The Ad-Hoc mode for wireless communication is not used frequently. But the demand for Wi-Fi communication is continuously increasing as use of Smart-phones and Laptops has enormously popular recent years. Through Ad-Hoc mode users can communicate point to point with mobility feature without using any central BSS. Wireless Ad-Hoc mode uses electromagnetic wave and so this technology has losses and limitations caused by free space propagation media as well as attenuation for interferences.
In our contemporary world of science & technology, most of us are
going for automation. Robotics covers a large area in the automated
world and robotic arm has become popular in the world of robotics.
Robotic arm can do such operations which are difficult & dangerous
for human (e.g. removing mines, mining operations and so on). Even
robotic arm is doing critical surgery of brain. In our project of robotic
arm, our main intention was to control it by the microcontroller. By
doing this we miniaturized the control section of the robotic arm.
This system eliminates the need for any driver. Whenever the train arrives at the station it stops automatically. Then the door opens automatically so that the passengers can go inside the train and the door closes after a prescribed time. It counts and displays the number of passengers present in the train.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The present condition in Industry is that they are using the crane system to carry the parcels from one place to another, including harbors. Some times the lifting of big weights may cause the breakage of lifting materials and will cause damage to the parcels too. Application of the proposed system is for industries. The robot movement depends on the track. Use of this robot is to transport the materials from one place to another place in the industry.
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance. In such type of applications wireless communication is more important.
In robotic applications, generally we need a remote device to control. If we use IR remote device, it is just limited to meters distance and also if any obstacle is in between its path then there will be no communication. If we consider, RF modules for remote operations there is no objection whether an obstacle is present in its path. So that it is very helpful to control robot.
RF modules itself can generates its carrier frequency which is around 2.4 GHz. We need to generate serial data using micro controller and fed to the RF transmitting module. On other side RF receiver receives sent data as RF signals and given to another micro controller. Here, RF receiver itself demodulates the data from carrier signal and generate serial data as output.
In our contemporary world of science & technology, most of us are
going for automation. Robotics covers a large area in the automated
world and robotic arm has become popular in the world of robotics.
Robotic arm can do such operations which are difficult & dangerous
for human (e.g. removing mines, mining operations and so on). Even
robotic arm is doing critical surgery of brain. In our project of robotic
arm, our main intention was to control it by the microcontroller. By
doing this we miniaturized the control section of the robotic arm.
This system eliminates the need for any driver. Whenever the train arrives at the station it stops automatically. Then the door opens automatically so that the passengers can go inside the train and the door closes after a prescribed time. It counts and displays the number of passengers present in the train.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The present condition in Industry is that they are using the crane system to carry the parcels from one place to another, including harbors. Some times the lifting of big weights may cause the breakage of lifting materials and will cause damage to the parcels too. Application of the proposed system is for industries. The robot movement depends on the track. Use of this robot is to transport the materials from one place to another place in the industry.
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance. In such type of applications wireless communication is more important.
In robotic applications, generally we need a remote device to control. If we use IR remote device, it is just limited to meters distance and also if any obstacle is in between its path then there will be no communication. If we consider, RF modules for remote operations there is no objection whether an obstacle is present in its path. So that it is very helpful to control robot.
RF modules itself can generates its carrier frequency which is around 2.4 GHz. We need to generate serial data using micro controller and fed to the RF transmitting module. On other side RF receiver receives sent data as RF signals and given to another micro controller. Here, RF receiver itself demodulates the data from carrier signal and generate serial data as output.
Configuring lifa for remote communication using web architectureVatsal N Shah
This paper presents remote transmission of Temperature parameters using web architecture based on LIFA to remote Engineer for analysis. Web services enable the invocation of a method on a remote target using standard Web-based protocols. A client sends a request to a remote server, which processes the request and replies with a response, which is then interpreted and displayed by the client application. One relies on this communication method for everyday activities such as browsing the Web, checking e-mails, etc. Online data from the sensors can viewed in graphical form showing changes with respect to time.
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, Lab VIEW is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers, LabVIEW provides all of the necessary tools for robotics development. The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. Speed of a DC motor varies proportional to the input voltage. With a fixed supply voltage the speed of the motor can be changed. This paper focuses on controlling the speed and direction of a Robot using PWM technique (varying duty cycle of a square wave) and Arduino. The four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement and it is controlled by using LabVIEW interface Arduino (LIFA).
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The paper describes a automatically controlled wheel chair for disabled people. The chair enables the user to move his chair using his finger & hand. The flex sensors and accelerometer on the glove generate ASL coded signals which are decoded & control the chair. It also display the information intended by the user. Additionally the information is also converts to speech. The wireless link between the glove & wheel chair enables any person to operate. This advanced wheelchair system is used for physically disabled and deaf/dumb people move around easily and to communicate with normal people.
Maneuvering Robotic Vehicle based on Motion Sensor FeedbackIshanMalpotra
This is the project report of my Final year Project which bagged us
"Best Project Award" at NATIONAL LEVEL in "13th ISTE Tamilnadu & Puducherry Section Annual Convention for Engineering Students - 2014" held on 23rd - 24th January, 2014."
Design and development of touch screen controlled stairs climbing roboteSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a method of developing a stairs climbing robot with self balancing chair mounted on the top of the robot. It is one of the major task in the field of Mechatronics require a mechanical arrangement and electronics based control of the actuators using wireless technology. In most of the mechanism it is hard to maintain the slope position of the seat while carrying some goods on it, so taking in action all these condition the robot is to design and develop [1] which will climb on the stairs and adjust themselves as per environmental condition. Keywords:- Accelerometer, CC2500, Touch Screen, Microcontroller, Relays
Report Remote communication of Robotic module using lifaVatsal N Shah
LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is the software which gives virtual existence of hardware, reduces its cost and hence termed as Virtual Instrumentation. For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, it is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers. The movement of the robot is controlled by using LabVIEW. In the LabVIEW four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement of the robot.
The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. DC Motor will be interfaced with LabVIEW using an Arduino Uno board. Arduino Uno board plays the role of low cost data acquisition board. The speed of the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface (GUI) in LabVIEW. LabVIEW will in turn pass this speed to the DC motor using a PWM pins on the Arduino Uno board. DC motor will move with the speed set by the user in LabVIEW.
Setting up VoIP management server using a communication framework and let the users from LTE networks to register and make voice calls over IP system as well as video session.
Configuring lifa for remote communication using web architectureVatsal N Shah
This paper presents remote transmission of Temperature parameters using web architecture based on LIFA to remote Engineer for analysis. Web services enable the invocation of a method on a remote target using standard Web-based protocols. A client sends a request to a remote server, which processes the request and replies with a response, which is then interpreted and displayed by the client application. One relies on this communication method for everyday activities such as browsing the Web, checking e-mails, etc. Online data from the sensors can viewed in graphical form showing changes with respect to time.
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, Lab VIEW is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers, LabVIEW provides all of the necessary tools for robotics development. The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. Speed of a DC motor varies proportional to the input voltage. With a fixed supply voltage the speed of the motor can be changed. This paper focuses on controlling the speed and direction of a Robot using PWM technique (varying duty cycle of a square wave) and Arduino. The four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement and it is controlled by using LabVIEW interface Arduino (LIFA).
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The paper describes a automatically controlled wheel chair for disabled people. The chair enables the user to move his chair using his finger & hand. The flex sensors and accelerometer on the glove generate ASL coded signals which are decoded & control the chair. It also display the information intended by the user. Additionally the information is also converts to speech. The wireless link between the glove & wheel chair enables any person to operate. This advanced wheelchair system is used for physically disabled and deaf/dumb people move around easily and to communicate with normal people.
Maneuvering Robotic Vehicle based on Motion Sensor FeedbackIshanMalpotra
This is the project report of my Final year Project which bagged us
"Best Project Award" at NATIONAL LEVEL in "13th ISTE Tamilnadu & Puducherry Section Annual Convention for Engineering Students - 2014" held on 23rd - 24th January, 2014."
Design and development of touch screen controlled stairs climbing roboteSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a method of developing a stairs climbing robot with self balancing chair mounted on the top of the robot. It is one of the major task in the field of Mechatronics require a mechanical arrangement and electronics based control of the actuators using wireless technology. In most of the mechanism it is hard to maintain the slope position of the seat while carrying some goods on it, so taking in action all these condition the robot is to design and develop [1] which will climb on the stairs and adjust themselves as per environmental condition. Keywords:- Accelerometer, CC2500, Touch Screen, Microcontroller, Relays
Report Remote communication of Robotic module using lifaVatsal N Shah
LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is the software which gives virtual existence of hardware, reduces its cost and hence termed as Virtual Instrumentation. For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, it is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers. The movement of the robot is controlled by using LabVIEW. In the LabVIEW four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement of the robot.
The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. DC Motor will be interfaced with LabVIEW using an Arduino Uno board. Arduino Uno board plays the role of low cost data acquisition board. The speed of the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface (GUI) in LabVIEW. LabVIEW will in turn pass this speed to the DC motor using a PWM pins on the Arduino Uno board. DC motor will move with the speed set by the user in LabVIEW.
Setting up VoIP management server using a communication framework and let the users from LTE networks to register and make voice calls over IP system as well as video session.
Make servers of web service, ftp service, VoIP video call service
Monitor & manage them centrally from a host in private connection or from remote connection.
The remote connection can be established through Secure Shell (SSH) connection which will connect to the servers through Router (or Routers).
Setting up VoIP management server using a communication framework and let the users from LTE networks to register and make voice calls over IP system as well as video session.
The objective of this project is to make servers of web service, ftp service, VoIP video call service, and manage them centrally from a host in private connection or from remote connection. We will also monitor the services, we are going to install, from this central PC. If there is a problem found like no connectivity, then the monitor agent will notify the network administrator showing the error message.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were mostly studied and used for military purposes before, they
have become very popular recently for both civil uses, such as law enforcement and crop survey, and for
potential commercial uses such as grocery delivery and Internet extension. Researchers investigating new
networking protocols for UAV networks usually need the help of simulations to test their protocol designs,
particularly when networks of large scales are desired in their tests. One choice that researchers need to
make in the simulation of UAV networks is the radio propagation model for the air links. In this paper we
compare the three radio propagation models that are available in the ns2 network simulation package and
investigate if the choice of one particular model would have a significant impact on the simulation results
for UAV networks.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become very popular recently for both civil uses and potential commercial uses, such as law enforcement, crop survey, grocery delivery, and photographing, although they were mainly used for military purposes before. Researchers need the help of simulations when they design and test new protocols for UAV networks because simulations can be done for a network of a size
that a test bed can hardly approach. In the simulation of an UAV network it is important to choose a radio propagation model for the links in the network. We study the shadowing radio propagation model in this paper and compare it with the free space model, both of which are available in the ns2 network simulation package. We also show how the choice of the parameters of the shadowing model would impact on the
network performance of a UAV network.
Secure data storage over distributed nodes in network through broadcast techn...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Minimizing mobiles communication time using modified binary exponential backo...IJCNCJournal
The domain of wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) is growing speedily as a consequence of
developments in digital communications technology. The early adopters of this technology have mainly
been vertical application that places a premium on the mobility offered by such systems. Examples of these
types of applications consist of stocking control in depot environments, point of sale terminals, and rental
car check-in. Furthermore to the mobility that becomes possible with wireless LANs; these systems have
also been used in environments where cable installation is expensive or impractical. Such environments
include manufacturing floors, trading floors on stock exchanges, conventions and trade shows, and historic
buildings. With the increasing propagation of wireless LANs comes the need for standardization so as to
allow interoperability for an increasingly mobile workforce. Despite all the advantages and facilities that
Wi-FI offers, there is still the delay problem that is due to many reasons that are introduced in details in
our case study which also presents the solutions and simulation that can reduce this delay for better
performance of the wireless networks
A Comparison of Routing Protocol for WSNs: Redundancy Based Approach A Compar...ijeei-iaes
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their dynamic applications gained a tremendous attention of researchers. Constant monitoring of critical situations attracted researchers to utilize WSNs at vast platforms. The main focus in WSNs is to enhance network localization as much as one could, for efficient and optimal utilization of resources. Different approaches based upon redundancy are proposed for optimum functionality. Localization is always related with redundancy of sensor nodes deployed at remote areas for constant and fault tolerant monitoring. In this work, we propose a comparison of classic flooding and the gossip protocol for homogenous networks which enhances stability and throughput quiet significantly.
Comparative study of various voip applications in 802.11 a wireless network s...ijmnct
Today, Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VOWLAN) is the most accepted Internet application.
There are a large number of literatures regarding the performance of various WLAN networks. Most of
them focus on simulations and modeling, but there are also some experiments with real networks. This
paper explains the comparison of performance of two different VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
applications over the same IEEE 802.11a wireless network. Radio link standard 802.11a have maximum
transmission rate of 54Mbps. First protocol is session initiation protocol (SIP) and second is H.323
protocol. First one has an agent called SIP proxy. Second have a gateway reflects the characteristics of a
Switched Circuit Network (SCN). With this comparison we have required to obtain a better understanding
of wireless network suitability for voice communication in IP network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
CHARACTERIZATION OF INDOOR PROPAGATION PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ...ijwmn
Indoor wireless systems poses one of the biggest design challenges although it is the most flexible and easily
deployable method of implementing Local Area Networks. This difficulty in predicting the propagation of
radio frequency wave in indoor environments is caused by reflection, refraction, diffraction and scattering
of signals due to closed proximities to furniture, walls, human beings, and reflectors like ceiling, mirrors and
glasses. To help improve the user experience and guarantee good quality of service in indoor situations, the
research investigated the throughput and attenuation effect on signal with respect to 4, 5, 6 and 9 inches sizes
of blocks walls respectively. The characterized Path-loss exponent was 1.999 and differed from the f
THE UWB SOLUTION FOR MULTIMEDIA TRAFFIC IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications.
The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
Performance Analysis of WiMAX and LTE Using NS-2IJERA Editor
The increasing use of wireless devices and in particular smart phones has resulted the need for greater capacity
and higher speed than the existing network technologies. Hence, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoper- ability for Microwave Access) became the two leading technologies. Services are
increasingly shifting from voice to data and from circuit-switched to packet-switched ones. Battle between LTE
and WiMAX technologies is already heating up with WiMAX being ahead due to availability of standards
through IEEE 802.16 and is up and running but lacks in substantial roll out plans due to cost. The targets for
LTE indicate bandwidth increases as high as 100 Mbps on the downlink, and up to 50 Mbps on the uplink.
However, this potential increase in bandwidth is just a small part of the overall improvement LTE aims to
provide. This study illustrates the model and representation of LTE links and traffics using NS-2 network
simulator and observation of TCP performance investigated. The Evaluation of the network performance with
TCP is mainly based on congestion window behavior, throughput, average delay and lost packet.
Mobility and Propagation Models in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networksszhb
Cognitive radio networks allow unlicensed
(secondary) users to opportunistically utilize the idle
resource of a licensed network for communication
without affecting the quality of service being offered to
the primary or licensed users. This paper investigates
the effect of mobility on performance of multi-hop
cognitive radio network under various propagation
models. MPEG4 video; a bandwidth intensive traffic, is
tested over these network conditions for secondary
users and results are validated using NS2 simulations.
Performance metrics used for evaluation include
throughput, delay variations etc.
Ballpark Figure Algorithms for Data Broadcast in Wireless NetworksEditor IJCATR
In wireless system allocation is a necessary purpose and show industry expensive dependability in message protocol design. In multihop wireless networks, equally, imposition by a node by reason of immediate transmissions as its neighbors makes it nontrivial to graph a minimum-latency transmit algorithm, which is known to be NP-complete. A simple ballpark figure algorithm for the one-to-all transmit problem that improves all previously documented guarantees for this problem. In All-to-all transmit problem where every node sends its own consequence to all complementary nodes. In the all-to-all transmit problem, we current two algorithms with ballpark figure ratios of 20 and 34, civilizing the greatest result. A communication wants to be transmitted establishment its resource to all the previous nodes in the network. There may be different messages to be broadcasted from several sources. Two or more nodes broadcast a communication to an ordinary neighbor at the same time; the frequent node will not collect any of this communication. We say that collide has occurred at the ordinary node. So any message protocol for wireless networks must dispute with the distress of difficulty in the wireless intermediate.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
Experimental simulation and real world study on wi fi ad-hoc mode for different radio propagation effects and standards
1. Experimental simulation and Real world Study on Wi-Fi Ad-
Hoc Mode for different radio propagation effects and standards
Mohammad Nazmul Hossain
Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg
University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
Email: nazmul@engineer.com
Towfique Imam Chowdhury
Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg
University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
Email: towfique.pbl@gamil.com
Abstract—The Ad-Hoc mode for wireless communication is not
used frequently. But the demand for Wi-Fi communication is
continuously increasing as use of Smart-phones and Laptops has
enormously popular recent years. Through Ad-Hoc mode users
can communicate point to point with mobility feature without
using any central BSS. Wireless Ad-Hoc mode uses
electromagnetic wave and so this technology has losses and
limitations caused by free space propagation media as well as
attenuation for interferences. We have performed the Ad-Hoc
communication study between two nodes, who have mobility, by
simulating on NS-3 platform and also in real world using two
laptops with Wi-Fi Ad-Hoc antenna installed. We have studied for
different 802.11 standards as well as in propagation models. We
have tried to find out the best propagation model and 802.11
standard for different situations according to the availability of
resources and evaluating their performance. The results and
findings are discussed and reported bellow. Off course we have
found considerable results for various situations.
Keywords—802.11, propagation, scattering, Wi-Fi channel
I. INTRODUCTION
Wi-Fi 802.11 has two modes of operation: infrastructure mode
and Ad-Hoc mode. Infrastructure network has an access point
(AP) including a service set identifier (SSID) through which all
the devices connect to the network and communicate with each
other. On the other hand Ad-Hoc devices connect with each
other directly by making an Independent Basic Service Set
(IBBS) also identified by a SSID and communicate each other
with point-to-point connection. The connection is called Ad-Hoc
because each node is willing to forward data to other node. This
technology helps to transfer data immediately one to one without
any need of 3rd party control.
The main advantages of a Wi-Fi Ad-Hoc communication are it
is self-configuring, self-healing connection, nodes are free to
move and ready to connect with devices “on the fly” - anywhere,
anytime [1]. The word Ad-Hoc is actually a Latin word means
'for this purpose'. Basically Ad-Hoc network is a temporary
network made for a purpose such as: transferring data between
two laptops, smart-phones or make a temporary mobile network
[2].
1) Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg
2) Technische Hochschule Köln
Ad-Hoc mode is very useful emergency services such as:
military network, communication during earthquake, weather
data collection from sensors as well as vehicle collision
avoidance, Internet sharing etc.
For an Ad-Hoc communication the license free frequencies and
channels are used defined by 802.11 protocols. These
frequencies are free to use by anyone which are 2.4GHz and
5GHz. The transmission power is limited and the modulations
are based on DSSS, FHSS, OFDM, MIMO-OFDM and OFDM
single carrier. The data speed and loss is depends on
transmission power, reflection, refraction, diffraction and
absorption by the surroundings, polarization of the antenna and
interference. As these frequencies are free to use so it is obvious
that a lot of others could use the same frequency and same
channel at the same time. So channel selection could be a factor
to avoid transmission losses.
Hence, in this paper we have studied data transfer between two
nodes varying the 802.11 protocols as well as for different
propagation loss models at different distances using NS-3
platform and also in real world.
To research and establish any technology in the real world pre-
implementation experiment and simulation is a good practice.
However simulations only shows the predictions and probable
results, but in testbed we will find the real results which have big
difference with simulations. Keeping in mind these issues we
have performed our experiments in the NS-3 platform and
conducted the same experiments in testbeds.
In section II we have described the software and hardware
part for the experiments. Section III describes some propagation
models we have used to simulate, followed by the information
of 802.11 protocols in section IV. Then we have shown our
experiment results and observations on section V.
II. METHODOLOGY
Following is described our working methodology. Part A
describes Simulation procedure. Part B describes practical
experiment procedure.
A. Simulation
For simulation we have used NS3 open source software which
is run inside a Linux based operating system named Ubuntu14.4.
2. This free software is licensed under Gnu GPLv2 license and is
publicly available for research and educational use [3]
This simulator has built in models of different kinds of models
for most of the real world network perspectives. So network and
communication engineers can develop their designs, test and
modify them by analyzing their designs in simulated
environment. It is true that this simulations do not presents the
actual scenarios but it will give the researchers a basic idea about
their implementations before execute them in the real world.
We have used four (4) different 802.11 standards (a, b, g, and n)
for our experimental simulation and tried some propagation loss
models. We have tried to change the transmission power and
observed the differences of throughput, packet loss, and jitter by
changing the distances between two (2) nodes. Not surprisingly,
we have found the variations which represents nearly to our
theoretical knowledge.
Off course this free software is still under development process
and has a lot of limitations. For example we are using NS3
version 3.25 and for 802.11n implementations it has some bugs
and developers are working on this. As it is an open source
software, anyone can join developer team and contribute to
improve this software.
The models and libraries are written based on C++ and Python
language and users can choose this two or any of this language.
We have choose C++ and wrote our own script using the built in
network models and libraries for our experiment.
1. We have setup 2-nodes and set the network as adhoc mode
using class ‘WifiMacHelper’ and placed the nodes at a
fixed distance in a 3d scenario using 'MobilityHelper'
class.
2. Then we have installed the network stacks using
'InternetStackHelper' class and set up the UDP
protocol by defining port no. as '9'.
3. Unidirectional (Constant Bit Rate) transmission between the
server and client in a saturated medium is maintained using
'OnOffHelper' class.
4. Transmitted and received packets as well as throughput is
calculated using 'FlowMonitorHelper' class.
5. Simulation has run for 15 seconds to get statistically relevant
results.
6. Simulation has done for different distances from minimum
to maximum according to the throughput received.
7. Parameters like channel models, transmission power, system
loss, propagation loss models are varied and observed.
B. Real world experiment
For real world experiment we have used two TP-Link
WR841ND wireless routers. These routers run the OpenWRT
operating system. We have configured these for adhoc mode
with 802.11n standard and 2.4GHz frequency band. There two
routers are connected to individual Laptops by Ethernet cables.
These two laptops runs on Ubuntu operating system. For data
stream we have used 'iperf' to generate udp data and send it to
the other laptop using the wireless router through the air
medium. Here one laptop was set as client and other was server
by iperf software.
Figure 1: Ad-Hoc node configuration for testbed
We have conducted our experiment at the 8th floor of the TH
Köln University of Deutz Campus in a 30 meters long corridor.
We have tried the data transmission within distance 5 meters up
to 30 meters between those two routers. Off course there was
clear line of sight and the firewalls of two laptops were turned
off. But we could not avoid the inferences created by other Wi-
Fi transmitters at the same frequency around us.
III. FACTORS CONSIDERED
As we are using here Wi-Fi media there are different effects
during propagation the carrier will encounter. Though there are
different types of propagation losses described by different
scientists, in real world every loss theory have effect on the data
transmission. For NS3 simulation each propagation loss theory
is classified so that one can understand and acquire knowledge
for each effects individually.
A. Propagation loss models
There are a different types of propagation loss models in NS3.
We have used these two types of models for our simulation.
1. FriisPropagationLossModel: Friis transmission equation is
used to determine the power received by antenna with G1, while
transmitted from another antenna with gain G2 at a distance with
certain frequency [4]. The equation is as follows:
𝑃𝑟 = (𝑃𝐿𝐹).
𝑃 𝑡 𝐺 𝑡 𝐺 𝑟 𝑐2
(4𝜋𝐷𝑓)2 (1)
Where, PLF = polarization loss factor
Pt = transmitted power
Pr = received power
Gt = transmitter gain
Gr = receiver gain
D = distance between two antenna
c = speed of light (299 792 458 m/s)
3. The polarization loss factor (PLF) implies that if the polarization
between two antennas are not matched, the loss will be
multiplied [4]
However the Friis propagation loss model in NS3 is suitable for
small range of distance.
2. TwoRayGroundPropagationLossModel
While FriisPropagationLossModel is used for small distance,
TwoRayGroundPropagationLossModel is used for long
distance calculations. Due to the oscillation caused by
constructive and destructive combination of the two rays this
model do not give good result for short distances [5]
The equation is as follows:
𝑃𝑟 = (𝑃𝐿𝐹).
𝑃 𝑡 𝐺 𝑡 𝐺 𝑟 𝐻 𝑡 𝐻 𝑟
𝐷4 𝐿
(2)
Here, Ht = height of the transmitter antenna
Hr = height of the receiver antenna.
3. JakesPropagationLossModel
This model is modeled based on multipath scattering effects. It
considers one transmitter and a receiver and calculated Doppler
Effect for scattering waves and their different oscillations. It is
mostly used for densely build Manhattan areas where scattering
reflection and refraction is a great factor.
B. Wi-Fi operating channels
The specifications for Media Access Control (MAC) and
physical layer (PHY) for wireless local area network (WLAN)
are defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) LAN/LAN committee (IEE 802).
802.11
protocol
Frequen
cy GHz
Bandwidth
MHz
Data rate Mbps Modulation
a 5 20 6, 9, 12, 18, 24,
36, 48, 54
OFDM
b 2.4 22 1, 2, 5.5, 11 DSSS
g 2,4 20 6, 9, 12, 18, 24,
36, 48, 54
OFDM
n 2.4/5 20 400 ns GI : 7.2,
14.4, 21.7, 28.9,
43.3, 57.8, 65, 72.2
800 ns GI : 6.5, 13,
19.5, 26, 39, 52,
58.5, 65
MIMO-
OFDM
n 2.4/5 40 400 ns GI : 15, 30,
45, 60, 90, 120,
135, 150
800 ns GI : 13.5,
27, 40.5, 54, 81,
108, 121.5, 135
MIMO-
OFDM
a.
Collected from Wikipedia
Table 1: 802.11 Wi-Fi channel standards [6]
The first wireless network standard was 802.11 (in 1997) which
is followed by 802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ad and more is coming in
future.
We have used 802.11 a, b, g and n for our NS3 simulation. The
standards shown in the table 1.
C. Traffic Load
Since the bandwidth of 802.11 is limited in theory and in
practice it is less. If two nodes communicate each other with full
load, then the channel will be fully utilized and network will be
busy. As a result congestion occurs which leads to packet loss,
jitter and can cause performance degradation of network. To
avoid this we have tried to keep the traffic to a tolerable value.
D. INTERFERENCES
Interference is the main factor of Throughput for wireless
communication. As the Wi-Fi channels we are using here are
free of license, it is obvious that there lot of other users will use
the same channel. As a result interference will occur. We have
tried the android software 'Wi-Fi Analyzer' to observe the
channel graph to find out the less used channel at the moment.
Remind that, we have configured our router to channel 5, but it
is changeable by logging in to the router.
IV. EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
In this section we are showing our experiment results and
describing our observations. In part A and B we are going to
discuss our result and observations we have found from the
simulation done on NS3. In part C and D we are going to discuss
our real world experiment findings.
A. Simulation results
a. Using FriisPropagationLoss model
Selecting the 'FriisPropagationLoss' model with CBR (constant
bit rate) data rate 53Mbps we have simulated for five different
802.11 standards (a, b, g, n_2.4Ghz, n_5GHz). The result we
have found is shown in the fig: 2. As we can see from the figure
the maximum throughput we have found 21 Mbps at distance 0
meter when the standard is 802.11n 5 GHz (5 GHz frequency).
But it started falling after 600 meters and after 2500 meters is
goes to 0 Mbps.
On the other hand for 2.4 GHz frequency (802.11n 2.4 GHz) we
can see (fig 2) at minimum distance it has throughput nearly 19
Mbps. But it does not falls as quick as we decrease distance
rather that it covers more distance up to 4000 meters. 802.11a
standard also operates on 5 GHz frequency but throughput
performance is lower than 802.11n 5 GHz. For 802.11g and
802.11b we have got 9.5 Mbps and 4.5 Mbps but the distance
they cover is same and also like 802.11n 2.4 GHz (4000 meters).
4. b. Using Jakes propagation Loss model
Selecting the 'FriisPropagationLoss' model with CBR (constant
bit rate) data rate 53Mbps we have simulated for five different
802.11 standards (a, b, g, n_2.4Ghz, n_5GHz). The result we
have found is shown in the fig: 3. we can see from the figure the
maximum throughput we have found is 43 Mbps for 802.11n at
5 GHz frequency. The throughput goes down to 5 Mbps at
distance 2500 meters. And after 5000 meters it goes to zero (0).
802.11a starts from 20 Mbps and goes to zero after 2500 meters.
802.11n at 2.4 GHz and 802.11g goes together from 9 Mbps and
goes to zero after 4000 meters. And 802.1b starts at 4.5 Mbps
and at 4000 meters it goes to zero throughput.
Figure 3: Throughput vs Distance for Jakes propagation loss
model
We have found Throughput for using TwoRayGround and Friis
propagation model nearly the same. That’s why we have not
discussed the result of TwoRayGroundPropagationLossModel.
B. Simulation observations
According to the Friis propagation model of equation (1) we
know that the effect of this model is depends on the transmitter
gain, receiver gain and distance between them. And the best
overall network performance we have found for 802.11n at 2.4
GHz frequency. Because using this propagation loss effect the
throughput of 802.11n_2.4 GHz is comparatively good and it
can also serve comparatively good range of distance see fig 2.
Friis propagation model gives good result for short distance
range [7]. So our observation is for short distance and for free
line of sight 802.11n at 2.4 GHz is better to use. If we want to
utilize the standard to get maximum throughput, then we can use
802.11n at 5GHz frequency. But then, the range will be a factor
because this standard goes noticeably down after 1500 meter (fig
2).
On the other, hand Jakes model is based on scattering
characteristics. Hence reflected, diffracted waves summons
additional throughput sometimes. As we can see from figure 3
the throughput for 802.11n at 5 GHz frequency is now
noticeably higher.
As Jakes propagation model is modeled based on densely built
Manhattan areas [8] , so we can say 802.11n at 5GHz frequency
is better for outdoor areas where scattering, reflection are the
main loss factors.
If we look at the jitter comparison graph fig 4 we can see using
802.11n at 5 MHz band for outdoor (Jakes model) causes very
low jitter. 802.11a standard is also good but 802.11n at 2.4 GHz
band has higher jitter. This jitter is calculated at 1000m node
distance.
On the other hand for indoor (Friis) 802.11b and 802.11n_5
looking better but 802.11n at 2.4 has comparatively medium
jitter. For both environment (indoor or outdoor) using 802.11n
at 5 GHz band cause relatively low jitter
Figure 4: Jitter comparison between Friis and Jakes
propagation loss model at 100m range
C. Real world results
For the real world experiment we have meausred data
throughput for 15 seconds. What we have found is really
impressive. In figure 5 we can see the throughput is decreasing
as the distance between the two nodes is increasing. It is clearly
shows the signal atenuation due to decrease of signal power
over time as it propagates through the medium. The mediam is
here free line of sight and with no obstacles. Rather that we have
faced with some other inferences because of other wireless
connections using 802.11n at 2.4GHz band. Fig 8 shows the
interferences in 2.4 GHz band at different channels.
Figure 2: Throughput vs Distance for Friis Propagation loss model
5. Figure 5: Throughput vs distance in different times
Figure 6 shows the throughputs for different distances between
the nodes in bar graph. We have taken 4 iterations for each
distance. We can see from here that we have got maximum of
around 5 Mbps throughput at 5 meters distance. At 30 meters of
distance we have found very low throughput. In figure 7 the pie
graph shows nothing at 30 meters distance. But in figure 6 we
can see very small amount of throughput for 30 meters of
distance.
At 20 meter distance throughput is slightly better than 15 m
distance which we do not expected. The possible cause for this
kind of situation can be interferences. We have already said that,
as we can see in figure 8, there are an amount of interferences
due to other wireless connections using the same 2.4 GHz band
we have used. So the effect of interferences at 15 meters is
greater than at 20 meters distance.
Figure 6: Throughput observations at different distances
Figure 7: Throughputs for different distances
We have also tried other channels within this 2.4 MHz band but
this channels 5 gave us the best result of throughput. We have
used an android software named ‘wifi analyzer’ to find out the
best channel in the 802.11n at 2.4 band. We have observed that
the best channel at that moment to get better network
performance was channel 5 (fig 8).
In figure 9 and figure 10 we have shown the throughput
comparison between channel 5 and channel 13. Figure 9 shows
throughput for 15 meters of node distance. Figure 10 shows
throughput at 30 meters of distance. The green bars are the
throughputs fin channel 5 and the red bars are the throughputs in
channel 13. The result is channel 5 is better than channel 13. This
is because the number of interference in channel 13 is more than
channel 5.
Figure 8: Channel users using ‘wifi analyzer’ android software
Figure 9: Throughput comparison between channel 5 and
channel 13 at 15 meters of distance
Figure 10: Throughput comparison between channel 5 and
channel 13 at 30 meters of distance
6. V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this paper we have presented our experimental findings and
observations for wireless communication between two Ad-Hoc
nodes. We have used simulations in NS3 and also testbed
experiment. We have considered two model effects (Friis and
Jakes) for simulation in NS3 using 802.11 a, b, g, n_2.4 and n_5
standards. We have tried for maximum data transmission with
maximum transmission power to observe the results at
maximum capacity. Our experiments shows that for free line of
sight and at indoor transmission 802.11n at 2.4 GHz band is
better. For outdoor transmission 802.11n at 5 GHz is better. In
real world experiment using 802.11n at 2.4 GHz band we could
not transmit more than 9 Mbps data. This should have been
more. The factor behind this is interference. Because of this
interference we have got even worse results at further distances.
We have discussed it at previous section using figure 8.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Chai Keong Toh. Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks. United States:
Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002.
[2] http://techterms.com/definition/adhocnetwork
[3] https://www.nsnam.org/overview/what-is-ns-3/
[4] http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/friis.php
[5] https://www.nsnam.org/docs/models/html/propagation.html
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11
[7]https://www.nsnam.org/doxygen/classns3_1_1_two_ray_ground_propagati
on_loss_model.html#details
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_fading