Experimental research
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This document discusses experimental research, which involves observing variables under controlled conditions. It defines experimental research as manipulating an independent variable through treatment or interventions to observe its effects on a dependent variable. It explains that the independent variable is the treatment that is measured and manipulated, while the dependent variable is the observed response. It also notes that control variables must be neutralized so they do not moderate the effects. Finally, it outlines the key steps in experimental research design as identifying the research question, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, determining the approach, and identifying the population and sample.
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Experimental Research
A collection of research designs which uses manipulation & controlled testing to understand casual processes.
Experimental research
This document defines and describes experimental research. It discusses that experimental research is the best way to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It is unique in that it attempts to directly influence and manipulate variables to test hypotheses. The researcher decides on and administers treatments to experimental groups, then observes and measures the dependent variable outcomes. Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups is important to control for extraneous variables. Weaker experimental designs lack controls for threats to internal validity like the one-shot case study, one-group pretest-posttest design, and static-group comparison design.
Experimental research
Experimental research is the most conclusive scientific method because the researcher directly manipulates the independent variable and studies its effects on the dependent variable. This allows the researcher to determine causation, unlike other research methods. The purpose is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Basic steps include having an experimental group that receives a treatment and a control group that does not, then comparing outcomes. Key characteristics include random assignment to control threats to internal validity. Poor designs do not include control groups or random assignment, making it impossible to determine if results are due to the treatment.
497experiments
The document defines key terms related to experimental research, including independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, randomization, and extraneous variables. It explains that experiments aim to evaluate causal relationships by controlling or eliminating other variables. Different types of experimental designs are described, including pre-experimental designs like one-shot, one-group pretest-posttest, and static group designs. True experimental designs introduced are pretest-posttest control group, posttest-only control group, and Solomon four-group designs. The importance of controlling for extraneous variables, random assignment, and blinding techniques is also highlighted.
Experimental research ijaz butt
The document discusses experimental research methods. It defines experimental research as applying treatments to groups and measuring their effects. It describes key aspects of experimental design including independent and dependent variables, as well as threats to internal and external validity like history, maturation, and selection bias. Finally, it outlines different experimental designs like single group, parallel group, and rotation group designs and the steps involved in conducting experimental research.
Experimental research
Experimental research aims to investigate cause-and-effect relationships between variables by manipulating the independent variable and studying its effects on the dependent variable. It differs from other research in that the researcher establishes different treatments to study their effects, allowing them to determine causation rather than just description or prediction. True experimental designs use random assignment of subjects to treatment groups to control for threats to internal validity like subject characteristics. Poor designs have fewer controls for threats like history, maturation, and testing effects.
Lecture 10 between groups designs
1. Therapists at a mental health clinic administer a depression inventory to clients before and after therapy sessions to evaluate therapy effectiveness. However, about 1/3 of clients do not complete the post-therapy inventory, introducing potential bias.
2. A child welfare agency director compares time to permanency (e.g. reunification, adoption) for families who received family preservation services versus foster care. However, the groups were not randomly assigned and may differ in important ways, threatening validity.
3. A researcher randomly assigns parents of autistic children to a behavior management course or control group. Both groups complete a post-test stress measure to evaluate the course's impact while controlling for threats to internal validity.
Experimental research design ze
This document discusses experimental research. It defines experimental research as research that uses manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. True experiments randomly assign participants to experimental and control groups and manipulate the independent variable, while quasi-experiments lack random assignment. The key steps of conducting an experiment are selecting and grouping subjects, identifying and controlling non-experimental factors, measuring outcomes, conducting a pilot study, and determining the experiment parameters.
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Experimental Research
A collection of research designs which uses manipulation & controlled testing to understand casual processes.
Experimental research
This document defines and describes experimental research. It discusses that experimental research is the best way to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It is unique in that it attempts to directly influence and manipulate variables to test hypotheses. The researcher decides on and administers treatments to experimental groups, then observes and measures the dependent variable outcomes. Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups is important to control for extraneous variables. Weaker experimental designs lack controls for threats to internal validity like the one-shot case study, one-group pretest-posttest design, and static-group comparison design.
Experimental research
Experimental research is the most conclusive scientific method because the researcher directly manipulates the independent variable and studies its effects on the dependent variable. This allows the researcher to determine causation, unlike other research methods. The purpose is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Basic steps include having an experimental group that receives a treatment and a control group that does not, then comparing outcomes. Key characteristics include random assignment to control threats to internal validity. Poor designs do not include control groups or random assignment, making it impossible to determine if results are due to the treatment.
497experiments
The document defines key terms related to experimental research, including independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, randomization, and extraneous variables. It explains that experiments aim to evaluate causal relationships by controlling or eliminating other variables. Different types of experimental designs are described, including pre-experimental designs like one-shot, one-group pretest-posttest, and static group designs. True experimental designs introduced are pretest-posttest control group, posttest-only control group, and Solomon four-group designs. The importance of controlling for extraneous variables, random assignment, and blinding techniques is also highlighted.
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The document discusses experimental research methods. It defines experimental research as applying treatments to groups and measuring their effects. It describes key aspects of experimental design including independent and dependent variables, as well as threats to internal and external validity like history, maturation, and selection bias. Finally, it outlines different experimental designs like single group, parallel group, and rotation group designs and the steps involved in conducting experimental research.
Experimental research
Experimental research aims to investigate cause-and-effect relationships between variables by manipulating the independent variable and studying its effects on the dependent variable. It differs from other research in that the researcher establishes different treatments to study their effects, allowing them to determine causation rather than just description or prediction. True experimental designs use random assignment of subjects to treatment groups to control for threats to internal validity like subject characteristics. Poor designs have fewer controls for threats like history, maturation, and testing effects.
Lecture 10 between groups designs
1. Therapists at a mental health clinic administer a depression inventory to clients before and after therapy sessions to evaluate therapy effectiveness. However, about 1/3 of clients do not complete the post-therapy inventory, introducing potential bias.
2. A child welfare agency director compares time to permanency (e.g. reunification, adoption) for families who received family preservation services versus foster care. However, the groups were not randomly assigned and may differ in important ways, threatening validity.
3. A researcher randomly assigns parents of autistic children to a behavior management course or control group. Both groups complete a post-test stress measure to evaluate the course's impact while controlling for threats to internal validity.
Experimental research design ze
This document discusses experimental research. It defines experimental research as research that uses manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. True experiments randomly assign participants to experimental and control groups and manipulate the independent variable, while quasi-experiments lack random assignment. The key steps of conducting an experiment are selecting and grouping subjects, identifying and controlling non-experimental factors, measuring outcomes, conducting a pilot study, and determining the experiment parameters.
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This document discusses research design and its principles. It defines research design as the blueprint for collecting and analyzing data to test hypotheses. The key principles discussed are replication, randomization, and local control. Replication involves repeating an experiment with different subjects or settings. Randomization ensures independent observations and controls for extraneous variables. Local control involves balancing, blocking, or grouping subjects homogenously. Common experimental designs include informal designs like before-after and after-only comparisons, and formal designs like completely randomized, randomized block, and factorial designs.
Experimental design
Experimental design involves purposefully introducing changes or treatments to observe their effects. The document discusses key aspects of experimental design, including:
1. Selecting subjects and assigning them to treatment or control groups to measure the effect of changes.
2. Considering factors like the type and amount of information desired, questions the design will and won't answer, and costs when selecting a design.
3. Key terminology like treatment, control, variables, randomness, and validity that are important to experimental design.
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This document outlines an experimental research methods assignment for a group of students at Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture. It discusses key aspects of experimental design including objectives, variables, validity, types of designs, and potential sources of invalidity. The group's assignment is to design an experiment and address factors such as controls, randomization, measurements, and data analysis. Attention to these elements in the planning stage can help produce reliable and valid experimental results.
Research methods revision 2015
The document outlines key concepts for research study design including experimental research methodology, variables, sampling procedures, research designs, data collection techniques, and statistics. It discusses identifying independent and dependent variables and controlling for confounding variables. It describes different sampling methods, research designs, and data collection techniques. It also explains descriptive statistics like measures of central tendency and the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics which allow testing of hypotheses and making generalizations.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental research design involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. There are three main types of experimental designs: true experimental designs have complete control and random assignment; quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment; and pre-experimental designs have no control. True experiments consist of manipulation, control, and randomization. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. Randomization helps reduce bias by giving all subjects an equal chance of being in the experimental or control group.
Randomize group design
Randomized group design involves randomly assigning subjects to different groups that correspond to different conditions or values of the independent variable. This makes the groups statistically equivalent at the start of the experiment. There are two primary ways to form random groups - captive assignment, where all subjects are present and randomly assigned, and sequential assignment, where subjects participate on different days. A randomized group design with only two groups can test the relationship between one independent and dependent variable, but with three or more groups, the design allows testing more complex relationships.
Experimental research design
This document discusses various research design methods including experimental, qualitative, quantitative, Delphi, survey, and case study methods. It focuses on experimental design, outlining types such as pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. Specific experimental designs discussed include pretest-posttest control group, Solomon four group, randomized block, Latin square, and factorial designs. The key steps of experimental design are identified as identifying the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing the design, compiling and analyzing data, and presenting findings and conclusions. Symbols used in experimental designs are also defined.
Experimental and quasi experimental methods
The experimental method involves systematic observation, measurement, formulation and testing of hypotheses through experimentation. It consists of four stages: observation to collect data, developing hypotheses from the observations, explaining the hypotheses mathematically, and experiments to confirm or refute the hypotheses. The quasi-experimental method is similar but lacks random assignment to conditions and a control group for comparison. It is used in education research when manipulating variables is not possible. Examples include evaluating driver education programs, crime prevention programs, and investigating factors that influence student subject preferences.
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This document defines and describes different types of experimental research designs. It discusses true experimental research, quasi-experimental research, pre-experimental research, and factorial designs. For each type of experimental research, it provides examples and discusses advantages and disadvantages. It also outlines several threats to validity that can occur in experimental research, such as history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and more. Finally, it briefly discusses ex post facto research and provides a concluding remark on experimental research.
Experimental research design
This document defines and discusses experimental research. It begins by defining experimental research as testing ideas or procedures to determine their effect on outcomes. Random assignment and control over extraneous variables are identified as key characteristics of experiments. Various types of experimental designs are also outlined, including between-group designs like true experiments, quasi-experiments, and factorial designs as well as within-group designs like time series experiments and single subject experiments. Threats to validity like internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity are also discussed. The document provides an overview of experimental research methodology.
Experimental research design
The document defines key terms related to experimental research, including independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, randomization, and extraneous variables. It discusses the purpose of experiments to evaluate causal relationships while controlling other variables. It also describes sources of error like demand characteristics, experimenter bias, and constant error. The document outlines ways to increase validity, such as blinding, counterbalancing, and constancy of conditions. Finally, it compares laboratory and field experiments and diagrams several experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and Solomon four-group designs.
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and Classification
I) Experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable. They allow for a high level of control over extraneous variables.
II) The key components of an experiment are the independent variable, which is manipulated, and the dependent variable, which is measured. Control and random assignment help ensure the equivalence of groups.
III) True experiments use random assignment to groups, while quasi-experiments lack randomization. More rigorous designs like pre-test post-test control group allow for stronger conclusions about causality.
Single factor design
This document discusses single factor experimental research design. It describes the significant properties of randomization and manipulation of a single independent variable with at least two levels. It outlines types of single factor designs including between-subject and within-subject designs. It discusses threats to internal validity such as maturation and instrumentation. The document also notes ethical issues and advantages/limitations of this research design. Finally, it summarizes two examples of single factor experimental studies conducted in Pakistan.
Meadows quant res dese
This document provides an overview of quantitative research design. It defines key terms and discusses the differences between experimental and non-experimental designs. Non-experimental designs include descriptive and correlational methods. Experimental designs manipulate a variable to measure its effect and can be true experiments or quasi-experiments. The document provides examples and discusses threats to validity.
Experimental Research
Experimental research uses manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal relationships between variables. It involves manipulating one or more independent variables and observing their effect on a dependent variable. There are three main types of experimental designs: pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental. True experiments have control groups, random assignment, and manipulation of a single independent variable. Quasi-experiments lack random assignment. Experimental research is commonly used in fields like psychology, medicine, and social sciences to establish causal relationships.
True experimental research design
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
Pre- Experimental Research
The document discusses pre-experimental research designs. Pre-experimental designs lack key elements of true experiments such as control groups and random assignment. Three examples of pre-experimental designs are described: the one-shot case study which involves observing a group after a treatment with no pre-observation; the one group pretest-posttest study which involves measuring a dependent variable before and after treatment; and the static group comparison which compares groups that have and have not received a treatment. The document also provides an example of an experimental study on matching counselor and client interests that demonstrates key elements of an experimental method section including participants, design, instruments, and procedures.
Experimental design
The document discusses experimental research designs. It describes the key components of experimental designs, including methodology, categories of designs, controlling extraneous variables through random assignment and other techniques, and examples of designs like the pre-test post-test control group design. The pre-test post-test control group design involves randomly assigning subjects to an experimental and control group, pre-testing both groups, exposing the experimental group to the independent variable, and then post-testing both groups to assess the impact of the independent variable by comparing the changes in the experimental and control groups. Experimental designs aim to establish causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable while controlling other factors.
Experimental research designs
This document provides an overview of experimental research designs used in educational research. It discusses true experimental designs such as pretest-posttest control group designs, quasi-experimental designs including time series and nonequivalent control group designs, and pre-experimental designs like one group pretest-posttest and static group comparison. Experimental research aims to examine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables through manipulation and observation. True experiments employ randomization while quasi-experiments are used when true experiments cannot be conducted.
Experimental research
This document discusses experimental research design. It defines experimental research as a method that can truly test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships. It then explains key aspects of experimental design including experimental and control groups, pre-tests and post-tests, independent and dependent variables, and methods for controlling extraneous variables like randomization and matching. Finally, it discusses types of experimental designs and factors that can affect the validity of experimental research.
RESEARCH VARIABLES
This document discusses research variables and their classification. It defines variables and explains that they can be qualitative or quantitative. The main types of variables discussed are independent and dependent variables, which are seen in experimental research; research variables, which are observed without manipulation in descriptive studies; demographic variables like age and gender; and extraneous variables, which are not part of the study but could influence results. Examples are provided to illustrate each variable type.
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Experimental design
Experimental design involves purposefully introducing changes or treatments to observe their effects. The document discusses key aspects of experimental design, including:
1. Selecting subjects and assigning them to treatment or control groups to measure the effect of changes.
2. Considering factors like the type and amount of information desired, questions the design will and won't answer, and costs when selecting a design.
3. Key terminology like treatment, control, variables, randomness, and validity that are important to experimental design.
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This document outlines an experimental research methods assignment for a group of students at Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture. It discusses key aspects of experimental design including objectives, variables, validity, types of designs, and potential sources of invalidity. The group's assignment is to design an experiment and address factors such as controls, randomization, measurements, and data analysis. Attention to these elements in the planning stage can help produce reliable and valid experimental results.
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The document outlines key concepts for research study design including experimental research methodology, variables, sampling procedures, research designs, data collection techniques, and statistics. It discusses identifying independent and dependent variables and controlling for confounding variables. It describes different sampling methods, research designs, and data collection techniques. It also explains descriptive statistics like measures of central tendency and the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics which allow testing of hypotheses and making generalizations.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental research design involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. There are three main types of experimental designs: true experimental designs have complete control and random assignment; quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment; and pre-experimental designs have no control. True experiments consist of manipulation, control, and randomization. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. Randomization helps reduce bias by giving all subjects an equal chance of being in the experimental or control group.
Randomize group design
Randomized group design involves randomly assigning subjects to different groups that correspond to different conditions or values of the independent variable. This makes the groups statistically equivalent at the start of the experiment. There are two primary ways to form random groups - captive assignment, where all subjects are present and randomly assigned, and sequential assignment, where subjects participate on different days. A randomized group design with only two groups can test the relationship between one independent and dependent variable, but with three or more groups, the design allows testing more complex relationships.
Experimental research design
This document discusses various research design methods including experimental, qualitative, quantitative, Delphi, survey, and case study methods. It focuses on experimental design, outlining types such as pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. Specific experimental designs discussed include pretest-posttest control group, Solomon four group, randomized block, Latin square, and factorial designs. The key steps of experimental design are identified as identifying the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing the design, compiling and analyzing data, and presenting findings and conclusions. Symbols used in experimental designs are also defined.
Experimental and quasi experimental methods
The experimental method involves systematic observation, measurement, formulation and testing of hypotheses through experimentation. It consists of four stages: observation to collect data, developing hypotheses from the observations, explaining the hypotheses mathematically, and experiments to confirm or refute the hypotheses. The quasi-experimental method is similar but lacks random assignment to conditions and a control group for comparison. It is used in education research when manipulating variables is not possible. Examples include evaluating driver education programs, crime prevention programs, and investigating factors that influence student subject preferences.
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This document defines and describes different types of experimental research designs. It discusses true experimental research, quasi-experimental research, pre-experimental research, and factorial designs. For each type of experimental research, it provides examples and discusses advantages and disadvantages. It also outlines several threats to validity that can occur in experimental research, such as history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and more. Finally, it briefly discusses ex post facto research and provides a concluding remark on experimental research.
Experimental research design
This document defines and discusses experimental research. It begins by defining experimental research as testing ideas or procedures to determine their effect on outcomes. Random assignment and control over extraneous variables are identified as key characteristics of experiments. Various types of experimental designs are also outlined, including between-group designs like true experiments, quasi-experiments, and factorial designs as well as within-group designs like time series experiments and single subject experiments. Threats to validity like internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity are also discussed. The document provides an overview of experimental research methodology.
Experimental research design
The document defines key terms related to experimental research, including independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, randomization, and extraneous variables. It discusses the purpose of experiments to evaluate causal relationships while controlling other variables. It also describes sources of error like demand characteristics, experimenter bias, and constant error. The document outlines ways to increase validity, such as blinding, counterbalancing, and constancy of conditions. Finally, it compares laboratory and field experiments and diagrams several experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and Solomon four-group designs.
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and Classification
I) Experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable. They allow for a high level of control over extraneous variables.
II) The key components of an experiment are the independent variable, which is manipulated, and the dependent variable, which is measured. Control and random assignment help ensure the equivalence of groups.
III) True experiments use random assignment to groups, while quasi-experiments lack randomization. More rigorous designs like pre-test post-test control group allow for stronger conclusions about causality.
Single factor design
This document discusses single factor experimental research design. It describes the significant properties of randomization and manipulation of a single independent variable with at least two levels. It outlines types of single factor designs including between-subject and within-subject designs. It discusses threats to internal validity such as maturation and instrumentation. The document also notes ethical issues and advantages/limitations of this research design. Finally, it summarizes two examples of single factor experimental studies conducted in Pakistan.
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This document provides an overview of quantitative research design. It defines key terms and discusses the differences between experimental and non-experimental designs. Non-experimental designs include descriptive and correlational methods. Experimental designs manipulate a variable to measure its effect and can be true experiments or quasi-experiments. The document provides examples and discusses threats to validity.
Experimental Research
Experimental research uses manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal relationships between variables. It involves manipulating one or more independent variables and observing their effect on a dependent variable. There are three main types of experimental designs: pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental. True experiments have control groups, random assignment, and manipulation of a single independent variable. Quasi-experiments lack random assignment. Experimental research is commonly used in fields like psychology, medicine, and social sciences to establish causal relationships.
True experimental research design
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
Pre- Experimental Research
The document discusses pre-experimental research designs. Pre-experimental designs lack key elements of true experiments such as control groups and random assignment. Three examples of pre-experimental designs are described: the one-shot case study which involves observing a group after a treatment with no pre-observation; the one group pretest-posttest study which involves measuring a dependent variable before and after treatment; and the static group comparison which compares groups that have and have not received a treatment. The document also provides an example of an experimental study on matching counselor and client interests that demonstrates key elements of an experimental method section including participants, design, instruments, and procedures.
Experimental design
The document discusses experimental research designs. It describes the key components of experimental designs, including methodology, categories of designs, controlling extraneous variables through random assignment and other techniques, and examples of designs like the pre-test post-test control group design. The pre-test post-test control group design involves randomly assigning subjects to an experimental and control group, pre-testing both groups, exposing the experimental group to the independent variable, and then post-testing both groups to assess the impact of the independent variable by comparing the changes in the experimental and control groups. Experimental designs aim to establish causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable while controlling other factors.
Experimental research designs
This document provides an overview of experimental research designs used in educational research. It discusses true experimental designs such as pretest-posttest control group designs, quasi-experimental designs including time series and nonequivalent control group designs, and pre-experimental designs like one group pretest-posttest and static group comparison. Experimental research aims to examine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables through manipulation and observation. True experiments employ randomization while quasi-experiments are used when true experiments cannot be conducted.
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Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and Classification
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This document discusses experimental research design. It defines experimental research as a method that can truly test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships. It then explains key aspects of experimental design including experimental and control groups, pre-tests and post-tests, independent and dependent variables, and methods for controlling extraneous variables like randomization and matching. Finally, it discusses types of experimental designs and factors that can affect the validity of experimental research.
RESEARCH VARIABLES
This document discusses research variables and their classification. It defines variables and explains that they can be qualitative or quantitative. The main types of variables discussed are independent and dependent variables, which are seen in experimental research; research variables, which are observed without manipulation in descriptive studies; demographic variables like age and gender; and extraneous variables, which are not part of the study but could influence results. Examples are provided to illustrate each variable type.
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This document discusses variables, hypotheses, study types, and validity/reliability in research. It defines variables as characteristics that can take different values, and categorizes them as numerical, categorical, continuous, discrete, ordinal, and nominal. Hypotheses predict relationships between factors and problems that can be tested. Study types include descriptive studies, comparative/analytical studies, experimental studies, quasi-experimental studies, and before-after studies. Validity means measurements actually assess what is intended, while reliability means repeatability of findings.
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Describe the experimental, observational, survey, and case study met.pdf
Describe the experimental, observational, survey, and case study methods of conducting
psychological research. Include a discussion of how each addresses independent, dependent, and
extraneous variables, the relative advantages and disadvantages of each method, and how (or if)
each method can be conducted in the three developmental methodologies
Solution
There are several methods that are used for reseach in psychology. These approaches vary by the
sources of information which is drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of
instruments that are utilized in data collection. It also depends if the methods collect qualitative
data, quantitative data or both of them.
Qualitative psychological researches are those where the research findings are not arrived at by
statistical or other quantitative procedures.Quantitative psychological research is where the
research findings result from mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical
inference. Since qualitative information can be handled as such statistically, the distinction
relates to approach, rather than the topic studied.
Experimental Method
The field of psychology commonly uses experimental approaches in what is best known as
experimental psychology. Researchers design experiments to test specific hypotheses aka
deductive approach, or to evaluate functional relationships aka inductive approach. The method
of experimentation involves an experimenter changing some influence on the research subjects,
and studying the effects it produces on an expected aspect of the subjects behaviour or
experience. Other variables researchers consider in experimentation are known as the extraneous
variables, and are either controllable or confounding
Observational Methods:
Observational research is a type of non-experimental, correlational research. It involves the
researcher observing the ongoing behaviour of their subjects. There are multiple approaches of
observational research such as participant observations, non-participant observations and
naturalistic observations
Survey Method:
Most of the interviews intrude as a foreign element into thesocial setting that they describe. They
create as well as measure attitudes, they play vital role and responsibility. Though they are
limited to those who are accessible and who will cooperate, but the responses obtained are
produced in part by dimensions of individual differences irrelevantto the concerned topic under
discussion.
Case Study Method:
Normally case study is an intensive analysis of a person, group, or event that stresses
developmental factors related to the topic. Case studies may as well be descriptive or
explanatory. Explanatory case studies explore causation to figure out the underlying principles.
But there often is a debate to whether case studies count as a scientific research method or not.
Clinical psychologists use case studies most often, especially to describe abnormal events and
conditions, which are particularly .
Quantitative and research methods in business
Research can be defined as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. The main objectives of research are to discover answers to questions, gain familiarity with phenomena, and test hypotheses. Research provides motivation through opportunities to advance knowledge, solve problems, gain intellectual satisfaction, and benefit society. The scope of research depends on the field but commonly includes product development, organizational improvement, understanding consumer behavior, portfolio management, and developing strategies. Research can be descriptive or analytical, applied or fundamental, quantitative or qualitative, and conceptual or empirical. Key variables include independent, dependent, extraneous, constructs, mediators, moderators, and suppressor variables.
Research problem statement
The document discusses defining research problems and variables in research studies. It states that a research problem should clearly indicate what is being investigated and the relationship between the variables of interest. Sources of research problems can come from personal experience, educational theories, literature reviews, and past studies. The document defines independent variables as those that can be manipulated by the researcher, like a program or intervention, while dependent variables are measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. Some independent variables cannot be controlled and are attributes like gender or socioeconomic class.
NURSING RESEARCH2.pptx
Nursing research is defined as the systematic investigation of issues relevant to nursing practice. It is important for developing an evidence base to guide nursing practice and professionalize the field. Nursing research seeks to answer questions about nursing interventions and patient experiences to improve quality of care. It provides a scientific foundation for nursing knowledge and helps refine nursing education, practices, and administration.
NURSING RESEARCH.pptx
Nursing research is defined as the systematic investigation of issues relevant to nursing practice. It is important for developing an evidence base to guide nursing practice and professionalize the field. Nursing research seeks to answer questions about nursing interventions and patient experiences to improve quality of care. It provides a scientific foundation for the profession and helps refine nursing knowledge, theories, and education.
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SEMINAR MAMC,NEW DELHI.pptx
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENTS, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENT, PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPERIMENTS, SOME FAMOUS EXPERIMENTS, psychology,science,psy vs psy,psyvspsy,bristol,university,students,undergraduate,teaching,learning,experimental psychology (field of study),psychology (field of study),observation,self-report,experimentation,phineas gage,case study,weird populations,stem,phd programs,psychology (medical specialty),crash course psychology,the mind,how the brain works,sigmund freud (author),structuralism,structuralism (school of thought),functionalism, OPERANT CONDITIONG, CLASSICAL EXPERIMENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY
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Production cycle
The production cycle consists of four main activities: 1) product design, 2) planning and scheduling, 3) production operations, and 4) cost accounting. The first step is product design which creates a bill of materials and operations list. The second step is planning and scheduling using methods like MRP-II or JIT. The third step is the actual production. Cost accounting, the final step, provides cost data using job-order or process costing systems by collecting data from tickets, requisitions and allocating overhead costs.
Or
Operations research originated during World War 2 to help manage large systems and resources efficiently. It uses quantitative modeling and analysis to understand complex situations and determine optimal solutions to organizational problems. The process involves defining the problem, developing mathematical models to represent the real situation, finding solutions, and implementing the best decision. Operations research has been applied to problems in transportation, manufacturing, marketing, and other fields to allocate scarce resources and maximize profit while minimizing costs.
Operations management
1. Operations management involves transforming inputs such as raw materials, labor, and capital equipment into outputs in the form of goods and services through efficient management of production processes and supply chains.
2. A key part of operations management is new product development which involves idea generation, concept development and testing, marketing strategy development, business analysis, product development, and test marketing.
3. Effective product design considers issues like robustness, modularity, computer-aided design and manufacturing, virtual reality technology, value analysis, and environmentally friendly designs.
Learningstyle
This document describes 7 different learning styles: visual, aural, verbal, physical, social, solitary, and logical. For each style, it provides examples of how students with that preference may best learn, such as through seeing illustrations, listening to instructions, engaging in hands-on activities, or working alone through self-study. The conclusion states that understanding learning styles can help teachers communicate effectively with students through different methods, increase student productivity and achievement, and improve overall learning.
Forcasting
This document discusses forecasting methods used in operations management. It describes forecasting as predicting future events and underlying all business decisions regarding production, inventory, personnel and facilities. Short-term forecasts are up to 1 year and used for purchasing and scheduling, while medium forecasts are 3 months to 3 years for planning and budgeting. Long-term forecasts over 3 years guide new product planning and research. Qualitative methods use intuition for new situations while quantitative methods employ mathematics for stable, historical data situations. The document outlines various qualitative and quantitative forecasting techniques.
Educational technology
Educational technology has evolved from early foundations in instructional design and educational media. Over the 20th century, it was influenced by behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Today, instructional design, educational media, and educational computing have converged into the field of educational technology. Looking ahead, technology is expected to become more integrated into teaching and learning, enabling distributed, lifelong learning available anytime and anywhere.
Educational research
This document discusses different approaches to research in education including quantitative, qualitative, analytical, and mixed methods approaches. For quantitative research, it describes experimental, non-experimental, and correlational designs. For qualitative research, it outlines case study, phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory approaches. It also discusses analytical approaches like concept analysis and historical analysis, mixed methods research, and action research.
Educational psychology
The document discusses the concept of adjustment, which refers to the process by which living organisms maintain balance between their needs and circumstances. Adjustment is a continual process that involves varying one's behavior to establish more harmonious relationships with the environment. Well-adjusted individuals are physically and psychologically healthy, socially accepted, and able to balance their needs with what is available to them. The document outlines various spheres of adjustment, including personal, social, and occupational adjustment. It also discusses defense mechanisms that people employ unconsciously to protect themselves from anxiety, such as rationalization, projection, denial, and intellectualization.
Educational philosophy
This document discusses educational ethics. It defines education broadly as a lifelong process of learning from all experiences. Ethics involves studying concepts of right and wrong conduct. There are several ethical theories for determining right and wrong actions, such as considering an action's consequences or its underlying motivations. Ethics can be studied at meta, normative, applied, and descriptive levels. Educational ethics aims to develop students' ethical sensitivity and cognition so they can act ethically. Education helps people live purposefully and appreciate others in society by developing positive social values and good character.
Eco
The document discusses supply, factors that influence supply, and supply elasticity. It defines supply as the quantity producers are willing and able to offer for sale at a given price. The quantity supplied increases with price and decreases with falling price, as depicted by a positively sloped supply curve. A supply schedule shows the quantity supplied at different prices. Elasticity of supply measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in price and other factors. Production is defined as the process of combining inputs to create outputs that are sold in the market.
Cai
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) uses a computer to present instructional material and monitor learning. CAI can take various forms, including drill-and-practice, tutorials, simulations, games, discovery, and problem solving. Benefits of CAI include allowing learners to practice at their own pace, receiving immediate feedback, and presenting material through multiple formats. However, CAI also has potential drawbacks such as overwhelming learners, overusing multimedia, and equipment malfunctions. CAI works best for independent and self-motivated learners who enjoy frequent feedback.
8 interview
The document discusses interview methods for research. Interviews involve direct face-to-face interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. They allow for collection of in-depth data through open-ended questions and discussion. There are different types of interviews - structured interviews follow a rigid standardized format; semi-structured interviews have some flexibility in question order; single interviews involve one interviewer and interviewee; group interviews have multiple interviewees. Interviews have advantages like depth of information, insights from experts, and flexibility, but are also time consuming to analyze and can be affected by the interviewer.
7observation
Observation is a method of collecting research data by directly witnessing phenomena without relying on self-reported data. It allows researchers to gather substantial amounts of objective data in natural settings. There are two main types of observation: participant observation, where the researcher assumes a participant role, and non-participant observation, where the researcher observes discreetly and remains detached. Effective observation requires careful planning, skilled execution including systematic recording methods, and interpretation of the data.
6 inventory
1. Inventories are used to evaluate personal characteristics or skills by making lists of traits, preferences, attitudes, interests and abilities.
2. Interest inventories specifically are self-report instruments used to describe and measure individuals' interests, which are significant to their personality, education and careers. They involve noting likes and dislikes.
3. Interest inventories are commonly used for educational and vocational guidance by analyzing patterns of interest associated with success in different fields like science, art, social services and more. They involve sorting interests into areas to identify the strongest matches.
5 achievement
An achievement test measures a student's knowledge and skills in a particular subject area after a period of learning or instruction. It is an important tool for evaluating instructional progress and a student's mastery of subject matter. A good achievement test should accurately reflect a student's abilities in the domain being tested through valid and reliable questions. It provides data to guide curriculum planning, instruction, and program evaluation.
4 aptitude
Aptitude tests attempt to predict a person's potential for success in a particular activity based on their intelligence and knowledge. They assess differences between individuals and provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses. Aptitude tests are useful for instructional, administrative, and guidance purposes. They help teachers tailor curricula, colleges determine programs, and counselors provide realistic advice to students and parents. Aptitude tests are valuable for predicting job performance and research in selection and education.
3 questionnaire
This document discusses the purpose and types of questionnaires. It explains that questionnaires are forms used to collect responses to questions from a sample of people. There are different types of questions like closed-ended and open-ended, and questions can collect facts or opinions. Properly designing questionnaires is important, including clear instructions, question order, and coding responses for analysis. Questionnaires can efficiently collect standardized information from many people but also have limitations like potential bias and unreliable responses.
2 attitude
An attitude scale is used to measure attitudes towards issues, institutions, or groups of people. It provides a quantitative measure on a continuum from extremely positive to extremely negative. The Likert scale and Thurstone technique are two common methods for indirectly measuring attitudes. The Likert scale uses statements rated on a 5-point agreement scale, while the Thurstone technique has judges sort statements into categories to determine scaled values. Attitude scales are useful but have limitations such as respondents potentially hiding their true attitudes or being unaware of them. Overall, attitude scales remain a valuable tool for measuring attitudes in social research.
1 rating
This document discusses rating scales, which are one type of inquiry form used as a tool for research in education. Rating scales allow for the quantification of judgments or opinions along a scale. They are commonly used to rate traits like teacher performance, personality characteristics, and program/course evaluations. The document provides details on constructing rating scales, including selecting the aspects to be rated and defining the rating continuum. It also discusses common approaches to ratings and potential limitations, such as generosity, central tendency, stringency, halo, and logical errors.
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Experimental research
- 2. Experimental research is most scientifically sophisticated method. It is defined as observation under controlled conditions. Experimental research design are concerned with examination of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or interventions is observed on the dependent variable.
- 4. Independent variable: treatment or intervention variable, measured and manipulated Dependent variable: response variables, observed aspect of the behavior of an organism that has been stimulated. Variables of interest: correlation Control variable: A variables in a situation that cannot be studies at the same time; must be neutralized(e.g. gender, class level); neutralize to ensure that it does not have a moderating effect.
- 6. Identifying the research question or problem area Initial review of literature Distilling the question to a specific research problem Continued review of literature Formulation of hypotheses Determining the basic research approach Identifying the population and sample