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expalin in one or two pragraph .The professional responsibility of an electrical engineer. Solution Professional Responsibility Early concerns about the the EE profession: 1.Technical challenges needed to be addressed lest progress be stymied by narrow commercial interests 2. Public concern about the use and safety of electrical technology 3. Social responsibilities of a true profession went beyond purely technical issues to include ethical and political concerns as Technology profoundly transforms society. How should technology be guided toward humane purposes? Who bears primary responsibility? Who but the engineers who create new machines, devices, structures, and systems are in the best position to know the properties, the capabilities, the liabilities, and the potentialconsequences of producing and deploying them? This responsibility is both individual and collective..
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A presentation made to final year engineers at UTECH as they prepare to enter the working world. A look on the social responsibility of engineers.
Professional responsibility and the role of the engineer
This presentation was done for final year students at the University of Technology, Jamaica who are being prepared to leave for the working world. The challenge was presented and accepted.
Who is an Engineer?
Defining the actual and precise roles and responsibilities of an engineer in society
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Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ceee20
European Journal of Engineering Education
ISSN: 0304-3797 (Print) 1469-5898 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ceee20
Ethics and engineering education
L. L. Bucciarelli
To cite this article: L. L. Bucciarelli (2008) Ethics and engineering education, European Journal of
Engineering Education, 33:2, 141-149, DOI: 10.1080/03043790801979856
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790801979856
Published online: 23 May 2008.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 1520
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European Journal of Engineering Education
Vol. 33, No. 2, May 2008, 141–149
Ethics and engineering education
L.L. Bucciarelli*
Professor of Engineering and Technology Studies, Emeritus, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
(Received 12 November 2007; in final form 1 February 2008 )
In the US, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) recommends the study of ethics
so that students acquire ‘an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility’. For the most part,
teaching of the subject relies upon the use of scenarios – both hypothetical and ‘real’– and open discussion
framed by the codes. These scenarios and this framing are seriously deficient – lacking in their attention
to the complexities of context, almost solely focused on individual agency, while reflecting too narrow
and simplistic a view of the responsibilities of the practicing engineer. A critique of several exemplary
scenarios, and consideration of the demands placed upon today’s professional, prompt reflection on the
need for, not just a more expansive reading of the codes of ethics re what it might mean to be ‘responsible’,
but a substantial reform of undergraduate engineering education across the board.
Keywords: ethics; social responsibility; engineering education
1. Introduction
In the US, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), recommends the
study of ethics so that students attain ‘an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.’
I must confess that I have never felt comfortable with this directive and with the way the subject
is ...
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Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineers Code of.pdf
Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineer\'s Code of Ethics. Describe activities
that the Engineer can perform throughout the project life cycle in support of the First canon (e.g.
in Design Phase, Bid Package Preparation, and Construction Phase Services). You can
summarize your list of activities/examples in a table, specifying for each activity which
requirements/sub-section(s) a) through f) are addressed by such activity. Listing of activities
addressing most sub sections a through f is a plus. list a case example of Canon i possible
violation and its potential negative impacts, and possible ways that its contents can be controlled,
i.e. engineers to act within their area of competence, both voluntarily, but also In a \"community
based\" approach. A- List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to Risk Avoidance/Risk
Management for the general public and/or the parties involved in the design/construction project
cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to
personal/moral ethics of the engineer (example: fraud avoidance, conflicts of interest) throughout
the design/construction project cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. Which canon relates to
the Engineer\'s need for continuous Improvement and learning, and support of professional
groups? Which canon(s) lists the need for sustainable environment and a good stewardship of the
environment? What Is the rationale for these themes to be included in the Code of Ethics?
Solution
ANS 1):- Key Thrust of the First Cannon of the Engineer\'s Code of Ethics :-
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public and shall
strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of
their professional duties.
a. Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general
public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions, and practices incorporated
into structures, machines, products, processes and devices.
b. Engineers shall approve or seal only those design documents, reviewed or prepared
by them, which are determined to be safe for public health and welfare in
conformity with accepted engineering standards.
c. Engineers whose professional judgment is overruled under circumstances where
the safety, health and welfare of the public are endangered, or the principles of
sustainable development ignored, shall inform their clients or employers of the
possible consequences.
d. Engineers who have knowledge or reason to believe that another person or firm
may be in violation of any of the provisions of Canon 1 shall present such information
to the proper authority in writing and shall cooperate with the proper
authority in furnishing such further information or assistance as may be required.
e. Engineers should seek opportunities to be of constructive service in civic affairs
and work for the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of their c.
Ethics in engineering profession kamal25
how ethics plays an important role while applying technology in society
Define the following engineering terms1. engineering ethics2. W.pdf
Define the following engineering terms:
1. engineering ethics
2. Whistleblowing
3. Responsibility of engineers
4. recent developments
5.general principles
6 obligation of society
7. conduct
8. case studies and key individuals
Solution
1. Engineering Ethics - Engineering Ethics is the study of moral issues and decisions confronting
individuals and organizations engaged in engineering.The field examines and sets the
obligations by engineers to society, to their clients, and to the profession.
2. Whistleblowing - The duty of an engineer to report to the concerned authority about a possible
risk to others when a client or employer fails to follow the engineer\'s directions.
3. Responsibility of engineers - The responsibility of an engineer to commit to serving society,
attending to the welfare and progress of the majority. The engineer should reject any project that
is intended to harm the general interest, thus avoiding a situation that might be hazardous or
threatening to the environment, life, health, or other rights of human beings.
4. recent developments - Recent efforts to uphold engineering ethics include addressing of
bribery and political corruption by several professional societies and business groups around the
world while getting ready to face challenges like offshoring, sustainable development, and
environmental protection.
5. general principles - General guidelines set by various engineering professional societies which
tend to include
6. obligation of society - The paramount value recognized by engineers is the safety and welfare
of the public. All the major engineering societies around the world. These societies include
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Institute of Industrial Engineers etc.
7. conduct - Several ethical issues faced by the engineers include considerations of business
conduct. The issues faced are relationships with clients, ensuring legal compliance by clients,
treatment of confidential or proprietary information, conflict of interest etc.
8. case studies and key individuals - The study of engineering failures in the last century
indicates that not all engineering failures involve ethical issues. Many failures involve the failure
of the design process or management culture. The following mentioned failures include ethical as
well as technical issues..
Ethical Technology.pdf
In this blog post, we will explore what Ethical Technology is, why it is important, the benefits it brings, and its potential role in shaping our future.
What is Engineering?
It's about engineering student confusion. To clear their concept of engineering and engineering on mechanical.
CAREER OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,JOBS FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,ELECTRICAL ENGINEE...
#ELECTRICAL_ENGINEER
#CAREER_OF_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEER
#JOBS_FOR_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEER
#LIFE_OF_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEE
#WHO ARE ENGINEERS?
An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical, societal and commercial problems. Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").
1.Creative Thinking.
2. Technological and Scientific Discovery.
3. Prestige.
4. Potential to Benefit Society.
5. Intellectual Development.
6. Challenging Work.
7. Financial Security.
8. Professional Environment.
9.Team work.
WHAT IS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING?
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity electronics and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life. The invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object
What is Technological Advancement.pdf
The term “technological advancement” is commonly used to describe
the rapid growth and development of technology in a variety of
contexts. How we work, play, and exist in the world have all been
profoundly altered as a result. The rate of technological progress has
increased exponentially, and this has had far-reaching consequences
for our culture.
Examine the major influences that organizational culture can have on.pdf
Examine the major influences that organizational culture can have on organizational ethical
decision making. From your personal experience in your current or past organization, provide
one (1) example of how organizational culture influenced the outcome of an ethical decision.
Note: Please do not identify workplaces or leaders by name.
Use the Internet to research a business leader that you believe to be an ethical leader. Next,
examine the key traits and actions that the selected leader demonstrates in order to influence a
positive ethical culture in the organization. Suggest two (2) actions that a company could take in
order to achieve a positive ethical culture.
Solution
Ethics are priciple and values used by an individual to govern his actions and decisions.
Organizational ethics is an ethics of organizational and and it is how an organization responds to
an internal or external stimulus. Organizational ethics is interdependent with the organizational
culture.
Three of the important components that influences of ethical decision making are
individual factors-individual factors that affect the ethical decision-making process include
personal moral philosophy, stage of moral development, motivation, and other personal factors
such as gender, age, and experience.
organizational relationships- The culture of the organization, as well as superiors, peers, and
subordinates, can have a significant impact on the ethical decision-making process.Superiors and
coworkers can create organizational pressure, which plays a key role in creating ethical issues.
and opportunity-Opportunity is a set of conditions that limit barriers or provide rewards. If an
individual takes advantage of an opportunity to act unethically and escapes punishment or gains
a reward, that person may repeat such acts when circumstances favor them.
organizational culture influenced the outcome of an ethical decision
Usually, the organizational culture is stabile and it implies fundamental principles, beliefs and
regulations which cannot be easily replaced. Therefore, the development of the organizational
culture on the basis of strong ethic principles would turn into a long term competitive
advantage.A positive organizational culture which is deeply implemented in the collective
mentality highlights the ethical component of the business, such as values, attitudes, beliefs and
moral behavioral regulations.
Business leader that you believe to be an ethical leader
Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values and for
the dignity and rights of others.Ethical leader keeps promises and commitments, maintains
loyalty to those not present. apologizes sincerely, acts with honesty, takes responsibility and
cleans up after mistakes.
Bohn Rawls, one of the most important ethical philosophers of the 20th century, makes a
distinction between comprehensive moral systems, such as religions, which cover not only
behavior, but such issues as humanity.
Event A, guillaume was born on separate 25. Six other students in hi.pdf
Event A, guillaume was born on separate 25. Six other students in his class also have a birthday
in September\'s. He is surprised to. Learn that., of the seven students in his class who were born
on the same day.
Event B. Five classmates are playing a number of games. They secretly write down a number
between 1 and 20, . After the first round, they were surprised to find that two of them chose the
same number.
.which of these two events is more probable?
Solution
Event A, to be born in september = 1/12
then on 25 it is 1/30
event B
to chose 1/20
so definitely event B is more likely to happpen.
More Related Content
Similar to expalin in one or two pragraph .The professional responsibility of a.pdf
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ceee20
European Journal of Engineering Education
ISSN: 0304-3797 (Print) 1469-5898 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ceee20
Ethics and engineering education
L. L. Bucciarelli
To cite this article: L. L. Bucciarelli (2008) Ethics and engineering education, European Journal of
Engineering Education, 33:2, 141-149, DOI: 10.1080/03043790801979856
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790801979856
Published online: 23 May 2008.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 1520
View related articles
Citing articles: 65 View citing articles
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ceee20
https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ceee20
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/03043790801979856
https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790801979856
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?journalCode=ceee20&show=instructions
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?journalCode=ceee20&show=instructions
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/mlt/10.1080/03043790801979856
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/mlt/10.1080/03043790801979856
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/03043790801979856#tabModule
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/03043790801979856#tabModule
European Journal of Engineering Education
Vol. 33, No. 2, May 2008, 141–149
Ethics and engineering education
L.L. Bucciarelli*
Professor of Engineering and Technology Studies, Emeritus, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
(Received 12 November 2007; in final form 1 February 2008 )
In the US, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) recommends the study of ethics
so that students acquire ‘an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility’. For the most part,
teaching of the subject relies upon the use of scenarios – both hypothetical and ‘real’– and open discussion
framed by the codes. These scenarios and this framing are seriously deficient – lacking in their attention
to the complexities of context, almost solely focused on individual agency, while reflecting too narrow
and simplistic a view of the responsibilities of the practicing engineer. A critique of several exemplary
scenarios, and consideration of the demands placed upon today’s professional, prompt reflection on the
need for, not just a more expansive reading of the codes of ethics re what it might mean to be ‘responsible’,
but a substantial reform of undergraduate engineering education across the board.
Keywords: ethics; social responsibility; engineering education
1. Introduction
In the US, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), recommends the
study of ethics so that students attain ‘an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.’
I must confess that I have never felt comfortable with this directive and with the way the subject
is ...
Engineering Essay Sample
Essay about Career Profile: Engineering
Industrial Engineering Essay
Ethics in Engineering Essay
Green Engineering Essay
Essay on Why I Want to be a Professional Engineer
Civil Engineering Essay
A Successful Engineer Essay
The Career of Engineering Essay
Essay about software engineering
It gives what an engineer needs to do after getting into engineering.pptx
It provides a clear idea about our Engineering responsibility
Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineers Code of.pdf
Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineer\'s Code of Ethics. Describe activities
that the Engineer can perform throughout the project life cycle in support of the First canon (e.g.
in Design Phase, Bid Package Preparation, and Construction Phase Services). You can
summarize your list of activities/examples in a table, specifying for each activity which
requirements/sub-section(s) a) through f) are addressed by such activity. Listing of activities
addressing most sub sections a through f is a plus. list a case example of Canon i possible
violation and its potential negative impacts, and possible ways that its contents can be controlled,
i.e. engineers to act within their area of competence, both voluntarily, but also In a \"community
based\" approach. A- List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to Risk Avoidance/Risk
Management for the general public and/or the parties involved in the design/construction project
cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to
personal/moral ethics of the engineer (example: fraud avoidance, conflicts of interest) throughout
the design/construction project cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. Which canon relates to
the Engineer\'s need for continuous Improvement and learning, and support of professional
groups? Which canon(s) lists the need for sustainable environment and a good stewardship of the
environment? What Is the rationale for these themes to be included in the Code of Ethics?
Solution
ANS 1):- Key Thrust of the First Cannon of the Engineer\'s Code of Ethics :-
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public and shall
strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of
their professional duties.
a. Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general
public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions, and practices incorporated
into structures, machines, products, processes and devices.
b. Engineers shall approve or seal only those design documents, reviewed or prepared
by them, which are determined to be safe for public health and welfare in
conformity with accepted engineering standards.
c. Engineers whose professional judgment is overruled under circumstances where
the safety, health and welfare of the public are endangered, or the principles of
sustainable development ignored, shall inform their clients or employers of the
possible consequences.
d. Engineers who have knowledge or reason to believe that another person or firm
may be in violation of any of the provisions of Canon 1 shall present such information
to the proper authority in writing and shall cooperate with the proper
authority in furnishing such further information or assistance as may be required.
e. Engineers should seek opportunities to be of constructive service in civic affairs
and work for the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of their c.
Ethics in engineering profession kamal25
how ethics plays an important role while applying technology in society
Define the following engineering terms1. engineering ethics2. W.pdf
Define the following engineering terms:
1. engineering ethics
2. Whistleblowing
3. Responsibility of engineers
4. recent developments
5.general principles
6 obligation of society
7. conduct
8. case studies and key individuals
Solution
1. Engineering Ethics - Engineering Ethics is the study of moral issues and decisions confronting
individuals and organizations engaged in engineering.The field examines and sets the
obligations by engineers to society, to their clients, and to the profession.
2. Whistleblowing - The duty of an engineer to report to the concerned authority about a possible
risk to others when a client or employer fails to follow the engineer\'s directions.
3. Responsibility of engineers - The responsibility of an engineer to commit to serving society,
attending to the welfare and progress of the majority. The engineer should reject any project that
is intended to harm the general interest, thus avoiding a situation that might be hazardous or
threatening to the environment, life, health, or other rights of human beings.
4. recent developments - Recent efforts to uphold engineering ethics include addressing of
bribery and political corruption by several professional societies and business groups around the
world while getting ready to face challenges like offshoring, sustainable development, and
environmental protection.
5. general principles - General guidelines set by various engineering professional societies which
tend to include
6. obligation of society - The paramount value recognized by engineers is the safety and welfare
of the public. All the major engineering societies around the world. These societies include
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Institute of Industrial Engineers etc.
7. conduct - Several ethical issues faced by the engineers include considerations of business
conduct. The issues faced are relationships with clients, ensuring legal compliance by clients,
treatment of confidential or proprietary information, conflict of interest etc.
8. case studies and key individuals - The study of engineering failures in the last century
indicates that not all engineering failures involve ethical issues. Many failures involve the failure
of the design process or management culture. The following mentioned failures include ethical as
well as technical issues..
Ethical Technology.pdf
In this blog post, we will explore what Ethical Technology is, why it is important, the benefits it brings, and its potential role in shaping our future.
What is Engineering?
It's about engineering student confusion. To clear their concept of engineering and engineering on mechanical.
CAREER OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,JOBS FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,ELECTRICAL ENGINEE...
#ELECTRICAL_ENGINEER
#CAREER_OF_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEER
#JOBS_FOR_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEER
#LIFE_OF_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEE
#WHO ARE ENGINEERS?
An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical, societal and commercial problems. Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").
1.Creative Thinking.
2. Technological and Scientific Discovery.
3. Prestige.
4. Potential to Benefit Society.
5. Intellectual Development.
6. Challenging Work.
7. Financial Security.
8. Professional Environment.
9.Team work.
WHAT IS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING?
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity electronics and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life. The invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object
What is Technological Advancement.pdf
The term “technological advancement” is commonly used to describe
the rapid growth and development of technology in a variety of
contexts. How we work, play, and exist in the world have all been
profoundly altered as a result. The rate of technological progress has
increased exponentially, and this has had far-reaching consequences
for our culture.
Similar to expalin in one or two pragraph .The professional responsibility of a.pdf (20)
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
It gives what an engineer needs to do after getting into engineering.pptx
It gives what an engineer needs to do after getting into engineering.pptx
Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineers Code of.pdf
Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineers Code of.pdf
Define the following engineering terms1. engineering ethics2. W.pdf
Define the following engineering terms1. engineering ethics2. W.pdf
CAREER OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,JOBS FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,ELECTRICAL ENGINEE...
CAREER OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,JOBS FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,ELECTRICAL ENGINEE...
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Examine the major influences that organizational culture can have on.pdf
Examine the major influences that organizational culture can have on organizational ethical
decision making. From your personal experience in your current or past organization, provide
one (1) example of how organizational culture influenced the outcome of an ethical decision.
Note: Please do not identify workplaces or leaders by name.
Use the Internet to research a business leader that you believe to be an ethical leader. Next,
examine the key traits and actions that the selected leader demonstrates in order to influence a
positive ethical culture in the organization. Suggest two (2) actions that a company could take in
order to achieve a positive ethical culture.
Solution
Ethics are priciple and values used by an individual to govern his actions and decisions.
Organizational ethics is an ethics of organizational and and it is how an organization responds to
an internal or external stimulus. Organizational ethics is interdependent with the organizational
culture.
Three of the important components that influences of ethical decision making are
individual factors-individual factors that affect the ethical decision-making process include
personal moral philosophy, stage of moral development, motivation, and other personal factors
such as gender, age, and experience.
organizational relationships- The culture of the organization, as well as superiors, peers, and
subordinates, can have a significant impact on the ethical decision-making process.Superiors and
coworkers can create organizational pressure, which plays a key role in creating ethical issues.
and opportunity-Opportunity is a set of conditions that limit barriers or provide rewards. If an
individual takes advantage of an opportunity to act unethically and escapes punishment or gains
a reward, that person may repeat such acts when circumstances favor them.
organizational culture influenced the outcome of an ethical decision
Usually, the organizational culture is stabile and it implies fundamental principles, beliefs and
regulations which cannot be easily replaced. Therefore, the development of the organizational
culture on the basis of strong ethic principles would turn into a long term competitive
advantage.A positive organizational culture which is deeply implemented in the collective
mentality highlights the ethical component of the business, such as values, attitudes, beliefs and
moral behavioral regulations.
Business leader that you believe to be an ethical leader
Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values and for
the dignity and rights of others.Ethical leader keeps promises and commitments, maintains
loyalty to those not present. apologizes sincerely, acts with honesty, takes responsibility and
cleans up after mistakes.
Bohn Rawls, one of the most important ethical philosophers of the 20th century, makes a
distinction between comprehensive moral systems, such as religions, which cover not only
behavior, but such issues as humanity.
Event A, guillaume was born on separate 25. Six other students in hi.pdf
Event A, guillaume was born on separate 25. Six other students in his class also have a birthday
in September\'s. He is surprised to. Learn that., of the seven students in his class who were born
on the same day.
Event B. Five classmates are playing a number of games. They secretly write down a number
between 1 and 20, . After the first round, they were surprised to find that two of them chose the
same number.
.which of these two events is more probable?
Solution
Event A, to be born in september = 1/12
then on 25 it is 1/30
event B
to chose 1/20
so definitely event B is more likely to happpen.
Evaluate why needing to have a competitive advantage is so highly re.pdf
Evaluate why needing to have a competitive advantage is so highly recommended in the field of
strategic management. Using an example of a specific organization, what might that organization
do (or have they done) if they need to change or find a
Solution
WHY HAVING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IS HIGHLY CRITICAL?
A firm\'s success is measured by the attractiveness of the industry in which it operates and
measures the economics of a firm\'s business focusing primarily its ability to generate excess
returns on capital and links the business strategy with fundamental finance and capital markets,
for a longer period of time. A Firm is said to have a competitive advantage over its competitors ,
when maintaining that surpass the average in its industry. This advantage is primarily derived
from the characteristics of the product / service that makes it superior to competitive products /
service. It is only because of the competitive advantage which allows the firm to earn excess
returns for its shareholders. Without a competitive advantage, a firm has limited economic
reason to exsist and would not be able to survive for long time.
EXAMPLE : When electrical goods company Havells acquired Sylvania in 2007, all that it was
looking for was growth and a strong global presence. Instead, trigerred by the global financial
crisis the company had to face with major. The situation threatened to pull Havells down, and it
had to come up with a smart turnaround strategy. This case study looks at how Havells pulled it
off.
Havells India Ltd is a Rs 7,248-crore company. The journey hasn\'t always been smooth, but the
roughest patch was easily the 2007 acquisition of German lighting and fixtures maker SLI
Lighting, owner of the Sylvania brand(then the world\'s fourth-largest lighting company and 1.5
times bigger thanHavells..
Havells had a track record of five successful acquisitions, and high growth in itsIndian
operations. In 1983, it bought the loss-making Delhi-based Towers and Transformers Ltd and
turned it around in a year. In March 2007, Havells bought Sylvania. And then the global
financial crisis struck.
As the meltdown rocked European markets, Sylvania\'s sales fell, leading to net losses of Euro
16.3 million in 2008/09 and Euro 26.1 million in 2009/10. From Euro 515 million in 2007/08,
revenues dropped to Euro 438.4 million in two years.
In September 2008, Sylvania\'s bankers, led by Barclays Capital, hit the panic button as the
company breached its financial ratio. Sylvania\'s acquisition was funded by debt - a Euro 120-
million loan based on operating cash flows and an Euro 80-million loan taken out by a Havells
subsidiary. Havells repaid 180 million by raising money from the sale of a stake to Warburg
Pincus.
Sylvania\'s poor performance began to affect consolidated numbers. Havells\'s top management
drew up an 18-month restructuring plan. In the first phase, the aim was to improve profitability
by cutting manpower costs and closing factories. The second pha.
Evaluate whether above integral converge or not. if not, evaluate it.pdf
Evaluate whether above integral converge or not. if not, evaluate it. thank you e infinity 1 / x(ln
x)2 d x
Solution
Substitute y= lnx then dy= (1/x) dx I= integral( dy/y^2)) From y= lne to ln (inf) =
-1/y from y= 1 to infinity =0-(-1) =1.
Events occur according to a nonhomogeneous Poisson process whose mea.pdf
Events occur according to a nonhomogeneous Poisson process whose mean value function is
given by: m(t) = t2 + 2t. What is the probability that n events occur between t = 4 and t = 5?
Solution
When I integrate I obtain 88/3 as lamda. Then I would say e^(-88/3)*(88/3)^n/n!
which is the definition of Poisson or probability of n events with 88/3 as lamda..
Every month, a girl gets allowance. Assume last year she had no mone.pdf
Every month, a girl gets allowance. Assume last year she had no money, and kept it up to now.
Then she spends 1/2 of her money on clothes, then 1/3 of the remaining money on games, and
then 1/4 of the remaining money on toys. After she bought all of that, she had $7777 left.
Assuming she only gets money by allowance, how much money does she earn every month?
Solution
$2222.
Every organization has a culture and a way to get things done. Compa.pdf
Every organization has a culture and a way to get things done. Compare and contrast the roles of
managers to the roles of leaders in culture development and strategy execution. Ultimately, what
is more important to the success of the firm, having a good product or having a good
management/leadership team? Support your answers.
Solution
The culture of an organization can be seen as a set of core characteristics that
are collectively valued by all members of that organization. Culture is both
dynamic phenomenon that surrounds us at all times, being constantly enacted
and created by our interaction with others and shaped by leadership behavior.
The organization can become great only if it recognizes people in the
organization as main factor looking; for effectiveness of activity and
competitiveness of organization. This is not easy to build a fair competitive
strategy for organization. It must be counted all kind of resources including
psychological ones. Organizational culture is powerful and changing it is
difficult. Because people in the organization are carefully selected based on
their compliance with the exiting culture. Culture exerts itself through the
actions and thinking of thousands of people. To change culture one needs to
change all these people. The organization\'s culture develops in large part from
its leadership while the culture of an organization can also affect the
development of its leadership. For example, transactional leaders work within
their organizational cultures following existing rules, procedures, and norms;
transformational change their culture by first understanding it and then
realigning the organization\'s culture with a new vision and a revision of its
shared assumptions, values, and norms
Culture are taught by its leadership and eventually adopted by its followers.
At one extreme a leader accepts no deviation from standard operating
procedures, managing-by exception in a highly transactional fashion while at
the other extreme another leader rewards followers when they apply rules in
creative ways or if they break them when the overall mission of the major
distinguishing feature in these companies, their most important competitive
advantage, the factor that they all highlight as a key ingredient in their
success. The sustained success of these firms has had less to do with market 5
forces than company values; less to do with competitive positioning than
personal beliefs; less to do with resource advantages than vision. Name the
most successful firms you know today, from large behemoths to
entrepreneurial start-ups--for example, Coca Cola, Disney, General Electric,
Intel, McDonalds, Merck, Microsoft, Pixar, Rubbermaid, Sony, Toyota.
Without exception, virtually every leading firm has developed a distinctive
culture that is clearly identifiable by its employees. This culture is sometimes
created by the initial founder of the firm (e.g. Disney). Sometimes it is
developed consciously by management team who decide .
exercise 7-10 Prepare journal entries for the following selected tra.pdf
exercise 7-10 Prepare journal entries for the following selected transactions of Danica Company
for 2014. Accepted a $9,500,45-day, 8% note dated December 13 in granting Miranda Lee a
time extension on her past-due account receivable. Prepared an adjusting entry to record the
accrued interest on the Lee note.
Solution.
expected to name the relevant philosopher, state the main philosophi.pdf
expected to name the relevant philosopher, state the main philosophical significance and to use
concrete language or examples to flesh out the definition.
Episteme Use-value
Phronesis Surplus-value
Techne Capitalist
Teleology Alienation
Inductive Reasoning Positivism
Social Physics Artifact
Solution
Episteme: It is a philosophical term derived from the Ancient Greek which may refer to
knowledge, science or understanding.
Phronesis: It is a Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence. It is more specifically a type
of wisdom relevant to practical things, requiring an ability to discern how or why to act
virtuously and encourage practical virtue, excellence of character, in others.
Techne:It is a term in philosophy which resembles Episteme in the implication of knowledge of
principles, although techne differs in that its intent is making or doing as opposed to disinterested
understanding.
Teleology: It a Greek word (from Greek telos, meaning end or purpose) is the philosophical
study of nature by attempting to describe things in terms of their apparent purpose, directive
principle, or goal.
Inductive reasoning: It (as opposed to deductive reasoning or abductive reasoning) is reasoning
in which the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion.
While the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain, the truth of the conclusion of an
inductive argument is probable, based upon the evidence given.
Social Physics:The quantitative study of human society. It is also known as social statistics.
Use-value: Use value or value in use is the utility of consuming a good—the want-satisfying
power of a good or service in classical political economy.
Surplus-value: Surplus value is a central concept in Karl Marx\'s critique of political economy.
Marx did not himself invent the term: he developed the concept.
Capitalist: A person who uses their wealth to invest in trade and industry for profit in accordance
with the principles of capitalism.
Alienation: It is the capacity for a piece of property or a property right to be sold or otherwise
transferred from one party to another.
Positivism: It is a philosophical system recognizing only that which can be scientifically verified
or which is capable of logical or mathematical proof, and therefore rejecting metaphysics and
theism.
Artifact: An artifact or artefact (from Latin phrase arte factum means skill + facere to make) is
\"something made or given shape by man, such as a tool or a work of art, esp an object of
archaeological interest\".
Evaluate the limit, if it exists. Enter INF for or MINF for . If.pdf
Evaluate the limit, if it exists. Enter INF for ? or MINF for ??. If the limit does not exist, enter
DNE.
limx?0?1x?1|x|
Solution
lim x->o x/|x|
lim x->o+ x/|x|=lim x->o+ x/x =1
lim x->o- x/|x|=lim x->o- x/(-x) =-1
so left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit
so we cannot determine the value of limit.
Exhibit 4.16a Key Financial RatiosLiquidity ratios Formulas.pdf
Exhibit 4.16a Key Financial Ratios
Liquidity ratios Formulas
Current ratio Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Quick ratio (Cash + Marketable Securities + Net Receivables) / Current
Liabilities
Acid test ratio (Cash + Marketable Securities) / Current Liabilities
Days in accounts receivable Net Patient Accounts Receivables / (Net Patient Revenues /
365)
Days cash on hand [(Cash + Marketable Securities + Long-Term
Investments/Operating Expenses Depreciation and Amortization Expenses) / 365]
Average payment period, days Current Liabilities / [(Operating Expenses Depreciation and
Amortization Expenses) / 365]
Revenues, expenses, and profitability Formulas
Operating revenues per adjusted discharge Total Operating Revenues / Adjusted
Discharges
Operating expense per adjusted discharge Total Operating Expenses / Adjusted
Discharges
Salary and benefit expense as percentage of operating expense Total Salary and Benefit Expense
/ Total Operating Expenses
Operating margin Operating Income / Total Operating
Revenues
Nonoperating revenue ratio Nonoperating Revenues and Other Income /
Total Operating Revenues
Return on total assets Excess of Revenues over Expenses / Total Assets
Return on net assets Excess of Revenues over Expenses / Net Assets
Activity Ratios Formulas
Total asset turnover ratio Total Operating Revenues / Total Assets
Net fixed assets turnover ratio Total Operating Revenues / Net Plant and
Equipment
Age of plant ratio Accumulated Depreciation / Depreciation Expense
Capital Structure ratios Formulas
Long-term debt to net assets ratio Long-Term Debt / Net Assets
Net assets to total assets ratio Net Assets / Total Assets
Times interest earned ratio (Excess of Revenues over Expenses + Interest
Expense) / Interest Expense
Debt service coverage ratio (Excess of Revenues over Expenses + Interest
Expense + Depreciation and Amortization Expenses) / (Interest Expense + Principal Payments)
a Adjusted Discharges = (Total Gross Patient Revenue / Total Gross Inpatient Revenues) × Total
Discharges. b In for-profit health care organizations, calculated as Net Income / Total Assets.
c Called return on equity in for-profit health care organizations, and calculated as Net Income /
Owners’ Equity. d Called long-term debt to equity in for-profit health care organizations, and
calculated as Long-Term Debt / Owners’ Equity.
e Called equity to total assets in for-profit health care organizations, and calculated as Owners’
Equity / Total Assets.
f In for-profit health care organizations, calculated as (Net Income + Interest Expense) / Interest
Expense.
g In for-profit health care organizations, calculated as (Net Income + Interest Expense +
Depreciation and Amortization Expenses) / (Interest Expense + Principal Payments
Ratio analysis. The statement of operations and balance sheet for Longwood Community
Hospital for the years ended 20X0 and 20X1 are shown in Exhibits 4.19a and 4.19b. Compute
the following ratios for both years: current, acid test, days in account.
Exercise 7. The probability that a coin has to land Heads is unknown.pdf
Exercise 7. The probability that a coin has to land Heads is unknown, say p, where p is some
number in [0,1]. Let X be a random variable that takes the value 1 if the coin lands Heads and 0
if the coin lands Tails. What is its expected value and standard deviation?
Solution
P(X = 1) = p
P(X = 0) = 1 - P(X = 1) = 1 - p
So the distribution of X is:
P(X=0) = 1-p , P(X=1) = p
expected vaule =xp(x)=1*p+0*(1-p)
=p
varaince=x2p(x)-2
=p2-p2
=0.
Exercise 5-5Uhura Company has decided to expand its operations. Th.pdf
Exercise 5-5
Uhura Company has decided to expand its operations. The bookkeeper recently completed the
balance sheet presented below in order to obtain additional funds for expansion.
UHURA COMPANY
BALANCE SHEET
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 2014
Current assets
Cash $230,000
Accounts receivable (net) 340,000
Inventory (lower-of-average-cost-or-market) 401,000
Equity investments (trading)-at cost (fair value $120,000) 140,000
Property, plant, and equipment
Buildings (net) 570,000
Equipment (net) 160,000
Land held for future use 175,000
Intangible assets
Goodwill 80,000
Cash surrender value of life insurance 90,000
Prepaid expenses 12,000
Current liabilities
Accounts payable 135,000
Notes payable (due next year) 125,000
Pension obligation 82,000
Rent payable 49,000
Premium on bonds payable 53,000
Long-term liabilities
Bonds payable 500,000
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $1.00 par, authorized 400,000 shares, issued 290,000 290,000
Additional paid-in capital 160,000
Retained earnings ?
Prepare a revised balance sheet given the available information. Assume that the accumulated
depreciation balance for the buildings is $160,000 and for the equipment, $105,000. The
allowance for doubtful accounts has a balance of $17,000. The pension obligation is considered a
long-term liability. (List Current Assets in order of liquidity. List Property, Plant and Equipment
in order of Buildings and Equipment. Enter account name only and do not provide the
descriptive information provided in the question.)
Uhura Company
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
$
$
:
$
$
:
:
$
Liabilities and Stockholders\' Equity
$
$
$
:
$
Solution
The revised balance sheet is as below
Heads
Amount
Amount
Current assets:
Cash
$230,000
Accounts receivable (Gross) (340,000 + 17,000 =)
$357,000
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
$17,000
$340,000
Inventory
$401,000
Equity investments
$140,000
Total current assets (a)
1,111,000
Property, plant, and equipment:
Building (Gross) (570,000 + 160,000 =)
$730,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
$160,000
$570,000
Equipment (Gross) (160,000 + 105,000 =)
$265,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
$105,000
$160,000
Land
$175,000
Goodwill
$80,000
Cash surrender value
$90,000
Prepaid expenses
$12,000
Total property, plant, and equipment (b)
$1,087,000
Total assets (a + b)
$2,198,000
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable
$135,000
Notes payable
$125,000
Rent payable
$49,000
Premium on bonds payable
$53,000
Total current liabilities (c)
$362,000
Long-term liabilities:
Pension obligation
$82,000
Bonds payable
$500,000
Total long-term liabilities (d)
$582,000
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock
$290,000
Additional paid-in capital
$160,000
Retained earnings {(a + b) – c – d – common stock – additional paid-in capital}
$804,000
Total stockholders’ equity (e)
$1,254,000
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (c + d + e)
$2,198,000
Heads
Amount
Amount
Current assets:
Cash
$230,000
Accounts receivable (Gross) (340,000 + 17,000 =)
$357,000
Less: Allowance for doubtf.
Exercise 4-17Before AdjustmentAfter Adjustment01,200$7.pdf
Exercise 4-17
Before
Adjustment
After
Adjustment
0
1,200
$72,800
$72,800
$75,700
$75,700
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BERE COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2014
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BERE COMPANY
Retained Earnings Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2014
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BERE COMPANY
Balance Sheet
August 31, 2014
Assets
Liabilities and Stockholders\' Equity
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Exercise 4-17 The adjusted trial balance for Bere Company is given below:
BERE COMPANY
Trial Balance
August 31, 2014
Before
Adjustment
After
AdjustmentDr.Cr.Dr.Cr.Cash$10,900$10,900Accounts
Receivable8,8009,400Supplies2,500500Prepaid
Insurance4,0002,500Equipment16,00016,000Accumulated
Depreciation—Equipment$3,600$4,800Accounts Payable5,8005,800Salaries and Wages
Payable01,100Unearned Rent Revenue1,800800Common Stock10,00010,000Retained
Earnings5,5005,500Dividends2,8002,800Service Revenue34,00034,600Rent
Revenue12,10013,100Salaries and Wages Expense17,00018,100Supplies Expense02,000Rent
Expense10,80010,800Insurance Expense01,500Depreciation Expense
0
1,200
$72,800
$72,800
$75,700
$75,700
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CancelPrepare the income statement for the year ended August 31.
BERE COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2014
ExpensesRevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal RevenuesNet Income / (Loss)Retained Earnings,
September 1, 2013Retained Earnings, August 31, 2014Dividends
$
Expenses Revenues Total Expenses Total Revenues Net Income / (Loss) Retained
Earnings, September 1, 2013 Retained Earnings, August 31, 2014 Dividends
$
ExpensesRevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal RevenuesNet Income / (Loss)Retained Earnings,
September 1, 2013Retained Earnings, August 31, 2014Dividends
$
Expenses Revenues Total Expenses Total Revenues Net Income / (Loss) Retained
Earnings, September 1, 2013 Retained Earnings, August 31, 2014 Dividends
ExpensesRevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal RevenuesNet Income / (Loss)Retained Earnings,
September 1, 2013Retained Earnings, August 31, 2014Dividends
$
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Link to TextPrepare the retained earnings statements for the year ended August 31. (List items
that increase retained earnings first.)
BERE COMPANY
Retained Earnings Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2014
ExpensesRevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal RevenuesNet Income / (Loss)Retained Earnings,
September 1, 2013Retained Earnings, August 31, 2014Dividends
$
AddLess: ExpensesRevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal RevenuesNet Income / (Loss)Retained
Earnings, September 1, 2013Retained Earnings, August 31, 2014Dividends
AddLess: ExpensesRevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal RevenuesNet Income / (Loss)Retained
Earnings, September 1, 2013Retained Ear.
Exercise 20-18The accounting staff of Usher Inc. has prepared the .pdf
Exercise 20-18
The accounting staff of Usher Inc. has prepared the following pension worksheet. Unfortunately,
several entries in the worksheet are not decipherable. The company has asked your assistance in
completing the worksheet and completing the accounting tasks related to the pension plan for
2014.
Pension Worksheet—Usher Inc.
General Journal Entries
Memo Record
Annual Pension
Expense
Cash
OCI—Prior
Service Cost
OCI—Gain/
Loss
Pension Asset/
Liability
Projected Benefit
Obligation
Plan
Assets
$1,100
$2,800
$1,700
500
280
220
150
$55
$800
800
200
200
365
1,100
0
$1,045
$215
$1,225
$3,745
$2,520
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Exercise 20-18
The accounting staff of Usher Inc. has prepared the following pension worksheet. Unfortunately,
several entries in the worksheet are not decipherable. The company has asked your assistance in
completing the worksheet and completing the accounting tasks related to the pension plan for
2014.Determine the missing amounts in the 2014 pension worksheet, indicating whether the
amounts are debits or credits.
Pension Worksheet—Usher Inc.
General Journal Entries
Memo Record
Annual Pension
Expense
Cash
OCI—Prior
Service Cost
OCI—Gain/
Loss
Pension Asset/
Liability
Projected Benefit
Obligation
Plan
AssetsBalance, Jan. 1, 2014
$1,100
Dr.Cr.
$2,800
Dr.Cr.
$1,700
Dr.Cr. Service cost
$
Dr.Cr.
500
Dr.Cr.Interest cost
Dr.Cr.
280
Dr.Cr. Actual return
Dr.Cr.
220
Dr.Cr. Unexpected gain
150
Dr.Cr.
$ Dr.Cr.Amortization of PSC
Dr.Cr.
$55
Dr.Cr. Contributions
$800
Dr.Cr.
800
Dr.Cr. Benefits
200
Dr.Cr.
200
Dr.Cr. Liability increase
Dr.Cr.
365
Dr.Cr. Journal entry
$ Dr.Cr.
$ Dr.Cr.
Dr.Cr.
Dr.Cr.
Dr.Cr.Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2013
1,100
Dr.Cr.
0Balance, Dec. 31, 2014
$1,045
Dr.Cr.
$215
Dr.Cr.
$1,225 Dr.Cr.
$3,745
Dr.Cr.
$2,520
Dr.Cr.
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXTPrepare the journal entry to record 2014 pension expense for Usher Inc. (Credit
account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Solution
(a) Completed worksheet
General Journal Entries
Memo Record
Annual Pension Expense
Cash
OCI—Prior
Service Cost
OCI—Gain/
Loss
Pension
Asset or liability
Project .
Benefit Obligation
Plan
Assets
Balance, Jan. 1, 2014
1,100 Cr.
2,800 Cr.
1,700 Dr.
Service cost
500 Dr.
500 Cr.
Interest cost
280 Dr.
280 Cr.
Actual return
220 Cr.
220 Dr.
Unexpected gain
150 Dr.
150 Cr.
Amortization of PSC
55 Dr.
55 Cr.
Contributions
800 Cr.
800 Dr.
Benefits
200 Dr.
200 Cr.
Liability increase
365Dr.
365 Cr.
Journal entry
765Dr.
800Cr.
55 Cr.
215 Dr.
125 Cr.
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2013
1,100Dr.
0
Balance, Dec. 31, 2014
1,045Dr.
215Dr.
1,225Cr.
3,745Cr.
2,520Dr.
(b) Pension Expense............................................................................................ 765
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L).......................................................... 215
Pension Asset/Liability.............................
Exercise 12-1 What is the critical F value for a sample of 6 obser.pdf
Exercise 12-1
What is the critical F value for a sample of 6 observations in the numerator and 5 in the
denominator? Use a two-tailed test and the 0.1 significance level. (Round your answer to 2
decimal places.)
F =
Solution
v1 = 6-1 = 5
v2 = 5-1 = 4
= 0.01
F,v1,v2 = F0.01,5,4 = 15.52.
Example 6.1b In Chris Stat 225 class, 75 of the students passed .pdf
Example 6.1b: In Chris\' Stat 225 class, 75% of the students passed (got a C or better) on Exam
1. Suppose we pick 10 students with replacement. Let X be the number of student(s) who
passed. What is the variance of X?
Solution
Variance = n*p*(1-p) = 10*0.75*0.25 =1.875.
Example of Working with 68HC12 computer. Assembly tracethroughHere.pdf
Example of Working with 68HC12 computer. Assembly tracethrough
Here is the listing file for a program for the 68HC12:
Assume that you have downloaded the program to the 68HC12 and are using the D-Bug12
monitor to trace (single-step) the program\'s execution. Some of this activity is shown below.
You are to provide the information that would be shown as you continue to type \"t\" over and
over to single step through the program.
Solution
Dear,
The answer is 3..
Example 14.1 (page 352) described NHANES survey data on the body mas.pdf
Example 14.1 (page 352) described NHANES survey data on the body mass index (BMI) of 654
young women.
The mean BMI in the sample was x = 26.8.
We treated these data as an SRS from a Normally distributed population with standard deviation
? = 7.5.
Suppose that we had an SRS of just 100 young women.
What would be the margin of error for 95% confidence?
A. 0.75
B. 1.47
C. 1.54
D. 1.23
Solution
B. 1.47.
Examine this question in detail. Use any graphs, diagrams, or equati.pdf
Examine this question in detail. Use any graphs, diagrams, or equations that pertain to your
arguments.
What are the main causes of international financial crises? How can they be resolved? How can
they be prevented?
Solution
Ans)
The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial
assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries,
many financial crises and recessions were associated with banking panics. Other situations that
are often called financial crises includes stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial
bubbles, currency crises , and sovereign defaults.
International financial crises
When a country that maintains a fixed exchange rate is suddenly forced to devalue its currency
due to accruing an unsustainable current account deficit, it is called a currency crisis or balance
of payments crisis. When a country fails to pay back its sovereign debt, this is called a sovereign
default. While devaluation and default could both be voluntary decisions of the government, they
are often perceived to be the involuntary results of a change in investor sentiment that leads to a
sudden stop in capital inflows or a sudden increase in capital flight.
Several currencies that formed part of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism suffered crises in
1992.
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