This document explores the role of technology and internet financial reports on financial report users in Libyan financial organizations. It discusses how information technology and internet financial reports have impacted various types of financial report users, including owners and investors, management, lenders, government entities, employees, customers, and competitors. The document also examines how factors like globalization, increased internet access, and the widespread availability of digital information have led to the growth of internet financial reporting. It analyzes how internet financial reports provide benefits like reducing costs, improving timeliness of information, and enhancing transparency and communication with stakeholders. Finally, the document discusses some challenges in implementing international financial reporting standards in Libya's developing economy and accounting infrastructure.
A Construct Validity of Investment Decision in the Banking Sector in Libya (A...IOSR Journals
Investment decision is an important part of strategic decision making. This is because such decision has involves the allocation of money as is known currently over a period of time, in order to make a profit in future and also be subject to different degrees of risk and uncertainty. However, this paper has an objective to validate the measurements of investment decision in the banking sector in Libya. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive information on the investment decision in Libyan commercial banks, as well as gaining an understanding on the dimensions of customers’ decisions to invest. Structural equation modeling using 2nd order CFA was employed to validate the measurements. The findings confirmed financial ability, perceived usefulness, product and company attributes and knowledge and past experiences as dimensions of investment decision. The present study has a fundamental contribution as a role model for the investment decision measurements in Libya.
INFORMAL SECTOR FINANCIAL CHALLENGES: A CASE OF MANUFACTURING INFORMAL SMALL ...ectijjournal
The study made an evaluation on the financial challenges in relation to manufacturing informal enterprises
(SMEs) in Harare. The research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data collection tools
used were: interviews and surveys. The study’s major finding was that informal small and medium
enterprises were virtually excluded from accessing working capital formal credit from established financial
institutions due to a myriad of challenges, the key challenge being none or inadequate bookkeeping
practices. Furthermore, the study revealed that The informal SMEs contribute significantly over 60% to the
Zimbabwe’s formal economy through various taxes and informal employment. The study recommended
that Ministry of Small and Medium enterprises should provide assistance in form of formal credit basing
on according records kept by informal sector.
Effect of Accounting Records on Financial Performance of Small and Medium Ind...ijtsrd
This study examines the effect of accounting records on financial performance of small and medium industries in Nigeria. Specifically the study sought to determine whether small and medium industries keep accounting records of their financial transactions in Anambra state and evaluate whether sound accounting system significantly improve the performance of small and medium industries in Anambra State. Survey research designs were adopted for the study. Data were collected through survey in which questionnaire was administered on a sample of 176 was purposively collected from population of selected small and medium industries. The study found that the Small and medium industries keep accounting records of their financial transactions in Anambra state. Also that sound accounting system has significantly improved the performance of small and medium industries in Anambra State. Based on this, it recommended that the cost of operating sound accounting system should be minimized in order to encourage the adoption of in small and medium industries in the State. Okpala, Lucy Ifeoma ""Effect of Accounting Records on Financial Performance of Small and Medium Industries in Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25084.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/25084/effect-of-accounting-records-on-financial-performance-of-small-and-medium-industries-in-nigeria/okpala-lucy-ifeoma
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Analysis Of The Effect Of Capital, Credit Risk and Profitability To Implementation Banking Intermediation Function(Study On Regional Development Bank All Over Indonesia Year 2012 )
A Construct Validity of Investment Decision in the Banking Sector in Libya (A...IOSR Journals
Investment decision is an important part of strategic decision making. This is because such decision has involves the allocation of money as is known currently over a period of time, in order to make a profit in future and also be subject to different degrees of risk and uncertainty. However, this paper has an objective to validate the measurements of investment decision in the banking sector in Libya. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive information on the investment decision in Libyan commercial banks, as well as gaining an understanding on the dimensions of customers’ decisions to invest. Structural equation modeling using 2nd order CFA was employed to validate the measurements. The findings confirmed financial ability, perceived usefulness, product and company attributes and knowledge and past experiences as dimensions of investment decision. The present study has a fundamental contribution as a role model for the investment decision measurements in Libya.
INFORMAL SECTOR FINANCIAL CHALLENGES: A CASE OF MANUFACTURING INFORMAL SMALL ...ectijjournal
The study made an evaluation on the financial challenges in relation to manufacturing informal enterprises
(SMEs) in Harare. The research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data collection tools
used were: interviews and surveys. The study’s major finding was that informal small and medium
enterprises were virtually excluded from accessing working capital formal credit from established financial
institutions due to a myriad of challenges, the key challenge being none or inadequate bookkeeping
practices. Furthermore, the study revealed that The informal SMEs contribute significantly over 60% to the
Zimbabwe’s formal economy through various taxes and informal employment. The study recommended
that Ministry of Small and Medium enterprises should provide assistance in form of formal credit basing
on according records kept by informal sector.
Effect of Accounting Records on Financial Performance of Small and Medium Ind...ijtsrd
This study examines the effect of accounting records on financial performance of small and medium industries in Nigeria. Specifically the study sought to determine whether small and medium industries keep accounting records of their financial transactions in Anambra state and evaluate whether sound accounting system significantly improve the performance of small and medium industries in Anambra State. Survey research designs were adopted for the study. Data were collected through survey in which questionnaire was administered on a sample of 176 was purposively collected from population of selected small and medium industries. The study found that the Small and medium industries keep accounting records of their financial transactions in Anambra state. Also that sound accounting system has significantly improved the performance of small and medium industries in Anambra State. Based on this, it recommended that the cost of operating sound accounting system should be minimized in order to encourage the adoption of in small and medium industries in the State. Okpala, Lucy Ifeoma ""Effect of Accounting Records on Financial Performance of Small and Medium Industries in Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25084.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/25084/effect-of-accounting-records-on-financial-performance-of-small-and-medium-industries-in-nigeria/okpala-lucy-ifeoma
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Analysis Of The Effect Of Capital, Credit Risk and Profitability To Implementation Banking Intermediation Function(Study On Regional Development Bank All Over Indonesia Year 2012 )
Corporate governance is of great importance for financial performance. Corporate governance issues have attracted public interest in the financial sector both locally and internationally after waves of corporate rip-offs and failures that almost led to loss of confidence in the finance sector. The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of corporate governance on financial performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study targeted a population of 65 active Savings and credit Co-operatives operating in Embu County. A sample size of 57 Savings and Credit Co-operatives was used in this study. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample. Primary data was collected using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires while secondary data was obtained from financial statements and periodicals using a record survey sheet. Pre-testing of research tool was conducted before the actual data collection was carried, to determine the reliability of the questionnaire by use of a Cronbach‘s alpha, statistical coefficient, while the validity was tested to ensure that the questions in the questionnaire provides adequate coverage to the investigative questions. Correlation and multiple regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The study findings indicated that corporate governance positively affected the financial performance. In specific the board composition and corporate risk management for SACCOs had a positive effect on the financial performances of the SACCOs. The study is beneficial to SACCOs management in improving the performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives and enabling them to compete globally. The study recommends gender parity consideration and balanced mix of skilled board members during appointments of the board members. The recommendations are important to the government, especially the department of cooperatives in strengthening policies regarding cooperative societies.
Effect of Debt Recovery Techniques on Performance of Selected Financial Insti...inventionjournals
The purpose of the was to examine the effect of debt recovery techniques on performance of financial institutions. The study objectives were to examine the effect of account transactions, guarantors, auction and the effect of collateral retention on performance of financial institutions in Eldoret town. The study was guided by customer-supplier relationship theory. The research design adopted a descriptive survey design. The study was conducted on Financial Institutions within Eldoret town, Uasin Gishu County. The target population consisted of 185 employees from the credit and management department of selected financial institutions. The study targeted five commercial banks and four micro-finance institutions. The study used purposive sampling technique to select 125 respondents. The researcher used questionnaire as data collection instruments. The data collected in the study was analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. This includes the use of descriptive statistical methods to analyze data consisting of frequency, mean and standard deviation. The relationship between variables was done using multiple linear regression models. Graphs, tables and pie charts were used to present the results. Based on the findings of the study, the study recommended among others that financial institutions should review account histories as suggestion tools for accounts such as savings accounts, investment accounts and also retirement accounts for additional information on customer ability to repay their loans. The study suggests that same study be done in other financial institutions not considered in this study to allow generalizations and also provide rich advances for future studies. Further research is also required to study the factors determining debt recovery in financial institutions.
The Effect Of Government Apparatus Competence And The Effectiveness Of Government Internal Control Toward The Quality Of Financial Reporting And Its Impact On The Performance Accountability In Local Government (Survey Of All Units Local Government In Tegal City – Central Java Province- Indonesian)
Quality Improvement of BMT by Performance, Efficiency, Good Corporate Governa...Mega Widayanti
Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT) is an Islamic microfinance institution which aims to collect and distribute funds from the surplus to the deficit unit. As a non-bank financial institution, BMT has been established as many as 200.808 units in 2015. The implementation of Islamic principles with the concept of ta'awun somehow becomes the main attraction of BMT, which in fact, gains the highest number of the service used among other microfinance institutions with approximately 18% percent of the total microfinance institution clients (2013). Meanwhile, BMT’s performance of development assets reached IDR 4.7 trillion with the total funds of IDR 3.6 trillion in 2015. This indicates that BMT has grown rapidly over the years. Despite the significant growth, BMT has also encountered a great deal of problems during the process. Some problems that might occur include the inadequate regulations of credit (credit fund is only distributed to some sectors of mudharib group), the inefficiency of Human Resource (HR) or executives and staff (parts of finance official which exceed the limits when giving loans) and the inadequacy of the detection of non-performing loans possibilities, which includes the growth of cash flow of the mudharib. This paper applied qualitative descriptive method to analyze the problem from various journals related to the issues of BMT. The authors employed categorical analysis to define the MEGA (Performance, efficiency, good corporate governance and value added measurements) whereas strategic measurement was used to measure the financial and management performance, efficiency, quality of governance and value-added achieved in order to improve the quality of BMT.
Keywords: Baitul Maal Wattamwil, Measurement, Efficiency, Good Corporate Governance, and Value Added
An Investigation into the Financial Performance of Micro, Small and Medium En...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are an indispensable part of the Indian economy. In terms of Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), MSMEs accounted for about 33% and 31% of India's GVA and GDP, respectively, in the year 2019-20. Unlike large enterprises that are concentrated in the metros, MSMEs are spread across smaller and larger rural as well as urban centres of India. They are also the biggest source of employment, especially in rural India, and contribute to the rural development and industrialisation. MSMEs also act as a great social bridge as smaller enterprises are owned by socially backward classes and women than are larger enterprises. For these reasons and more, the India government has always promoted the growth and development of MSMEs through policy initiatives, technology up gradation, and via other means. Consequently, MSMEs have also grown in multi-folds in the past decades in terms of the number of enterprises in operation and the collective revenue of the sector. Several challenges affect the growth of MSMEs, however. One of these is the limited academic studies into the financial performance of MSMEs, probably due to the unavailability of adequate data. The present research attempts to fill this gap by conducting a financial performance evaluation of 51 sample MSMEs based in the district of Nanded, Maharashtra. The research utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to compare the financial performance of sample MSMEs selectively using the suitable variables identified by Arasu et al. (2021). Findings suggest sharp differences in the financial performance of sample units. Inefficient units are suggested to improve their return on asset, return on capital employed, and net profit margin.
Does Bank Credit Have Any Impact on Nigeria’s Domestic Investment?iosrjce
There is an extensive literature on the role of the bank lending and credit facilities in Nigeria but
most of these literature concentrate on its impact on the gross domestic product. This study focuses on the
impact of Nigeria’s banking sector on domestic investment from 1980 to 2012 bearing in mind that funding is
one of the major challenges of domestic entrepreneurs in Nigeria. A domestic investment model was adopted
and the unit root test was first applied to the data set. All the data are stationary and the ordinary least square
method was used to identify the impact of capital market activities on domestic investment in Nigeria using the
cointegration technique. Findings reveal that bank credit negatively though significantly impacted on domestic
investment in the long run while its short run impact is both positive and significant. This is an indication that
financial intermediation (captured by bank credit to private sector) is a strong driver of domestic investment in
Nigeria only in the short run. The study thus recommends amongst others, the strengthening of Nigeria’s
banking system with more funds and supervisions as well as the encouragement of both foreign and domestic
investments through government’s creation of a more conducive political and economic climate.
Factors Affecting Return on Assets (ROA) in Banking Companies Listed in Indon...AJSSMTJournal
Bank performance is a description of each economic results can be achieved by the banking company in a
particular period through the activities of the company to generate profits effectively and efficiently. The performance level
was good bank increase public confidence to use the financial services of banks. One indicator to assess the financial
performance of a bank is ROA. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of CAR, NPL, LDR, NIM, BOPO, Inflation,
and BI Rate on ROA of banking companies listed on the Stock Exchange partially and simultaneously. The analysis method
used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, which is processed using the SPSS program version 25. The results showed that
partially CAR, NPL, Inflation, and BI Rate did not significantly influence ROA of banking companies listed on the IDX, while
LDR, NIM and BOPO significantly influence ROA on banking companies listed on the IDX. Simultaneously all independent
variables have a significant effect on ROA in banking companies listed on the IDX, where the contribution of all independent
variables is 95.80% and the remaining 4.20% influenced by other variables that have not been examined in this research.
Bangladesh is successful in garments sector primarily without policy support but government came with some policy support such as Bonded warehouse and Back to Back Letter of credit for import of raw materials from other countries. The growth of export of garment is allowing down as Bangladesh only produce low cost garment and "experts" suggesting entrepreneurs to go for high value garment without policy support. Bangladesh needs technology and development of own brands for overseas market.
Obstacles and implementation of accounting software system in Small Medium En...IJSB
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have long been considered as the principle driving force of Bangladesh’s economy. Along with stimulating private ownership and entrepreneurial skills, SMEs are flexible and can adapt quickly to changing market demand and supply. The aim of this study was to show that how the factors of barrier affected practicing of accounting software system in SMEs of Bangladesh. However, to get an exclusive finding, total 300 firms were randomly selected as a respondent and surveyed to get the specific answers of the specific questionnaire. Finally, the result of this study suggested the proper application and use of accounting software system ensured strong responsibility and accountability of the business enterprise and it also assisted the owner and policy makers of the firm’s to better understanding about their performance and improvement. With employing accounting software technology, small and medium business enterprises can reduce its operating cost and increase its profitability and competitive advantages.
Financial Statements Analysis: Wealth Creation and Wealth Maximisation at Tel...iosrjce
Information technology revolution has gained popularity with companies’ success depending
virtually on the exchange of information. As a result, it has brought to consideration the need to create and
sustain technologies through which information can be transmitted and received, and the telecommunication
industry has been a major development. The research paper seeks to analyse the financial statements of a
telecom company to determine whether the company created wealth and suggesting ways to improve wealth
creation. Factors such as operational results, key economic variables and customer satisfaction were explored.
A questionnaire survey was employed to collect primary data. The questionnaires were distributed by hand and
some were emailed. Results of the survey were reported and customer suggestions and concerns were noted.
Secondary data was obtained from the financial statements as well as operational reviews available on the
website. Data was analysed and it was discovered that the company has revolved significantly and its
performance has improved over the years. However, it was highlighted that a lot still needs to be done.
Therefore recommendations to pave way for future studies have been suggested.
Corporate governance is of great importance for financial performance. Corporate governance issues have attracted public interest in the financial sector both locally and internationally after waves of corporate rip-offs and failures that almost led to loss of confidence in the finance sector. The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of corporate governance on financial performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study targeted a population of 65 active Savings and credit Co-operatives operating in Embu County. A sample size of 57 Savings and Credit Co-operatives was used in this study. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample. Primary data was collected using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires while secondary data was obtained from financial statements and periodicals using a record survey sheet. Pre-testing of research tool was conducted before the actual data collection was carried, to determine the reliability of the questionnaire by use of a Cronbach‘s alpha, statistical coefficient, while the validity was tested to ensure that the questions in the questionnaire provides adequate coverage to the investigative questions. Correlation and multiple regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The study findings indicated that corporate governance positively affected the financial performance. In specific the board composition and corporate risk management for SACCOs had a positive effect on the financial performances of the SACCOs. The study is beneficial to SACCOs management in improving the performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives and enabling them to compete globally. The study recommends gender parity consideration and balanced mix of skilled board members during appointments of the board members. The recommendations are important to the government, especially the department of cooperatives in strengthening policies regarding cooperative societies.
Effect of Debt Recovery Techniques on Performance of Selected Financial Insti...inventionjournals
The purpose of the was to examine the effect of debt recovery techniques on performance of financial institutions. The study objectives were to examine the effect of account transactions, guarantors, auction and the effect of collateral retention on performance of financial institutions in Eldoret town. The study was guided by customer-supplier relationship theory. The research design adopted a descriptive survey design. The study was conducted on Financial Institutions within Eldoret town, Uasin Gishu County. The target population consisted of 185 employees from the credit and management department of selected financial institutions. The study targeted five commercial banks and four micro-finance institutions. The study used purposive sampling technique to select 125 respondents. The researcher used questionnaire as data collection instruments. The data collected in the study was analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. This includes the use of descriptive statistical methods to analyze data consisting of frequency, mean and standard deviation. The relationship between variables was done using multiple linear regression models. Graphs, tables and pie charts were used to present the results. Based on the findings of the study, the study recommended among others that financial institutions should review account histories as suggestion tools for accounts such as savings accounts, investment accounts and also retirement accounts for additional information on customer ability to repay their loans. The study suggests that same study be done in other financial institutions not considered in this study to allow generalizations and also provide rich advances for future studies. Further research is also required to study the factors determining debt recovery in financial institutions.
The Effect Of Government Apparatus Competence And The Effectiveness Of Government Internal Control Toward The Quality Of Financial Reporting And Its Impact On The Performance Accountability In Local Government (Survey Of All Units Local Government In Tegal City – Central Java Province- Indonesian)
Quality Improvement of BMT by Performance, Efficiency, Good Corporate Governa...Mega Widayanti
Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT) is an Islamic microfinance institution which aims to collect and distribute funds from the surplus to the deficit unit. As a non-bank financial institution, BMT has been established as many as 200.808 units in 2015. The implementation of Islamic principles with the concept of ta'awun somehow becomes the main attraction of BMT, which in fact, gains the highest number of the service used among other microfinance institutions with approximately 18% percent of the total microfinance institution clients (2013). Meanwhile, BMT’s performance of development assets reached IDR 4.7 trillion with the total funds of IDR 3.6 trillion in 2015. This indicates that BMT has grown rapidly over the years. Despite the significant growth, BMT has also encountered a great deal of problems during the process. Some problems that might occur include the inadequate regulations of credit (credit fund is only distributed to some sectors of mudharib group), the inefficiency of Human Resource (HR) or executives and staff (parts of finance official which exceed the limits when giving loans) and the inadequacy of the detection of non-performing loans possibilities, which includes the growth of cash flow of the mudharib. This paper applied qualitative descriptive method to analyze the problem from various journals related to the issues of BMT. The authors employed categorical analysis to define the MEGA (Performance, efficiency, good corporate governance and value added measurements) whereas strategic measurement was used to measure the financial and management performance, efficiency, quality of governance and value-added achieved in order to improve the quality of BMT.
Keywords: Baitul Maal Wattamwil, Measurement, Efficiency, Good Corporate Governance, and Value Added
An Investigation into the Financial Performance of Micro, Small and Medium En...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are an indispensable part of the Indian economy. In terms of Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), MSMEs accounted for about 33% and 31% of India's GVA and GDP, respectively, in the year 2019-20. Unlike large enterprises that are concentrated in the metros, MSMEs are spread across smaller and larger rural as well as urban centres of India. They are also the biggest source of employment, especially in rural India, and contribute to the rural development and industrialisation. MSMEs also act as a great social bridge as smaller enterprises are owned by socially backward classes and women than are larger enterprises. For these reasons and more, the India government has always promoted the growth and development of MSMEs through policy initiatives, technology up gradation, and via other means. Consequently, MSMEs have also grown in multi-folds in the past decades in terms of the number of enterprises in operation and the collective revenue of the sector. Several challenges affect the growth of MSMEs, however. One of these is the limited academic studies into the financial performance of MSMEs, probably due to the unavailability of adequate data. The present research attempts to fill this gap by conducting a financial performance evaluation of 51 sample MSMEs based in the district of Nanded, Maharashtra. The research utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to compare the financial performance of sample MSMEs selectively using the suitable variables identified by Arasu et al. (2021). Findings suggest sharp differences in the financial performance of sample units. Inefficient units are suggested to improve their return on asset, return on capital employed, and net profit margin.
Does Bank Credit Have Any Impact on Nigeria’s Domestic Investment?iosrjce
There is an extensive literature on the role of the bank lending and credit facilities in Nigeria but
most of these literature concentrate on its impact on the gross domestic product. This study focuses on the
impact of Nigeria’s banking sector on domestic investment from 1980 to 2012 bearing in mind that funding is
one of the major challenges of domestic entrepreneurs in Nigeria. A domestic investment model was adopted
and the unit root test was first applied to the data set. All the data are stationary and the ordinary least square
method was used to identify the impact of capital market activities on domestic investment in Nigeria using the
cointegration technique. Findings reveal that bank credit negatively though significantly impacted on domestic
investment in the long run while its short run impact is both positive and significant. This is an indication that
financial intermediation (captured by bank credit to private sector) is a strong driver of domestic investment in
Nigeria only in the short run. The study thus recommends amongst others, the strengthening of Nigeria’s
banking system with more funds and supervisions as well as the encouragement of both foreign and domestic
investments through government’s creation of a more conducive political and economic climate.
Factors Affecting Return on Assets (ROA) in Banking Companies Listed in Indon...AJSSMTJournal
Bank performance is a description of each economic results can be achieved by the banking company in a
particular period through the activities of the company to generate profits effectively and efficiently. The performance level
was good bank increase public confidence to use the financial services of banks. One indicator to assess the financial
performance of a bank is ROA. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of CAR, NPL, LDR, NIM, BOPO, Inflation,
and BI Rate on ROA of banking companies listed on the Stock Exchange partially and simultaneously. The analysis method
used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, which is processed using the SPSS program version 25. The results showed that
partially CAR, NPL, Inflation, and BI Rate did not significantly influence ROA of banking companies listed on the IDX, while
LDR, NIM and BOPO significantly influence ROA on banking companies listed on the IDX. Simultaneously all independent
variables have a significant effect on ROA in banking companies listed on the IDX, where the contribution of all independent
variables is 95.80% and the remaining 4.20% influenced by other variables that have not been examined in this research.
Bangladesh is successful in garments sector primarily without policy support but government came with some policy support such as Bonded warehouse and Back to Back Letter of credit for import of raw materials from other countries. The growth of export of garment is allowing down as Bangladesh only produce low cost garment and "experts" suggesting entrepreneurs to go for high value garment without policy support. Bangladesh needs technology and development of own brands for overseas market.
Obstacles and implementation of accounting software system in Small Medium En...IJSB
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have long been considered as the principle driving force of Bangladesh’s economy. Along with stimulating private ownership and entrepreneurial skills, SMEs are flexible and can adapt quickly to changing market demand and supply. The aim of this study was to show that how the factors of barrier affected practicing of accounting software system in SMEs of Bangladesh. However, to get an exclusive finding, total 300 firms were randomly selected as a respondent and surveyed to get the specific answers of the specific questionnaire. Finally, the result of this study suggested the proper application and use of accounting software system ensured strong responsibility and accountability of the business enterprise and it also assisted the owner and policy makers of the firm’s to better understanding about their performance and improvement. With employing accounting software technology, small and medium business enterprises can reduce its operating cost and increase its profitability and competitive advantages.
Financial Statements Analysis: Wealth Creation and Wealth Maximisation at Tel...iosrjce
Information technology revolution has gained popularity with companies’ success depending
virtually on the exchange of information. As a result, it has brought to consideration the need to create and
sustain technologies through which information can be transmitted and received, and the telecommunication
industry has been a major development. The research paper seeks to analyse the financial statements of a
telecom company to determine whether the company created wealth and suggesting ways to improve wealth
creation. Factors such as operational results, key economic variables and customer satisfaction were explored.
A questionnaire survey was employed to collect primary data. The questionnaires were distributed by hand and
some were emailed. Results of the survey were reported and customer suggestions and concerns were noted.
Secondary data was obtained from the financial statements as well as operational reviews available on the
website. Data was analysed and it was discovered that the company has revolved significantly and its
performance has improved over the years. However, it was highlighted that a lot still needs to be done.
Therefore recommendations to pave way for future studies have been suggested.
Decision Usefulness Approach to Financial Reporting: A Case for EmployeesIJAEMSJORNAL
Financial reporting it centers on about the FRS 101 known as presentation of financial statements. The International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) develop this standard to revised IAS 1 for improvement the qualities when present in the financial statement. FRS 101 is usually based on IAS 1 presentation of financial statements issued by IASB. That means, compliance the FRS 101 also will cause compliance with IAS 1. There are no different between two accounting standards. This paper describes and underlying criticism raised in the decision usefulness approach of financial reporting in the case of employees. The employees of the company can be categorized into two, i.e., the present and prospective employees. This paper examines why the reward system and corporate social responsibility must be used by organizations as an instrument for employees to improve their living conditions. The underlying significant role which employees play in organizational development has drawn considerable attention all over the world because the employees as the key to ensuring tactics and strategis of company’s run successfully. The argument is that employees increase the performance of the organizations through efficient and effective information that comes from financial reporting.
Luận Văn The Influence the Quality of Financial Reporting on Firm Value. The object of research in this study is the quality of financial reporting and corporate value. The focus of research is directed to the quality of financial reporting both weaknesses and advantages in increasing the value of the company. The research method used in this research is explanatory research (expalanatory reserach), because it is a research that explains the causal relationship between variables (Cooper and Schindler, 2006: 154) through census research.
Managerial oversight rather than inadequate finance has been ascribed as the necessitating fundamental to business failure in less-developed countries. Finance plays a crucial role in the establishment, growth and sustainability of business. However, it is delicate; its inadequacy or excess is as dangerous asineffective management. This paper examines the importance of finance function, the imperativeness of financial strategies and the special role of finance manager in business sustainability. In addition, a reflection is made of the financial management practicesof businesses in African countries, and recommendations made for changes required for their sustainability.
Factors Influencing the Level of Compliance with International Financial Re...Premier Publishers
Compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by Small and Medium-Scale enterprises (SMEs) has become a topical issue in accounting research, and it has become necessary in order to enhance the ability of SMEs to live up to international best business practices. SMEs are pivotal to the growth and development of any nation's economy. Many countries are opening their doors to foreign investments due to globalization and businesses are expanding beyond their national borders. Therefore, there is a need for the SME sector in Nigeria to be prepared and take advantage of this phenomenon for their growth by ensuring that their financial reports comply with the disclosure requirements of IFRS. This study assessed the factors that influence the levels of compliance with IFRS by SMEs in Ondo State, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey of one hundred SMEs in Akure was conducted through structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using Single-Factor Descriptive Analysis, Weighted Mean Scoring, Principal Component Analysis and Regression Analysis. The study found there was low level of compliance by the SMEs in the study area and major factors influencing compliance are proper accounting records submission of accounting statements to regulatory bodies and knowledge of IFRS with mean ratings of 3.29, 3.27, 3.26 and 3.24 respectively. It concluded that there is need for the SMEs in the study area to comply with the disclosure requirements of IFRS in order to improve their capitalization and profitability. It is recommended that Financial Reporting Act in Nigeria is reviewed to make compliance of SMEs with IFRS mandatory and that Financial Reporting Council should ensure proper capacity development to enable SMEs compliance.
The Effect Of Profitability, Company Size, Auditor Reputation, And Leverage O...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Audited financial statements are one of the information that plays an important role in the
investment business in the capital market. The audit completion process also affects the quality of financial
reports. This reflects the importance of timeliness in presenting financial reports to the public. Various
constraints that affect timeliness can come from internal and external companies. Therefore this study aims to
determine the effect of profitability, company size, auditor reputation, and leverage on Audit Delay in Property
and Real Estate Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. This study uses secondary
data that can be accessed through the Indonesia Stock Exchange website (www.idx.co.id) in the form of
financial reports and company annual reports. The data analysis technique used is the classical assumption test,
t test, F test and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software (Statistical Package for the Social Science)
version 26. The sample of this study consisted of 88 companies in the Property and Real Estate Sector and the
sampling method was carried out by purposive sampling method. Using this method, a sample of 21 companies
was obtained with an observation period of 3 years (2019- 2021). The results of this study show that company
size has an effect on audit delay while profitability, auditor reputation, and leverage have no effect on audit
delay.
KEYWORDS: audit delay, profitability, company size, auditor reputation, and leverage.
The Growing Need of Corporate Attributes and Timeliness of Financial Reportingijtsrd
This study examined the Growing Need of corporate attributes and Timeliness of Financial Reporting in Nigeria. Cross sectional data was sourced from financial statement of quoted banks. Number of days was modelled as a function of total assets, influence of industry sector, size of audit firm, profitability and number of employees. After cross examination of the validity of the pooled effect, fixed effect and the random effect, the study accepts the fixed effect model. The result found that profitability and influence of industry sector have positive relationship with timeliness of financial report of the selected bank. The panel unit root proved that the variables are stationary at first difference while the causality test found one unidirectional relationship with size of audit firm to timeliness of financial reporting. From the regression summary, the study concludes that corporate attributes have significant relationship with timeliness of financial reports. We recommend that corporate attributes that affect negative timeliness of financial reporting should be discouraged or properly managed and factors that enhance timeliness of financial reporting should be encouraged. Dr. Odogu Laime Isaac | Dr. Zebaghafa Sunday | Okpobo Timinipre Joseph "The Growing Need of Corporate Attributes and Timeliness of Financial Reporting" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd54026.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/management/accounting-and-finance/54026/the-growing-need-of-corporate-attributes-and-timeliness-of-financial-reporting/dr-odogu-laime-isaac
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
Forensic Accounting and Integrated Financial Reporting of Banks using HausmanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study examined forensic accounting and integrated financial reporting of listed banks in Ghana. The study aimed to examine forensic accounting effects on the integrated financial reporting of the listed banks. Its specific objectives determined the impact Litigations, Claims, Fraud cases reported, Cost of forensic investigation and Non-performing loans (LCFCN) have on integrated financial reporting variables such as corporate social responsibility – CSR. Integrated financial reporting (IFR) is the dependent variable while forensic accounting (FA) is the independent variable. In line with these stated objectives, five research questions and five hypotheses were formulated and it adopted the ex-post facto research design. The population of study constitutes 24 listed banks in Ghana, only 8 listed banks was selected through a purposive sampling. The data for the study was purely secondary and sourced from related books of the banks via Central Banks bulletin (Ghana), African financials and banks reports for a period of 16years from 2004-2020. Moreover, data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, the Shapiro -Wilk test for a diagnostic check for normality and a combination of the panel regression analysis with the Hausman test which aided appropriately specification whether the analysis should be done with a fixed effect or random effect model of which the fixed effect was used for the interpretation at (P 0.050 < 0.10). In nations analyzed, the results among others demonstrated that forensic accounting and integrated financial reporting were statistically significant at 1%, 5%, and 10% as claims is positive and have significant effect on CSR (β = 64687.53, P<0.10); Non-performing loans is statistically significant and had a negative effect on CSR (β = -2.934, P= 0.054 @ 0.10). The study hence concludes that the effective implementation of forensic accounting had a constructive and significant effect on the integrated financial reporting of listed banks in Ghana. The study recommends among others that the apex banks should mandate banks to incorporate forensic accounting when reassessing their employability skill set, report production, debt administration and management, and portray fairness virtue in their reporting system so as to attract more investment and positive public image.
Post privatization Corporate Governance and the challenges of working capital...inventionjournals
The paper examines the impact of Corporate Governance on liquidity ratio of Ashaka Cement Company. The variables studied were activity ratio as dependent variables and Corporate Governance proxies as independent variables. Data was collected from the secondary sources, and the statistical tools employed in the Methodology were; Performance Trend Analysis and OLS regression. Trend Analysis result suggests that, liquidity ratio was higher pre privatization periods. Inferential Statistics Result suggests that, minority ownership, board size and privatization have positive and significant impact on liquidity ratio of Ashaka Cement Company, while, Total Market Value of Shares and percentage of non executive directors have negative and significant impact on liquidity ratio of Ashaka Cement Company. However, workforce has positive and insignificant impact on liquidity ratio. The study concludes that, corporate governance has significant impact on liquidity ratio of Ashaka Cement Company. However, unfavourable macroeconomic environment militated against its efficiency. The study recommends that, Nigerian government should ensure favorable macroeconomic environment, Foreign Investors should secure global cement market opportunities to justify investment and enhance companies’ earnings The findings may useful to corporate stakeholders and government policy makers
Corporate Governance on Earnings Management in Listed Deposit Money Bank in N...ijtsrd
The increase in the manipulation of accounting records and collapse of some Nigerian Deposit Money Banks have left question in the mind of researchers on the role of corporate governance. This paper was carried out to examine the impact of corporate governance attributes on earnings management of listed Deposit Money Banks from 2009 to 2017. The study used a sample size of thirteen 13 banks. The dependent variable was measured using Discretionary Loan Loss Provision Model by Chang, Shen and Fang 2008 . Correlational design was employed the secondary data was obtained from the annual reports of the firms and Nigerian Stock Exchange website. The results from the multiple regression analysis proved that board size has positive and significant impact on earnings management board independence has negative and significant impact on earnings management while board of directors' ownership has insignificant impact on earnings management. The study concludes that effective monitoring role of independence directors will constrain the opportunistic behavior by managers. The paper therefore recommends among others that banks should increase the numbers of independent directors on the board to improve their monitoring effectiveness. Olaleye John Olatunde | Amafa Etupu Oluwafunmilayo "Corporate Governance on Earnings Management in Listed Deposit Money Bank in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29515.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/29515/corporate-governance-on-earnings-management-in-listed-deposit-money-bank-in-nigeria/olaleye-john-olatunde
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. Exploring the Role of Technology and Internet Financial Reports on Financial Report Users in Libyan Financial Organizations
lihniash et al. 026
of financial reporting is to provide high-quality, first-hand
information on economic and financial entities, useful in
the process of economic decision-making [Nel, 2004,
Whittington, 2010]. The provision of high-quality financial
reporting information is necessary because it will positively
affect capital providers and other stakeholders in making
investment, credit, and similar resource allocation
decisions that strengthen the overall efficiency of the
market [Beest, et al. 2009]. Besides, the main objective of
the information and data published is “to communicate the
company's economic measurements and information
about resources and the performance of an entity is useful
for countries that have reasonable rights to such
information." In the new economy, companies in an
attempt to convey to the stakeholders to be a sound
investment and an effort to highlight the good value of the
company through the disclosure of relevant information in
the annual reports [Alhazaimeh, et al 2014].
In addition to the above, the financial report plays a major
role in business, as it reflects the efficiency and
effectiveness of business management and the work
undertaken by the company. Financial information is
important to investors, management, and shareholders in
government and business. The financial statements of the
organization affects all stakeholders, including
governments, creditors, investors, accountants, and the
general public. Over the years, the focus has been on
evaluating the financial aspects of the accounting quantity
of data and information [Hirshleifer and Teoh, 2003].
Financial reporting is also a means of alleviating the
problems of the agency [Graham et al. 2005]. Financial
reporting involves the disclosure of financial information to
management and the public (if the company is publicly
traded) about how the company is performing over a
specific period of time [Dolinsek et al 2014, Costello,
2011].
Thus, financial reporting serves two main purposes. First,
it helps management to engage in effective decision-
making on the company's overall goals and strategies. The
data disclosed in the reports can assist in identifying the
strengths and weaknesses of the company management,
as well as the overall financial health. Second, the financial
report provides vital information about the health and
activity of the company for shareholders, including
shareholders and potential investors, consumers, and
financial and government regulators. It is a way to ensure
that the company is managed appropriately. The next
section highlights the different types of financial report
users of accounting information [Baygi, et al. 2015, Yassin,
2017].
Owners and investors
Joint stock companies need financial information to help
them make investment decisions. Potential investors need
information to assess the company's potential for success
and profitability. Small business owners need financial
information to determine whether the company is profitable
and whether it will continue to improve or drop it.
Management
In small companies, the administration may include the
owners. In large organizations, however, management
consists of professionals hired who are entrusted with the
responsibility of the Department of Labour or part of the
work. They act as agents for the owners.
Managers
The financial statements are required to manage the
affairs of the company, evaluate the financial performance,
and make important business decisions.
Lenders
Money lenders, such as banks and other financial
institutions, are those interested in the company's ability to
repay its obligations when due (solvency).
Trade creditors or suppliers
Lenders and trade creditors or suppliers are interested in
the company's ability to repay its obligations when due.
However, special attention is also paid to the company's
liquidity, their ability to pay short-term obligations.
Government
The financial statements are also required to determine
the validity of the tax declared in tax returns. The
government keeps on the path of economic progress
through the analysis of financial statements of the
companies in the various sectors of the economy.
Employees
Financial statements are also used to evaluate the
profitability of the company in order to emphasize the
future wages and job security for employees.
Customers
Customers use financial statements to assess whether the
supplier has the resources to ensure a steady supply of
commodities in the future. This is vital especially where the
customer can depend on the resource component
specialist.
General Public
The general public is interested in the impact of the
company on the economy and the environment and the
community.
3. Exploring the Role of Technology and Internet Financial Reports on Financial Report Users in Libyan Financial Organizations
J. Acc. Aud. Tax. 027
Prospective Investors
Financial statements are also needed to assess the
feasibility of investment in the company and expected
profits in the future on the basis of profits in the financial
statements. Moreover, the risks associated with the
investment can be measured in the financial statements.
Therefore, the financial statements provide a basis for
making investment decisions for potential investors.
Financial Institutions
Financial institutions use financial statements to determine
whether to grant a loan or credit to the business. Financial
institutions in assessing the financial situation of the facility
determine the possible existence of bad loans. Any
decision to lend must be supported through adequate
asset base and liquidity.
Suppliers
Suppliers need financial statements in order to assess the
creditworthiness of businesses and make sure of the
supply of goods on credit. They also need to know whether
it will be repaid, according to assessments of the financial
health of the bank's clients.
Competitors
The bank compares a company’s performance with that of
competing companies, with the aim of learning and
developing strategies, and improving their
competitiveness.
Internet Financial Reporting
Internet Financial Reports (IFRs) have been increasingly
recognized as an important tool for companies to enhance
communication with stakeholders, to reduce costs, and for
time information asymmetry, and to display an image of
corporate transparency [Aly, et al. 2010, Botti, et al 2014].
IFRs are a form of voluntary reporting, which provides
additional information (financial and non-financial) for
stakeholders; in addition, this encourages the use of user-
support features and technologies of the Web to enhance
the usability of the company's website [Kelton and Yang,
2008]. The IFR refers to the use of the Internet sites of the
companies, in order to disseminate information about the
financial performance of the companies [Sanad, et al.
2016, Purba, et al. 2014].
The IFR is a modern technology which has been
introduced in the area of financial reporting [Moradi, et al.
2011]. There has been a growing number of empirical
studies on IFRs since 1995, reflecting the growth in this
form of information dissemination [Almilia, 2009, Ahmar
and Kamayanti, 2011]. IFR is an attractive and fast
growing research topic [Xiao, et al 2004]. IFR is more cost
effective, faster, more flexible in format, and accessible to
all types of users nationally and globally [Debreceny, et al.
2003]. Much IFR research has emerged over the last
decade. The earliest studies were produced during 1996
and 1997, only a year after the global, corporate interest in
the Internet as an advertising medium had commenced
[Khan and Ismail, 2013, Allam and Lymer, 2003].
The financial reports via the Internet is a new field of wide
research, making breakthroughs on a daily basis, and
affected by many factors such as social, cultural,
institutional, and legal factors, which in turn affect the
popularity of the Internet in financial reporting. The
companies that report financial information on their
websites are bigger and more powerful, their ownership is
more focused, they have more international investors, and
they are more modern than companies that do not rely on
the Internet [AlHtaybat, et al. 2011].
According to [Aly, et al. 2010], a company’s prospect of
having to publish financial information on the Internet does
not rely solely on individual characteristics, but the range
of effects of interaction between fixed characteristics (size,
leverage, liquidity, audit and profitability of the company)
as well as the type of industry, and the state [Khan and
Ismail, 2012].
Financial Reporting in Libya
Financial reports play an important role in the field of
government planning and activity. Economic planners
need financial information in order to determine the latest
economic development trends [Shareia, 2010]. The
accounting profession in developing countries, as in the
case of Libya, is based to a large extent on its accounting
education system. Accounting practices in Libya have
been affected by a number of factors, one of which is the
accounting education system [Bakar and Russel, 2003]. It
was also influenced by Western accounting, as the
application of accounting principles and auditing standards
in Libya followed those of the United Kingdom and the US
[El-Firjani, et al. 2014]. There is another factor that may
have an impact on the accounting profession in Libya: the
discovery of oil [Al-Absy, et al 2016]. Since the late 1950s,
the development of economic activities in Libya has led to
more reliable accounting information, becoming required
for many users, including management, investors, and
government [Shalba, 2016].
However, the need arose to create an accounting
profession that could take the responsibility to develop a
general framework for accountability in Libya [Egdair and
Lihniash, 2016]. This need was partly a result of conflicts
and the lack of uniformity in many accounting standards,
practices, and methods [Masoud, 2016].
The adoption of international financial reporting standards
in Libya was not an easy task, given the weakness of its
accounting infrastructure system [Buzied, 1998, Egdair, et
al. 2015]. International standards in reporting gave Libya
4. Exploring the Role of Technology and Internet Financial Reports on Financial Report Users in Libyan Financial Organizations
lihniash et al. 028
several advantages, including increased accountability for
achieving them and the potential to contribute to economic
development [Masoud, 2016]. For the implementation of
some international accounting standards should improve
access to fair value accounting with the decisive result of
increasing the level of comparison, and providing a more
reliable and accurate quality, and transparent and
accurate accounting of financial reports and things
[Mackenzie, et al. 2012].
DISCUSSION
The Impact of Technology on Financial Reporting
Users
Information technology (IT) has created significant benefits
for accounting departments. IT networks and computer
systems have shortened the lead time needed by
accountants to prepare and present financial information
to management and stakeholders. Not only this, but it also
has improved the overall efficiency and accuracy of the
information [Hla and Teru, 2015].
The biggest impact IT has made on accounting is the
ability of companies to develop and use computerized
systems to track and record financial transactions. Paper
ledgers, manual spreadsheets, and hand-written financial
statements have all been translated into computer
systems that can quickly incorporate individual
transactions into financial reports [Ghasemi, et al. 2015].
Most of the popular accounting systems can also be
tailored to specific industries or companies. This allows
companies to create individual reports quickly and easily
for management decision making. Additionally, changes
can be made relatively easy to reflect any economic
changes in business operations [Kerner and Kerzner,
2017].
Computerized accounting systems have also improved the
functionality of accounting departments by increasing the
timeliness of accounting information. By so doing,
accountants can prepare reports and operational analyses
that give management an accurate picture of current
operations.
The Impact of Internet Financial Reports on Financial
Reporting Users
The number of financial reports has also been improved
by computerized systems: cash flow statements,
departmental profit and loss, and market share reports are
now more accessible with computerized systems [Gelinas,
et al. 2011].
Most computerized accounting systems have internal
check-and-balance measures to ensure that all
transactions and accounts are properly balanced before
financial statements are prepared. Computerized systems
will also not allow journal entries to be out of balance when
posting, ensuring that individual transactions are properly
recorded [Yeboah, et al. 2014].
Accuracy is also improved by limiting the number of
accountants that have access to financial information.
Less access by accountants ensures that financial
information is adjusted only by qualified supervisors [
Ghasemi, et al. 2015].
Computerized accounting systems allow accountants to
process large amounts of financial information and
process it quickly through the accounting system. Quicker
processing times for individual transactions has also
lessened the amount of time needed to close out each
accounting period. Month-end or year-end closing periods
can be especially taxing on accounting departments,
resulting in longer hours and higher labor expense.
Shortening this time period aids companies in cost control,
which increases overall company efficiency [Aniefor,
2017].
Reports issued to outside investors and stakeholders have
been improved by computerized accounting systems.
Improved reporting allows investors to determine if a
company is a good investment for growth opportunities
and has the potential to be a high-value company.
Companies can utilize these investors for equity financing,
which they then use for expanding business operations
[Hla and teru, 2015].
Agency Theory as Underpinning Theory
The agency theory suggests that as owners are relatively
remote from firm conditions, they desire to make sure that
their equity rights are not vulnerable to any unethical
expropriations by the managers [Saleh Al Arussi, et al.
2009]. Agency theory provides an explanation for
management incentives to disclose voluntarily [Aly and
Simon, 2008]. Management, in order to alleviate owners’
problems, is more likely to voluntarily take several actions,
such as opening investigations and disclosures [Marston
and Polei, 204, Kolsi, 2012].
It is also argued that voluntary disclosure is a device of
control, which assists in safeguarding shareholders
against the opportunistic behavior of managers. This
thereby may contribute to ameliorating agency costs,
either arising from a divergence of interests between
managers and stockholders or between stockholders and
debt-holders [Henchiri, 2011].
The agency theory assumes that the level of disclosure will
vary by company characteristics such as leverage, size,
type of audit, status of the list, compliance with corporate
governance, etc. [Haniffa and Cooke, 2011, Nurunnabi
5. Exploring the Role of Technology and Internet Financial Reports on Financial Report Users in Libyan Financial Organizations
J. Acc. Aud. Tax. 029
and Alam Hossain, 2012]. Most studies in Internet
disclosure are premised on the goal of reducing agency
costs to justify the causal relationship between these
variables and the voluntary adoption of the practices of site
reporting [Xiao, et al. 2004]. For example, large-scale
companies will require larger financing needs, especially
through debt issuance; this is due to tax advantages.
Therefore, they will publish more disclosures that meet the
needs of investors and creditors, thereby reducing the cost
of capital [Kuruppu, et al. 2015, Oyelere, et al. 2003]. The
properties of the remaining company can be interpreted in
the same manner. In conclusion, disclosing more
information makes managers trustworthy towards
shareholders; then agency costs will be reduced, and the
agency theory will be justified accordingly [Collier, 2015].
The agency theory assumes that the level of disclosure will
vary with corporate attributes such as leverage, size, audit
type, listing status, and compliance to corporate
governance etc.[Nurunnabi and Alam Hossain, 2012].
Method of This Study
The procedure of this study is based on causal research
design, to discover the proposed conceptual outline, which
is displayed in the previous literature review of the current
study. Given that future empirical studies can depend on
the explanation that has been offered, it is clear that a
quantitative approach using investigation assessment is
the most applicable technique of exploratory public
financial organization.
Conceptual Framework
The proposed framework of this paper presents the two
independent variables of technology and Internet financial
report on the dependent variable, financial report users.
This framework can be investigated in an empirical future
study, exploring the two main hypotheses as follows:
H1: There is a significant direct relationship between a
technology factor such as the Internet and the financial
report users.
H2: There is a significant direct relationship between the
Internet financial report and the financial report users.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
CONCLUSION
The previous literature explains IFR and technology, in
determining the effects on the financial report’s users. IFR
practices in many countries surveyed in a number of
academic studies have been described, as well as some
evaluation of the theories in general and those used in
relation to the IFR study, and other factors, all being
closely linked to agency theory.
That raises some limitations of the current literature
review, which can be summarized as follows. First, agency
theory assumes that many Internet financial reports
detection applications aim at reducing the asymmetry of
information with stakeholders in the capital market. In
order to correct the assumption of asymmetry in
information, financial markets must be effective. This is
often not possible in developing countries, particularly in
Libya [Arifa, 2017]. Second, the modern economy is
concerned with enhancing the environment of
transparency and control on the part of organizations.
Therefore, the company is required to fulfill its
responsibility not only to shareholders but, rather, to all
stakeholders in society. Thirdly, the nature of online
reports differs from the nature of print reports, with online
reports emerging as a result of the development of
technological innovations.
In sum, there is a good reason to study the proposed
model in the empirical investigation to analyze the
hypothesized relations, with some other new factors such
as corporate governance controlling by some other
different factors, such as size, profitability, and working
financial capital to enhance the understanding and the
knowledge of IFR and financial report users, especially in
the Libyan context.
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