The document discusses motivation and perception in organizational behavior. It defines motivation as the willingness to do something and perception as understanding or interpreting something. It then discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which presents a theory of human motivation based on fulfilling basic needs to achieve higher-level growth needs. The document also covers McGregor's Theory X and Y of motivation, contingency theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation. It provides an overview of these classic motivation theories.
The Training and Visit (T&V) system was a world Bank assisted program for conducting regular periodical pieces of training and visit to Farmers' field by extension workers. It helped farmers to receive problem-oriented guidance from extension staff.
The Training and Visit (T&V) system was a world Bank assisted program for conducting regular periodical pieces of training and visit to Farmers' field by extension workers. It helped farmers to receive problem-oriented guidance from extension staff.
PTD deals with natural resources management by strengthening the local indigenous specialists and their communities to carry out experiments in becoming more sustainable and self reliant through drawing on their local resources.
Farmer Led Extension is a promising approach wherein farmer leaders were utilized as extensionists to transfer the technologies they learned with a view to boosting up production.
The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
Reasons for Group Led Extension
1. Efficiency
2. Effectiveness
3. Collective action
4. Equity
Farm school :
“Farm school is a field where latest technology was demonstrated to progressive and interested farmers who undergo training for a certain period of time. Farm schools help in speedy dissemination and adoption of technologies through training of progressive farmers on the latest production technology.”
Background of PRA, Origin, the difference between survey research and PRA, Johari window, principles of PRA, uses of PRA, tools of PRA, references, Social mapping of our Harshnagar area, thank you.
EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS AND MASS COMMUNICATIONAyush Mishra
EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS AND MASS COMMUNICATION. TYPES OF TEACHING METHODS IN EXTENSION EDUCATION AND AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION. MASS COMMUNICATION AND ITS TYPES.
extension teaching methods are means to use to teach the farmers and the students. The choice and use of these methods depends upon the type of message to be imparted or delivered, size of the audience and their attributes. combination of extension teaching methods experienced to be more effective.
What is health education? difference between health education and propoganda, audio and visual aids used to deliver health education. types of communication. Steps to plan a dental health education program.
PTD deals with natural resources management by strengthening the local indigenous specialists and their communities to carry out experiments in becoming more sustainable and self reliant through drawing on their local resources.
Farmer Led Extension is a promising approach wherein farmer leaders were utilized as extensionists to transfer the technologies they learned with a view to boosting up production.
The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
Reasons for Group Led Extension
1. Efficiency
2. Effectiveness
3. Collective action
4. Equity
Farm school :
“Farm school is a field where latest technology was demonstrated to progressive and interested farmers who undergo training for a certain period of time. Farm schools help in speedy dissemination and adoption of technologies through training of progressive farmers on the latest production technology.”
Background of PRA, Origin, the difference between survey research and PRA, Johari window, principles of PRA, uses of PRA, tools of PRA, references, Social mapping of our Harshnagar area, thank you.
EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS AND MASS COMMUNICATIONAyush Mishra
EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS AND MASS COMMUNICATION. TYPES OF TEACHING METHODS IN EXTENSION EDUCATION AND AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION. MASS COMMUNICATION AND ITS TYPES.
extension teaching methods are means to use to teach the farmers and the students. The choice and use of these methods depends upon the type of message to be imparted or delivered, size of the audience and their attributes. combination of extension teaching methods experienced to be more effective.
What is health education? difference between health education and propoganda, audio and visual aids used to deliver health education. types of communication. Steps to plan a dental health education program.
1.Enabling children and adults to access the resources they need to maintain their health and wellbeing (e.g., under lockdown or shielding) through
2.Enabling children and adults to access the resources they need to maintain their health and wellbeing (e.g., under lockdown or shielding) through
3.Identifying and supporting informal family and friend
Mobilizing, connecting people and providing information about community, universal and secondary services and resources
Basics of adult learning
Extension methods in various fields
• Individual Method
Farm and home visits, office calls, phone calls, e-mails, personal letters.
• Group method
method and result demonstrations, study visits, meetings, farmer field schools, extension schools.
• Mass method :
television, radio, leaflets, newspapers
Planning for effective use of the methods.
Role of audio, visual, and audio-visual aids in facilitating use of extension methods
Evaluating effectiveness of various extension methods.
Lecture 4 objectives, philosophy, fucntion, scope and use , basic term of...bp singh
This lecture is very much useful for the extensionists, researchers, teachers and students pursuing their education in Agricultural Extension, dairy extension, veterinary extension
Information Education and Communication, Behavioural Change CommunicationSruthysBabu1
IEC BCC. In order to plug the existing gaps in HE, Information Education and Communication (IEC) came into practice in the early 1990s
IEC gradually evolved to BCC and it is a part of BCC.
IEC is substantially concerned with awareness generation while BCC goes one-step forward and its action-oriented
In this context, the aim of this research paper is to assess and verify the public understanding on ‘Fake Contents’ which ultimately hampering the social fabric and diverging immense popularity of “fifth estate” i.e. online (social and digital) media. This research will be based on an Exploratory Research wherein 100 respondents were selected based on random sampling technique through scheduled questionnaire which were used.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
7. 1. Physiological Needs: Physiological needs are the physical (primary)
requirements for human survival such as food, water, clothing,
shelter ,sex etc. (basic needs).
2. Safety needs: They consists (protection and security.)
• Financial security, Health and well-being
• Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts
3. Social Needs: Involve in social activities.
Involves feelings of belongingness and affiliation.
Social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups,
professional organizations, sports teams, and gangs.
4. Esteem needs: This includes the need to have self-respect. Status,
recognition, appreciation etc.
5. Self Actualization: Represents the growth of an individual toward
fulfillment of the highest needs.
Expressing one's creativity.
Realized the potentiality of his/her talent and capabilities for self
development.
Positively transform society are examples of self-actualization
8. 3.3 Theories of motivation
3.3.1 McGregor’s X and Y theory.
3.3.2 Contingency theory (z theory)
3.3.3 Hygiene maintenance theory of Herzberg.
(two factors theory)
By: Deepak Gautam, TU, IOF. 8
9. • 3.3 Theories of motivation
3.3.1 McGregor’s X and Y theory.
According to Douglas McGregor, there are two sets of
assumptions about how people are motivated to work.
Theory X:
In traditional view, people work only for survival and avoid it
as far as possible.
It is based on pessimistic assumptions of the average worker.
The average person dislikes work and will avoid it he/she can.
The average person is lazy, prefers to be directed (guided by
others), wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little
ambition and wants security.
Therefore, threat of punishment must be given to the people
to achieve organizational objectives.
10. Theory Y
People work naturally and enjoy it.
It is based on optimistic assumptions of the worker.
People are self motivated to achieve the organizational
objectives without external rewards.
They show high degree of commitment and creativity on
solving organizational problems widely.
The average person is creative, responsible to work,
ambitious and have ability to solve the problems.
Therefore, committed people on the organizational
objective will be rewarded.
Conclusion: Theory X: People are lazy and will avoid work
whenever possible. Theory Y: People are creative and
enjoy work. 10
13. 3.2 Contingency theory ( Z ).
Also called Z theory.
Developed by Dr. William Ouchi’s
It states that “ On increasing employee loyalty to the company by
providing a job for life with a strong focus on the well-being of the
employee, both on and off the job”.
According to Ouchi, Theory Z management tends to promote stable
employment, high productivity, and high employee morale and
satisfaction.
Characteristics of the Theory Z
Long-term employment and job security
Individual responsibility
Implicit control with explicit mechanisms.
Collective decision-making
Slow evaluation and promotion
Moderately specialized careers
Concern for a total person, including their family
14. 3.3 Hygiene maintenance theory of Herzberg
It was developed by psychologist Frederick herzberg.
Also called two factor theory or dual factor theory.
It states that there are certain factors in the workplace
that causes job satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
He concluded job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act
independently of each others.
Factors affecting job dissatisfactions:
Company policy
Supervision
Relationship with Boss
Work condition
Salary
Relationship with peers.
14
17. Objectives of extension education:
The basic objectives of the extension education are the
overall development of the rural people.
To bring about desirable changes in the human behavior,
which includes change in knowledge, skill and attitude.
The dissemination of useful and practical information
relating to agriculture, including improved seeds, fertilizers,
implements, pesticides, improved cultural practices,
dairying, poultry nutrition etc.
To make the people aware that agriculture is a profit table
profession.
To create an environment for rural people so that they can
show their talent, leadership and efficiency.
To provide appropriate solution of the farmer’s problems.
To bring the scientist closer to the farmers.
By: Deepak Gautam, TU, IOF. 17
18. SFM 355. FOREST EXTENSION AND EDUCATION
B.Sc. 1st Year 2nd Semester
Full mark (Theory 60; Internal Assessment 15)
==========================================================
Extension education is education for the betterment of people and
for changing their behavior i.e. knowledge, skill and attitude.
To bridge the gap between the researcher and farmers.
Extension education is the dissemination of useful research findings
and ideas among rural people to bring out desirable changes in their
social and cultural behavior.
The extension-teaching methods are the tools & techniques used to
create situations in which communication can take place between
the rural people & the extension workers.
Extension teaching methods are the basic and proven devices used
to create situation in which communication take place between the
instructor and the learner.( Legans, 1961)
Simply, A method of diffusion (circulation/transmission)
18
20. UNIT: 4. FOREST EXTENSION METHODS
4.1 Individual method 4.2 Group method 4.3 Mass method
======================================================
4.1 Individual method: (Personal contact method):
Individual contact method is a direct contact by extension worker
with an individual client (farmers, farm-women, youth etc).
General objective of individual contact method are:
• To develop good relation with farmers and to create
confidence in them.
• To discuss individual or village problems.
• To find out problems of which he/she is not aware of and to
prepare for suitable action.
• To obtain or give information.
• To teach skill.
20
21. Some of the individual contact methods are:
Farm and home visit
Office call
Telephone call
Personal letter
Informal contact
Counseling
Video calling
Electronic mail (E-mail ) etc.
21
28. 4.2 Group method:
It is also a direct contact of extension workers with a group of individuals
for a definite purpose. As compared to individual contact, it can reach
more people at a time in a lesser amount of time.
Some of the group contact methods:
Demonstration (Method demonstration, Result demonstration)
Observation Plot (District trail)
Field trip/Tour
Group meeting/ group discussion
Lecture
Panel discussion
Seminar
Workshop
Symposium
Buzz session
Forum
Extension talk.
Role playing 28
29. Some of the group contact methods:
• Panel discussion (A panel discussion, or simply a
panel, involves a group of people gathered to discuss a
topic in front of an audience, typically at scientific,
business or academic conferences, fan conventions,
and on television shows.)
• Seminar (a meeting in which you receive information
on and training in a particular subject)
• Workshop
• Symposium (a conference or meeting to discuss a
particular subject.)
• Buzz session (a small informal group discussion/focus
group discussion)
• Forum ( discussion where people can hold
conversations in the form of posted messages )
29
31. 4.3 Mass method
Mass contact methods are all those means of imparting information
to a large number of people quickly by a single source.
These methods are particularly useful in making enormous members
of people aware of new ideas and practice or awakening them to
sudden happening. Mass media will serve in stimulating farmer’s
interest in new ideas, even-though the amount of detailed
information transmitted by these media is limited.
Mass media may be used singly or in combination, as required, to
achieve the propose objectives.
31
32. Some of the important mass contact methods are described below:
Book
Hand out
Pamphlet
Leaflet
Circular letter
News paper
Wall Newspaper
Magazine
Poster
Radio
Television
Films
Audio cassettes
Models and Exhibits
Electronic mail etc.
UNIT FOUR-THE END
32
34. 5.1 Definition and importance of teaching aids.
5.2 Types of teaching aids.
============================================
5.1 Definition and importance of teaching aids.
Teaching aids are the materials that are used in teaching-learning
process or teaching activities which increase the efficiency of
teaching and learning.
Some of the teaching aids are flip charts, posters, white/black
board, markers, chalks, overhead projector, slide projector,
computer, television, video recorder, radio etc.
34
Flip charts
35. Importance of Teaching Aids (TAs): Teaching aids play an very
important role in Teaching- Learning process. Importance of Teaching
aids are as follows:
1. Motivation: TAs motivate the learners
So that they can learn better.
2. Clarification: Through teaching aids,
the teacher/extension worker clarify
the subject matters more easily.
3. Discouragement of cramming:
Tas can facilitate the proper
understanding to the learners
which discourage the act of cramming.
35
37. 4.Increase the vocabulary: TAs help to increase the vocabulary of the
learners more effectively.
5. Save time and money:
6. Class live and active:
Tas makes the class live & active.
7. Avoid dullness:
8. Direct experience: Gives direct experience
to the learners. 37
38. 5.2 TYPES OF TEACHING AIDS:
1.Visual aids: The aids which use sense of vision are
called Visual aids. For example :- actual objects,
models, pictures, charts, maps, flash cards, flannel
board, bulletin board, chalkboard, overhead
projector, slides etc. Out of these black board and
chalk are the commonest ones.
By: Deepak Gautam, TU, IOF. 38
40. 2. Audio aids:
The aids that involve the sense of hearing are called
Audio aids. For example :- radio, tape recorder,
gramophone etc.
By: Deepak Gautam, TU, IOF. 40
42. 3. Audio visual aids: The aids which involve the sense
of vision as well as hearing are called Audio- Visual
aids. For example :- television, film projector, film
strips, vedios etc.
By: Deepak Gautam, TU, IOF. 42
45. UNIT: 6. PROGRAM PLANNING
6.1 Definition and importance of planning:
Program: ( Pro + graphein), where pro means write and graphein
means a plan of procedure.
Program means: A plan of things that are done in order to achieve a
specific result.
Planning: The process of making plans for something.
Program planning: Program planning is the process by which
people, usually by means of a committee (s), extension workers and
other resource persons determine a program.
In fact the program planning answers the questions of six WH i.e.,
what, why, how, when, where and whom.
It refers to the art of designing and implementing a course of action
to achieve an effective program.
45
46. 6.2 Importance of planning:
Helps to decide short term and long term goals.
Avoid wastes of resources.
Provides guidance
Provides continuity
Provides reliable information
Helps in leadership development
Institutional support
Local support
Minimize conflicts
Provides evaluation of results
Provides balanced development.
By: Deepak Gautam, TU, IOF. 46
47. 6.2 Principles of program planning:
1. It must be based on the interest of the people.
2. It should be based on the careful analysis of the situation.
3. It must be developed through the joint participation of all
stakeholders.
4. It must be in line with local as well as district and national needs.
5. It must have objectives that are attainable.
6. It must be developed on the basis of needs and problems of the
people concerned
7. It should be made with people and not for them.
8. It should have a plan of action.
9. It is a continuous process.
10. It is a teaching-learning process
11. It should be balanced and comprehensive in nature.
12. Provides for Evaluation of results. 47
48. 6.3 EXTENSION PLANNING CYCLE/PROCESS
By: Deepak Gautam, TU, IOF. 48
Collect facts
(data)
Analyze the
situation
Identify
problems
Decide on
objectives
Develop plan of
work
Implement the
plan
Evaluation
process
Re-
consideration