an important source of risk for human health.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
Doran and Zander 2005 - An improved method for measuring soil microbial activ...Alek Zander
This document describes an improved method for measuring soil microbial activity by analyzing carbon dioxide (CO2) production using gas phase flow injection analysis (GPFIA). The traditional method involves trapping CO2 in an alkali solution and then determining concentration indirectly by titration, which is time-consuming and operator-dependent. The new GPFIA method allows CO2 trapped in alkali to be released into a sampling chamber and collected in a syringe for injection into the GPFIA system. A comparison of GPFIA and titration results found no significant difference, but GPFIA uses only a tenth of the sample volume and does not require expensive equipment. The GPFIA method was validated and then applied to analyze CO2
Ambient air radon monitoring around mosaic riverview’s phosphogypsum board pr...seanpmcginnis
The document summarizes ambient air and radon monitoring near a phosphogypsum stack. Dust monitoring from 2003-2007 showed no statistically significant difference in dust concentrations near the stack. Radon monitoring at schools and sites near the stack in 2010 found average radon levels below the EPA action level. Gamma radiation readings were also low, similar to everyday sources like dental x-rays or air travel. The initial radon study did not find any elevated readings at the nearby schools.
The Drilling Productivity Report uses recent data on the total number of drilling rigs in operation along with estimates of drilling productivity and estimated changes in production from existing oil and natural gas wells to provide estimated changes in oil and natural gas production for six key fields. EIA's approach does not distinguish between oil-directed rigs and gas-directed rigs because once a well is completed it may produce both oil and gas; more than half of the wells produce both.
American Ceramics Society Bulletin Article on Converting Industrial Waste int...Marcellus Drilling News
An article detailing the discovery/process from a pair of Penn State materials scientists that outlines how industrial waste can be converted into proppant materials used in oil and gas drilling. Proppants--usually silica sand--is used to "prop open" tiny holes in rock layers to allow gas and oil and come out. This discovery would replace the need to mine sand and would help clear up industrial waste at the same time.
Letter from Several Global Warming Alarmist Groups Asking President Obama to ...Marcellus Drilling News
A mish mash of so-called environmentalist groups, including the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, 350.org, the odious Food & Water Watch and others sent a letter to President Obama asking him to nix the Dominion Cove Point, MD LNG export facility. They say it will lead to more global warming. Whatever.
FERC Environmental Assessment for the Cove Point Liquefaction ProjectMarcellus Drilling News
The Final Environmental Impact State from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in reviewing the proposed LNG export plant for Cove Point, MD (to be built by Dominion). FERC finds the LNG plant "would not result in significant cumulative impacts" to the environment. Case closed. The plant will now (hopefully) get built, cooling and loading Marcellus Shale gas onto special container ships heading to India and Japan.
Southwestern Energy Announces First Quarter 2014 Financial And Operating ResultsMarcellus Drilling News
Southwestern Energy announced its financial and operating results for the first quarter of 2014, which set several records. Gas and oil production reached 182.0 Bcfe, up 23% from the previous year. Adjusted net income was $231.4 million, up 58% from the previous year. Net cash from operating activities before changes in assets and liabilities was $616.7 million, up 45% from the previous year. Marcellus Shale production reached 800 MMcf per day, with net production up 147% from the previous year.
The annual report issued by the U.S. Energy Information Administration that evaluates how much oil and gas is down there--that we're willing to go get out of the ground. That's a rough definition of "proved reserves". Although it's 2014, data for proved reserves is only available a couple of years after the fact. This report shows that the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and West Virginia has now surpassed the Texas Barnett Shale as having the most proved reserves of natural gas. It also shows the Eagle Ford Shale in Texas has surpassed the Barnett Shale in North Dakota as having the most proved reserves of oil.
The decision handed down on Dec. 19, 2013 by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court that upholds the right of local towns to zone for oil and gas drilling within their boundaries. This decision nullifies (strikes down) provisions part of the Act 13 law passed by the PA legislature in early 2012. The decision throws the drilling industry into some turmoil as to how to proceed. Some town boards are packed with anti-drillers with their own agenda and this decison will embolden them to further abuse their power.
A preliminary (small) study of samples at 11 producing Marcellus gas wells in Pennsylvania to determine the actual amount of radon present. The study shows that theoretical claims by anti-drillers that Marcellus Shale gas contains high, life-threatening levels of radon are simply not true.
Characterization of mining tailings containing sulfides and carbonates applyi...Judson Arantes
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the process resulting from the oxidation of sulfides exposed to the action of oxygen and water. The characterization of the minerals likely the formation and neutralization of AMD is important for the follow and evaluation of environmental impact. The analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) together with the Rietveld method is presented as a promising alternative to favor the identification and quantification of mineral phases. The results of the static test ANC achieved by accounting for carbonates consumed during the test, were correlated with the results obtained by the characterization techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with the Rietveld method. The highest concentration of carbonate buffering found in AM2E, which may explain the static test results to be neutralizing for the sample. The major phases identified for both samples were aluminosilicates and quartz, with greater than 70% by weight levels.
Plenary talk at ISPAC conference on the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental forensics. Covers basics of what enviromental forensics investigations (EFIs) are and how PAHs can be used to help determine sources of releases (creosote, railway ties), oil sands development and oil spill releases (Macondo oil spill, gulf oil spill).
New approaches for stable isotope ratio measurements iaea tecdoc 1247Mahbubul Hassan
1) New analytical techniques for stable isotope ratio measurements have emerged over the past decade, including non-mass spectrometric techniques using laser spectroscopy and mass-spectrometric techniques with on-line or continuous flow sample introduction.
2) Two promising non-mass spectrometric techniques are infrared laser absorption spectrometry for simultaneous measurement of hydrogen, oxygen, and oxygen isotopes in water, and laser assisted isotope ratio analysis for carbon isotopes in CO2.
3) While mass spectrometry remains dominant, on-line and continuous flow techniques have improved precision and enabled new applications by coupling devices like gas chromatography to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. However, standardization of techniques and reference materials remains an ongoing challenge.
Arsenic in Tube Well Water in Six Blocks of Supaul District, Bihariosrjce
An experimental estimation of arsenic in a large number of samples by Field Test Kits and by
Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (HGAAS) was done. Water samples were collected
from the following blocks of Supaul district, viz., Raghopur, Basantpur, Supaul, Nirmali, Saraigarh-Bhaptiyahi
and Triveniganj. The aim of this study was to analyze the total arsenic concentration in tube well water of these
regions at different locations. Twenty water samples were randomly selected from each block (n=120) for the
determination of Arsenic concentration, using Field Test Kits. Few samples (n=11) found with higher
concentration of arsenic, were also estimated and confirmed by HGAAS method for comparative observation.
The maximum concentration of arsenic was found to be 0.10 mg/l by using Field Test Kits method and the
average concentration of arsenic of the selected samples was 0.02 mg/l, whereas around 20% of these tube
wells had arsenic concentration above 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that the results obtained by usingField Test
Kits showed less measurement as compared to those obtained by HGAAS method for the same samples, when
the arsenic concentration measured ≤0.10 mg/l. Arsenic concentration was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in
HGASS results than the value obtained by Field Test Kit method.
This document summarizes a study assessing water quality in the Harlem and Hudson Rivers. Students collected water samples from five sites and tested them for pH, copper, iron, nitrate, sulfate, ammonia, and phosphate levels as well as bacteria counts. They found that as the rivers flowed south through New York City, water quality generally declined with increasing levels of nutrients and bacteria. Certain sites exceeded EPA standards for E. coli, fecal coliform, and Enterococcus bacteria. The study aimed to determine the impact of combined sewer overflows on water quality in New York City rivers.
Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction. This document discusses several studies that developed and validated analytical methods for quantifying vardenafil concentration. One study used thin layer chromatography with densitometric detection to simultaneously estimate vardenafil and dapoxetine in pharmaceutical formulations. Another used HPLC with amperometric detection employing a boron-doped diamond electrode to determine vardenafil and related metabolites in plasma. A third developed a HPLC-chemiluminescence method to quantify trace levels of vardenafil in dietary supplements.
This study evaluated various bio-optical models for predicting chlorophyll a concentrations in the turbid coastal waters of Long Bay, South Carolina using hyperspectral remote sensing data. Water quality samples were collected from 15 stations during 5 cruises in the summer of 2013. In situ measurements and laboratory analyses were used to determine chlorophyll a, total suspended sediments, and colored dissolved organic matter concentrations. The best performing two-band blue-green model was Oc4v4 with an R2 of 0.64. Red-NIR based models performed even better, with a modified version of the Dekker and Gitelson model achieving the highest R2 of 0.79. This study demonstrated the potential of remote sensing for
The document summarizes research into using InGaN nanowire devices for hydrogen production via water splitting. It finds that InGaN alloys have an appropriate band structure but that nanowires are needed to accommodate lattice strain. Initial tests show some nanowire samples exhibiting photocatalytic hydrogen production from water, with production rates increasing for lower nanowire density samples and higher light intensities. Further optimization of indium composition, nanowire morphology, doping, and co-catalysts is suggested to improve the efficiency of hydrogen generation from water using InGaN nanowire devices.
Paper 1 evaluates using machine learning to predict water quality parameters. It found ANN can predict parameters like alkalinity, chloride and sulfate with 83.94-87.9% accuracy.
Paper 2 tested algorithms on water data, finding random forest and KNN most accurate at 0.6520 and 0.6469 respectively.
Paper 3 found random forest can estimate microorganism levels in raw water with acceptable accuracy, making it a reliable real-time prediction tool.
The literature review identifies random forest as an effective method for water quality prediction. The project uses random forest on a water quality dataset, obtaining 71.5% accuracy for predicting sample potability. It automates water testing to replace manual methods
Natural radioactivity in drinking water and associated agedependent dose in L...IOSRJAP
The presence of Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra and 228Ra content in drinking water of Luxor, a famous tourist city in Egypt. A total of thirty-five water samples were analyzed for 226Ra and 228Ra by gamma ray spectrometry with HPGe detector setup, coaxial type and 8192 channels MCA. The concentration of 226Ra was found in the range from 16 to 181 with arithmetic mean 85.6 mBq·L -1 and the concentration of 228Ra ranged from 8 to 98.4 mBq·L -1 with arithmetic mean 48.6 mBq·L -1 .The committed effective dose for the different age groups has been estimated and found to be not more than 0.038 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.149 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group (12-17 years old), for 226Ra. While it is not more than 0.05 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.29 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group, for 228Ra. The values obtained were compared with the reference values accepted for drinking water and doses resulting from consumption of these waters, due to their 226Ra and 228Ra contents, were calculated. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise
Environmental risk assessment of Macabalan creek water in Cagayan de Oro, Phi...Innspub Net
Creek water carries both domestic and commercial wastewater consequently draining organic and inorganic pollutants to coastal water. The present study dealt on the environmental risk assessment of creek water stretching in Macabalan-Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Selected physicochemical analyses of water samples were carried in both temporal and spatial variations. Risk quotient (RQ), water quality index (WQI), and brine shrimp lethality test (BSL) was employed to draw environmental risk estimate. Overall, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were below the standard set regardless of temporal and spatial variations. Both RQ and WQI showed good statuses on creek water quality despite the low DO. The BSLT similarly indicated a higher concentration for LC50 to be established. The study was preliminary and further monitoring may be essential.
Environmental risk assessment of Macabalan creek water in Cagayan de Oro, Phi...Innspub Net
Creek water carries both domestic and commercial wastewater consequently draining organic and inorganic pollutants to coastal water. The present study dealt on the environmental risk assessment of creek water stretching in Macabalan-Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Selected physicochemical analyses of water samples were carried in both temporal and spatial variations. Risk quotient (RQ), water quality index (WQI), and brine shrimp lethality test (BSL) was employed to draw environmental risk estimate. Overall, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were below the standard set regardless of temporal and spatial variations. Both RQ and WQI showed good statuses on creek water quality despite the low DO. The BSLT similarly indicated a higher concentration for LC50 to be established. The study was preliminary and further monitoring may be essential.
Get full text at: https://goo.gl/WbzTt1
The document describes a study that used flame photometry to analyze water samples from the Darna and Godavari Rivers in India to determine sodium and potassium ion concentrations, finding sodium levels of 26 ppm and 58 ppm and potassium levels of 8 ppm and 14 ppm in the two samples, with the goal of monitoring element levels and impacts on the local environment and food chain. Standard calibration curves were generated and used to determine ion concentrations in the river water samples based on emission intensities.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Mr. Prugue is a staff engineer with 1 year of experience at ARCADIS who supports multiple projects. As an engineer, his responsibilities include data compilation, QA/QC for reports, and general field support such as soil and water sampling. He has experience conducting hazardous waste audits and sampling to assess contaminants. He also assisted with developing groundwater models and documenting property damage from wildfires. Mr. Prugue is responsible for operating a respirometer to evaluate wastewater treatment procedures. He has publications and presentations on topics like apatite dissolution rates and sediment budgets.
This document describes a study analyzing benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and its metabolites in biological samples using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The researchers developed a sensitive method to detect and quantify BaP and four of its hydroxylated metabolites (1-OHBaP, 3-OHBaP, 4,5-diolBaP, and 7,8-diolBaP) in rat urine and plasma. They found that derivatization of the metabolites with alkyl iodide improved their resolution and detection, allowing separation of 1-OHBaP and 3-OHBaP which previously co-eluted. The method was validated and successfully
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
- The author developed new methods for arsenic speciation to determine the concentrations of As3+ and As5+ in arsenic waters from Békés County, Hungary. 27 arsenic waters were sampled and analyzed.
- The As5+ could be retained on an anion exchange resin, while As3+ and organic arsenic passed through. The fractions were then analyzed separately.
- The results showed the origin of arsenic in these waters was the precipitation of iron and manganese colloids in boggy environments, with arsenic precipitating as arsenates or coprecipitating on iron/manganese surfaces. Mobilization occurred later through reductive processes dissolving buried colloids
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of water chemistry on the dissolution of lead carbonate in drinking water distribution systems. Specifically, it investigated the effects of pH (7.0-9.5), temperature (5°C vs 20°C), and alkalinity (moderate vs low) on the dissolution of hydrocerussite and cerussite in batch experiments. The results showed that pH did not significantly impact dissolution from 7.0-9.5. Cold temperature (5°C) and moderate alkalinity decreased the solubility of lead species, which was unexpected. The purpose was to better understand how water chemistry affects the stability of lead corrosion scales and the release of lead into drinking water.
Similar to Univ of Iowa Research on Best Methods to Detect Radioactivity in Marcellus Shale Flowback Water (20)
The document summarizes five key facts about the recovery of US shale oil production:
1) Rig counts have increased by 90% since bottoming out in May 2016 and are up 30% year-over-year, signaling increased drilling and production capacity.
2) While decline rates remain steep, production profiles have increased substantially due to technological advances, meaning aggregate supply will be stronger.
3) Preliminary data shows that net new shale supply turned positive in December 2016 for the first time since March 2015, recovering just 7 months after rig counts increased.
4) Increased drilling activity is supported by a large stock of drilled but uncompleted wells, demonstrating the recovery and expansion of the shale sector.
5)
Quarterly legislative action update: Marcellus and Utica shale region (4Q16)Marcellus Drilling News
A quarterly update from the legal beagles at global law firm Norton Rose Fulbright. A quarterly legislative action update for the second quarter of 2016 looking at previously laws acted upon, and new laws introduced, affecting the oil and gas industry in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia.
An update from Spectra Energy on their proposed $3 billion project to connect four existing pipeline systems to flow more Marcellus/Utica gas to New England. In short, Spectra has put the project on pause until mid-2017 while it attempts to get new customers signed.
A letter from Rover Pipeline to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission requesting the agency issue the final certificate that will allow Rover to begin tree-clearing and construction of the 511-mile pipeline through Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio and Michigan. If the certificate is delayed beyond the end of 2016, it will delay the project an extra year due to tree-clearing restrictions (to accommodate federally-protected bats).
DOE Order Granting Elba Island LNG Right to Export to Non-FTA CountriesMarcellus Drilling News
An order issued by the U.S. Dept. of Energy that allows the Elba Island LNG export facility to export LNG to countries with no free trade agreement with the U.S. Countries like Japan and India have no FTA with our country (i.e. friendly countries)--so this is good news indeed. Although the facility would have operated by sending LNG to FTA countries, this order opens the market much wider.
A study released in December 2016 by the London School of Economics, titled "On the Comparative Advantage of U.S. Manufacturing: Evidence from the Shale Gas Revolution." While America has enough shale gas to export plenty of it, exporting it is not as economic as exporting oil due to the elaborate processes to liquefy and regassify natural gas--therefore a lot of the gas stays right here at home, making the U.S. one of (if not the) cheapest places on the planet to establish manufacturing plants, especially for manufacturers that use natural gas and NGLs (natural gas liquids). Therefore, manufacturing, especially in the petrochemical sector, is ramping back up in the U.S. For every two jobs created by fracking, another one job is created in the manufacturing sector.
Letter From 24 States Asking Trump & Congress to Withdraw the Unlawful Clean ...Marcellus Drilling News
A letter from the attorneys general from 24 of the states opposed to the Obama Clean Power Plan to President-Elect Trump, RINO Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnel and RINO House Speaker Paul Ryan. The letter asks Trump to dump the CPP on Day One when he takes office, and asks Congress to adopt legislation to prevent the EPA from such an egregious overreach ever again.
Report: New U.S. Power Costs: by County, with Environmental ExternalitiesMarcellus Drilling News
Natural gas and wind are the lowest-cost technology options for new electricity generation across much of the U.S. when cost, public health impacts and environmental effects are considered. So says this new research paper released by The University of Texas at Austin. Researchers assessed multiple generation technologies including coal, natural gas, solar, wind and nuclear. Their findings are depicted in a series of maps illustrating the cost of each generation technology on a county-by-county basis throughout the U.S.
Annual report issued by the U.S. Energy Information Administration showing oil and natural gas proved reserves, in this case for 2015. These reports are issued almost a year after the period for which they report. This report shows proved reserves for natural gas dropped by 64.5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), or 16.6%. U.S. crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves also decreased--from 39.9 billion barrels to 35.2 billion barrels (down 11.8%) in 2015. Proved reserves are calculated on a number of factors, including price.
The document is a report from the U.S. Energy Information Administration analyzing oil and gas production from seven regions in the U.S. It includes charts and tables showing historical and projected production levels of oil and gas from each region from 2008 to 2017, as well as metrics like the average production per rig. The regions - Bakken, Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Marcellus, Niobrara, Permian, and Utica - accounted for 92% of domestic oil production growth and all domestic natural gas production growth from 2011-2014.
Velocys is the manufacturer of gas-to-liquids (GTL) plants that convert natural gas (a hyrdocarbon) into other hydrocarbons, like diesel fuel, gasoline, and even waxes. This PowerPoint presentation lays out the Velocys plan to get the company growing. GTL plants have not (so far) taken off in the U.S. Velocys hopes to change that. They specialize in small GTL plants.
PA DEP Revised Permit for Natural Gas Compression Stations, Processing Plants...Marcellus Drilling News
In January 2016, Gov. Wolf announced the DEP would revise its current general permit (GP-5) to update the permitting requirements for sources at natural gas compression, processing, and transmission facilities. This is the revised GP-5.
PA DEP Permit for Unconventional NatGas Well Site Operations and Remote Piggi...Marcellus Drilling News
In January 2016, PA Gov. Wolf announced the Dept. of Environmental Protection would develop a general permit for sources at new or modified unconventional well sites and remote pigging stations (GP-5A). This is the proposed permit.
Onerous new regulations for the Pennsylvania Marcellus Shale industry proposed by the state Dept. of Environmental Protection. The new regs will, according to the DEP, help PA reduce so-called fugitive methane emissions and some types of air pollution (VOCs). This is liberal Gov. Tom Wolf's way of addressing mythical man-made global warming.
The monthly Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) from the U.S. Energy Information Administration for December 2016. This issue makes a couple of key points re natural gas: (1) EIA predicts that natural gas production in the U.S. for 2016 will see a healthy decline over 2015 levels--1.3 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) less in 2016. That's the first annual production decline since 2005! (2) The EIA predicts the average price for natural gas at the benchmark Henry Hub will climb from $2.49/Mcf (thousand cubic feet) in 2016 to a whopping $3.27/Mcf in 2017. Why the jump? Growing domestic natural gas consumption, along with higher pipeline exports to Mexico and liquefied natural gas exports.
This document provides an overview of the natural gas market in the Northeast United States, including New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. It details statistics on gas customers, consumption, infrastructure like pipelines and storage, and production. A key point is that the development of the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania has significantly increased domestic gas production in the region and reduced its reliance on other supply basins and imports.
The Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission responded to each point raised in a draft copy of the PA Auditor General's audit of how Act 13 impact fee money, raised from Marcellus Shale drillers, gets spent by local municipalities. The PUC says it's not their job to monitor how the money gets spent, only in how much is raised and distributed.
Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission Act 13/Impact Fees Audit by PA Auditor...Marcellus Drilling News
A biased look at how 60% of impact fees raised from PA's shale drilling are spent, by the anti-drilling PA Auditor General. He chose to ignore an audit of 40% of the impact fees, which go to Harrisburg and disappear into the black hole of Harrisburg spending. The Auditor General claims, without basis in fact, that up to 24% of the funds are spent on items not allowed under the Act 13 law.
The final report from the Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Protection that finds, after several years of testing, no elevated levels of radiation from acid mine drainage coming from the Clyde Mine, flowing into Ten Mile Creek. Radical anti-drillers tried to smear the Marcellus industry with false claims of illegal wastewater dumping into the mine, with further claims of elevated radiation levels in the creek. After years of testing, the DEP found those allegations to be false.
FERC Order Denying Stay of Kinder Morgan's Broad Run Expansion ProjectMarcellus Drilling News
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission denied a request to stay the authorization of Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company's Broad Run Expansion Project. The Commission found that the intervenors requesting the stay did not demonstrate they would suffer irreparable harm if the project proceeded. Specifically, the Commission determined that the environmental impacts to forest and a nearby animal rehabilitation center would be insignificant. Additionally, conditioning authorization on future permits did not improperly encroach on state authority. Therefore, justice did not require granting a stay.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
2. Environmental Science & Technology Letters
Letter
Methods of Analysis Tested. BaSO4 Coprecipitation. We
attempted to use the EPA method 903.0 isotopic Ra in drinking
water method of analysis. However, the addition of 20 mL of 18
M H2SO4, prescribed by this method, formed excessive
volumes of precipitate, which rendered the approach intractable. In a further attempt to utilize the technique, we developed
a modified EPA method 903.0 protocol. Briefly, three 100 mL
samples of FBW, three 100 mL surrogate samples spiked with
3.7 Bq of 226Ra, and one 100 mL surrogate blank were diluted
to 1 L with dH2O. EPA method 903.0 was then followed with
two modifications: (1) only 0.5 mL of 1 M H2SO4 was added at
the precipitation step (rather than the prescribed 20 mL of 18
M H2SO4), and (2) the Ba carrier was omitted. Counting
sources were prepared according to the EPA method 903.0
protocol and were counted on a gas flow proportional counter
(Berthod LB 770) for 50 min as prescribed by the method.
3M Empore RAD Radium Disks (“RAD disks”). RAD disks
(3M, Eagan, MN) are wide-area (47 mm diameter) filter-based
materials impregnated with a chromatographic extractant that is
designed to selectively remove Ra from aqueous samples.12 In
our attempt to employ this technology for FBW analysis, three
50 mL samples of FBW were diluted to 500 mL with dH2O and
filtered through RAD disks, according to the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Disks were counted for 17 h on a Canberra
HPGe detection system, calibrated to a 47 mm diameter widearea filter geometry [Eckert and Ziegler (E&Z) 93471].
Filtrates were collected in 0.5 L Marinelli beakers and counted
for 17 h using a 0.5 L liquid geometry, calibrated for energy and
efficiency with an identical geometry NIST traceable standard
(E&Z 93472). The radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra in the
filtrates and filters were determined by the 186 keV peak as
described previously.13,14
Rn Emanation Measurement by RAD7. Several methods
are used frequently to determine 226Ra levels in liquid matrices
based on emanation and measurement of 222Rn, including
mineral oil extraction and liquid scintillation counting and
Lucas cell emanation-based gross-counting techniques. We
evaluated the emanation approach using RAD7 (DURRIDGE
Co., Inc., Billerica, MA), an electronic radon detector that
quantifies isotopic radon activity based on measurement of
short-lived alpha-emitting Rn daughters by high-resolution
alpha spectrometry.15 All materials for the RAD7 experiments
were purchased from DURRIDGE and used according to the
manufacturer’s instructions or in consultation with the
manufacturer. Briefly, glass vials (250 mL) were filled with
FBW and hermetically sealed for at least 30 days to reach
secular equilibrium between 226Ra and 222Rn. Samples were
analyzed using the RAD H2O accessory package, with the
following minor manufacturer-recommended modification: an
empty desiccant tube was inserted into the apparatus to control
foaming of FBW and the relative humidity in the detector.
Activities were calculated by the preprogrammed WAT250
protocol, adjusted for relative humidity with DURRIDGE
Capture version 5.2.2, and decay corrected. QA/QC checks
with samples of known 226Ra activity (4, 40, and 100 Bq/L),
analyzed as described above, were in agreement with the
manufacturer’s calibration of the detector.
MnO2 Preconcentration. The method of preconcentration
of Ra on MnO2 has been used often for effective Ra isotopic
analysis of water samples.16−18 For our evaluation, 30 mg of
KMnO4 was added to 250 mL of acidified FBW and the pH
was adjusted to 7−8 with 6 M ammonium hydroxide
(NH4OH) to form MnO2. Precipitates were filtered on 0.45
regulations to monitor wastewaters to ensure appropriate
radiation and environmental protection strategies are in place.
One challenge to effective radiation and environmental
protection for these activities is obtaining an accurate
assessment of the radioactivity concentration of Ra isotopes
in samples of FBW. Methods for quantitating isotopic Ra
radioactivity in FBW have not been validated, and few peerreviewed data sets on this topic are available. Several studies
have referred to data originating from the Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection, which for some
samples quantitated 226Ra and 228Ra by routine drinking water
methods, specifically EPA method 903.0 and EPA method
904.0.4,5,9 In another example, the New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation proposed in 2009 (revised in
2011) that all FBW must be measured for radioactivity (before
discharge) using EPA method 903.0 (alpha-emitting Ra
isotopes in drinking water) and EPA method 904.0 (228Ra in
drinking water) to quantify 226Ra and 228Ra (page 6-61).10
Although wet chemical methods are robust for drinking water,
because of the remarkably high ionic strength of FBW
(particularly from the Marcellus Shale), the reliability of
methods such as EPA method 903.0 and EPA method 904.0
is questionable for analysis of FBW. Thus, the goal of this study
was to investigate the utility of several methods for analysis of
Ra isotopes in a representative sample of Marcellus Shale FBW.
We explored BaSO4 coprecipitation (EPA method 903.0),
manganese dioxide (MnO2) preconcentration, a rapid 3M
Empore RAD radium disk approach, analysis of 226Ra via radon
(222Rn) gas emanation using a portable RAD7 electronic Rn
spectrometer, and high-purity germanium (HPGe) highresolution gamma spectroscopy. Our results suggest strongly
that nondestructive spectroscopic techniques are most
appropriate for analysis of high-ionic strength FBW.
■
MATERIALS AND METHODS
General. All reagents were ACS grade or higher. The State
Hygienic Laboratory at the University of Iowa complies with
standards of operation and quality assurance required for
accreditation by the U.S. National Environmental Laboratory
Accreditation Program (NELAP). All radioactivity values are
decay-corrected to 2:18 p.m. (CST) on May 15, 2013. Unless
otherwise stated, all uncertainties are “standard uncertainties”,
corresponding to a one-uncertainty interval based on the
standard deviation of multiple measurements or an estimate
thereof, according to principles adhered to by international
standards bodies.11
Flowback Wastewater Sample. The University of Iowa
State Hygienic Laboratory (SHL) received a 200 L drum of
Marcellus Shale FBW from northeastern Pennsylvania. The
sample was extracted from a 2100 m deep, horizontally drilled
well, which was hydraulically fractured with approximately
35000 m3 of hydraulic fracturing fluid in early 2012. The
sample was received May 7, 2013. Prior to radium quantitation,
analysts at SHL determined the chemical composition by
standard environmental techniques (Table S1 of the Supporting Information).
Surrogate Matrix. A surrogate blank matrix was prepared
for quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) analysis using
reagent grade NaCl, KCl, MgCl2·6H2O, CaCl2, SrCl2·6H2O,
BaCl2·2H2O, and FeCl3 in deionized water (dH2O). The
surrogate was prepared to match as closely as possible the FBW
sample matrix based on mass spectrometry analysis (Table S1
of the Supporting Information).
B
dx.doi.org/10.1021/ez5000379 | Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
3. Environmental Science & Technology Letters
Letter
μm cellulose nitrate filters (Whatman). The filtrate was
transferred to 250 mL glass vials, diluted with dH2O, and
sealed for at least 30 days. Precipitates and filters were digested
in concentrated HNO3, transferred to 250 mL glass vials,
neutralized with 6 M NH4OH, and sealed for at least 30 days.
Activities of 222Rn were then determined by RAD7 by following
the manufacturer-recommended protocol.15 In this way, the
efficiency of the MnO2 in sequestering Ra could be assessed by
the difference between the filtrate concentration and the filtered
MnO2 levels.
Gamma Spectroscopy. HPGe gamma spectrometry analysis
of FBW was conducted according to routine procedures using
NIST traceable standards. Briefly, HPGe gamma spectrometers
were calibrated to (1) a 3 L Marinelli beaker liquid geometry
(E&Z 93474), (2) a 47 mm wide-area filter geometry (E&Z
CRM 93471), or (3) a 0.5 L Marinelli beaker liquid geometry
(E&Z 93472), as appropriate. QA/QC included linearity and
efficiency checks performed three times per week and weekly
background counts. Once the bulk sample of FBW had been
received, 3 L was transferred to a 3 L Marinelli beaker. Because
of the settling of ultrafine particulate matter, 51 g of Bacto Agar
(BD 214010) was added. The sample was heated to a low boil
and then slowly cooled to form a homogeneous suspension.
Gamma emissions were measured for 17 h on a 30% efficient
ORTEC (Ametek, Oak Ridge, TN) HPGe, calibrated to a 3 L
liquid Marinelli geometry (E&Z 93474). After 62 days, the
sample was recounted on an 18% Canberra HPGe gamma
detector (calibrated to E&Z 93474) to confirm ingrowth of
short-lived daughters, 214Pb, 212Pb, and 214Bi. Spectral analysis
was performed using ORTEC GammaVision version 6.08 with
a library that included NORM expected in FBW. Emission
energies, half-lives, and their uncertainties were extracted from
the National Nuclear Data Center (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/
nudat2/).19
activity. Similarly, activities of FBW were calculated to be <1%
of the 226Ra activity determined by HPGe. We interpret this
finding as illustrating that the similar chemistry of Ra and Ba
prevents the use of Ba(Ra)SO4 precipitation in samples with
large Ba:Ra mass ratios (nearly 1:109 in this sample), as are
commonly found in FBW. Thus, our data suggest that
Ba(Ra)SO4 coprecipitations are not appropriate for analysis
of FBW in general and (in particular) for the analysis of
Marcellus Shale FBW. These laboratory findings may also
explain observed difficulties experienced by wastewater treatment facilities (using similar coprecipitation approaches) in
removing Ra from FBW,7 potentially leading to improved
wastewater treatment strategies.
3M Empore Radium RAD Disks. RAD disks have been
used successfully to concentrate Ra from aqueous environmental samples.21,22 The use of the RAD disk technology is
appealing, because the approach is rapid, with fewer wet
chemical steps than BaSO4 coprecipitations.21 The manufacturer reports the disks recover >95% of Ra in samples with high
concentrations of divalent cations, although a published peerreviewed upper limit of metal concentration has not been
established, to the best of our knowledge.12 When we tested 50
mL of FBW, diluted 10-fold in dH2O, the recovery of 226Ra was
13 ± 1% (n = 3) of values obtained by direct measurement
using HPGe. Although recovery was low, others have suggested
radioactive tracers, such as 133Ba or 225Ra, could be used for
isotope dilution-based approaches.22,23 Nonetheless, the
efficiency of the RAD disk appears to be questionable for
high-ionic strength FBW, and a more thorough study is needed
to establish an upper limit of ionic strength within which the
technology can be reliably employed for analysis of FBW.
MnO2 Preconcentration. Manganese dioxide is used often
to preconcentrate Ra for radiochemical analysis.16−18 However,
we hypothesized the divalent-rich matrix of FBW would hinder
the efficiency of the approach. To test this assertion, we
performed MnO2 preconcentration of FBW to determine if
226
Ra would sorb to MnO2 or remain in solution. Results
indicated that MnO2 scavenged <1% of 226Ra from the FBW
(i.e., the filtrate contained >99% of the 226Ra). Although
preconcentration with MnO2 is useful for certain complex
matrices, high-ionic strength brine, such as that from the Dead
Sea, has been reported to reduce Ra recovery on MnO2impregnated acrylic fibers.24 Similarly, our results indicate that
the high concentrations of divalent cations in FBW interfere
with the use of MnO2-based preconcentration for the analysis
of FBW.
Rn Emanation Measurement by RAD7. RAD7 is a
sturdy, portable, electronic radon detector that can be used to
measure 222Rn and 220Rn (decay products of 226Ra and 224Ra,
respectively) in environmental water samples in field and
laboratory environments.25−27 The system can be used to
measure unsupported 222Rn and 220Rn levels in water, by
immediate measurement, as well as 226Ra and 224Ra by
hermetically sealing water samples and allowing sufficient
time for Rn radioactivity products to reach radioactive
equilibrium. When the RAD H2O closed-loop system is used,
the RAD7 can measure 222Rn activities in water from <0.37 to
14800 Bq/L.15 Measurement of 226Ra in FBW via 222Rn
emanation is advantageous relative to wet chemical analysis
techniques because Rn gas can be stripped from complex
chemical matrices, allowing for sample volumes larger than and
detection limits lower than those of precipitation methods. On
the other hand, for analysis of the Marcellus Shale FBW sample
■
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chemical Matrix. Analysis of the elemental composition
revealed the FBW used for this study has high concentrations of
monovalent and divalent ions, solids, and transition metals
(Table S1 of the Supporting Information). Briefly, concentrations of monovalent and divalent ions were as follows:
147000 mg/L Cl, 36000 mg/L Sr, 29000 mg/L Na, 13000
mg/L Ca, 9000 mg/L Ba, 850 mg/L Mg, and 160 mg/L K. The
concentration of the total dissolved solids was 278000 mg/L
and that of the total suspended solids 780 mg/L. The
concentrations of Pb, Fe, and Mn were 1.0, 43, and 3.4
mg/L, respectively. The high concentrations of solids, Sr, and
Ba are characteristic of Marcellus Shale FBW reported
previously.5,9,20
Barium Sulfate Coprecipitation. The first method we
investigated is commonly used for Ra concentration determinations in drinking water, i.e., EPA method 903.0. This method
involves the addition of BaCl2 and H2SO4 to precipitate Ra as
Ba(Ra)SO4. We found that following the procedure as written
results in copious, unmanageable quantities of precipitate.
Because of excessive precipitate formation, we were unable to
use EPA method 903.0 to quantify Ra activities in samples as
small as 10 mL. To determine whether a modified form of EPA
method 903.0 would be useful, we reduced the quantity of
H2SO4 by a factor of 720 and diluted the salt concentration by a
factor of 10. This reduced the final precipitate to acceptable
mass ranges but resulted in poor recovery of Ra. Activities of
226
Ra surrogate spikes were calculated to be <1% of spiked
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4. Environmental Science & Technology Letters
Letter
described here, controlling foam produced during the Rn gasstripping process using RAD7 was a challenge. To alleviate the
problem, we inserted an empty desiccant tube between the
sample vial and the filled desiccant tube. Another (related)
challenge was controlling the humidity in the detector chamber,
which can reduce the counting efficiency of the RAD7 device.
When adjusted for humidity using the DURRIDGE Capture
software and for volume introduced by the empty desiccant
tube, the radioactivity level of the 226Ra level in FBW observed
in this study was 610 ± 10 Bq/L (n = 3). This estimation of
226
Ra may differ from HPGe values for several reasons,
including the effects of brine on the solubility of Rn.28
Additionally, modifications to the RAD7 may be necessary to
reduce possible interference from dissolved gases.29 A more
rigorous examination of these parameters is ongoing in our
laboratory. If analysis of large numbers of samples is required
rapidly, in a high-throughput laboratory environment, mineral
oil-based 222Rn extraction/emanation and liquid scintillation
counting and Lucas cell-based emanation techniques can be
employed to improve throughput. A potential drawback of
226
Ra measurements by this method is the holding time for
radon ingrowth. The holding time may be as short as 4 days if
the sample is purged prior to being hermetically sealed;
however, because sample foaming prevented complete purging,
we chose to hold for 30 days to establish secular equilibrium.
Thus, for samples with sufficient 226Ra radioactivity content,
direct measurement by HPGe gamma spectroscopy (as
described below) may offer a simpler solution to achieving
statistical significance in radioactivity quantitation.
HPGe Gamma Spectroscopy. HPGe gamma spectroscopy
is well-established for the determination of the levels of 228Ra,
226
Ra, and 224Ra in environmental samples, with achievable
detection limits depending primarily on sample size, detector
efficiency, and available counting time.30−32 Within these
constraints, given that the Ra isotopic concentration of
Marcellus Shale FBW is relatively high, the clear advantage of
HPGe gamma spectroscopy for the analyses here is the
simplicity of sample handling (i.e., no wet chemistry required;
apart from the addition of agar and moderate heating, no
alterations were made to the sample). Thus, high-ionic strength
FBW samples can be measured directly, and samples can be
stored for future analysis (if required). Radium activities
observed in the representative FBW sample used for this
assessment are well in excess of typical environmental levels in
natural surface waters reported in this region of Pennsylvania
[226Ra, 670 ± 3 Bq/L; 228Ra, 76 ± 1 Bq/L (Table 1)].7 228Ra
activities were determined by integration of 228Ac radioactive
product peaks (911 and 338 keV), with an achievable minimal
detectable activity (MDA) of 0.6 Bq/L under the counting
conditions employed. The 226Ra value was determined on the
basis of a direct measurement of the 186 keV 226Ra peak, with
an achievable MDA of 3 Bq/L. Although interference from 235U
gamma ray emission in the 186 keV region is possible,33
preliminary analysis of natural U isotopes 238U, 235U, and 234U
by alpha spectrometry reveals activities of <0.01 Bq/L of FBW.
Thus, the contribution of 235U to the 186 keV region is
negligible for these analyses. Very little natural U is extracted
during the hydraulic fracturing process because of the
insolubility of U under the reducing conditions at depth in
the shale deposit. Further studies are required to develop a
detailed understanding of the behavior of U in unconventional,
drilling-derived solid waste and in the FBW use cycle (a topic of
Table 1. Comparison of
Ra Quantitation Methods
sample
description
method
BaSO4
coprecipitation
Empore RAD
disk
MnO2
concentration
RAD7
HPGe
226
surrogate spike
(3.7 Bq of
226
Ra)
FBWa and 0.5 mL
of 1 M H2SO4
FBW diluted 10fold, RAD disk
FBW diluted 10fold,
supernatant
FBW and 10 mg
of Mn,
precipitate
FBW and 10 mg
of Mn,
supernatant
FBW
FBW and Bacto
Agar
volume
(L)
226
Ra
recovery
(%)
b
226
Ra (Bq/L)
0.15 ± 0.03d
0.1
<1
0.1
<1b,c
1.9 ± 0.4d
0.05
13 ± 1
96 ± 8d
0.05
87 ± 1
642 ± 1d
0.25
<1
0.9 ± 0.3d
0.25
>99
600 ± 20d
0.25
3
91c
100
610 ± 10d
670 ± 26e
FBW, flowback water. bAssuming a 100% efficiency of Ba recovery.
Relative to the HPGe 186.2 keV peak. dUncertainties are reported as
the standard deviation of three counts. eCounting uncertainty.
a
c
current research in our laboratories). Lower radioactivity
concentrations of 228Ra (and decay products 224Ra, 212Pb, and
208
Tl) relative to those of 226Ra (and decay products 214Pb and
214
Bi) can be explained by a lower concentration of natural Th
(232Th relative to natural 238U) at depth in the shale deposit.
Importantly, regardless of the decay product equilibrium and/
or disequilibrium associated with FBW, direct measurement of
226
Ra requires no holding time and can be measured directly by
HPGe via the 186 keV gamma ray emission of 226Ra. When
possible, measurements conducted using the 186 keV peak can
be confirmed by measuring 226Ra decay product ingrowth after
the proper holding time. The radioactive equilibrium of 228Ac
(t1/2 = 6 h) with 228Ra is reached in ∼36 h for these analyses.
While ionic strength differences between control standards and
high-ionic strength samples under analysis can contribute to
inaccuracies in Ra isotopic measurements due to density
differences, our analysis of surrogate FBW indicates no
significant contribution.34 Differences in the 226Ra radioactivity
level determined by the RAD7 emanation method may be the
result of inaccuracies in humidity corrections applied, and an
improved apparatus can easily be envisioned for efficient field
studies by this emanation technique (a topic of ongoing
research in our laboratories). Nonetheless, our results strongly
suggest that wet chemical techniques (e.g., EPA method 903.0)
are unlikely to be reliable for the analysis of high-ionic strength
FBW, and direct measurement by emanation techniques and
HPGe spectroscopy is recommended for accurate assessments.
For FBW samples with a very high Ra content, large dilutions
may be applied (to dilute the ionic strength) to allow the use of
wet chemical techniques, but detection limit data quality
objectives must be considered.
■
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
S
* Supporting Information
Chemical composition of flowback water (Table S1). This
material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://
pubs.acs.org.
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5. Environmental Science & Technology Letters
■
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*E-mail: michael-schultz@uiowa.edu. Phone: (319) 335-8019.
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We kindly acknowledge the staff and personnel at the
University of Iowa State Hygienic Laboratory for facilitating a
productive practical experience for A.W.N. for this study.
Funding for these studies was provided by the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC-HQ-12-G-38-0041) and Environmental Management Solutions (Contract EMS FP 07-03743).
■
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