Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineer\'s Code of Ethics. Describe activities that the Engineer can perform throughout the project life cycle in support of the First canon (e.g. in Design Phase, Bid Package Preparation, and Construction Phase Services). You can summarize your list of activities/examples in a table, specifying for each activity which requirements/sub-section(s) a) through f) are addressed by such activity. Listing of activities addressing most sub sections a through f is a plus. list a case example of Canon i possible violation and its potential negative impacts, and possible ways that its contents can be controlled, i.e. engineers to act within their area of competence, both voluntarily, but also In a \"community based\" approach. A- List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to Risk Avoidance/Risk Management for the general public and/or the parties involved in the design/construction project cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to personal/moral ethics of the engineer (example: fraud avoidance, conflicts of interest) throughout the design/construction project cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. Which canon relates to the Engineer\'s need for continuous Improvement and learning, and support of professional groups? Which canon(s) lists the need for sustainable environment and a good stewardship of the environment? What Is the rationale for these themes to be included in the Code of Ethics? Solution ANS 1):- Key Thrust of the First Cannon of the Engineer\'s Code of Ethics :- Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties. a. Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions, and practices incorporated into structures, machines, products, processes and devices. b. Engineers shall approve or seal only those design documents, reviewed or prepared by them, which are determined to be safe for public health and welfare in conformity with accepted engineering standards. c. Engineers whose professional judgment is overruled under circumstances where the safety, health and welfare of the public are endangered, or the principles of sustainable development ignored, shall inform their clients or employers of the possible consequences. d. Engineers who have knowledge or reason to believe that another person or firm may be in violation of any of the provisions of Canon 1 shall present such information to the proper authority in writing and shall cooperate with the proper authority in furnishing such further information or assistance as may be required. e. Engineers should seek opportunities to be of constructive service in civic affairs and work for the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of their c.

1. Describe the key thrust of the first canon of the Engineer's Code of Ethics. Describe activities
that the Engineer can perform throughout the project life cycle in support of the First canon (e.g.
in Design Phase, Bid Package Preparation, and Construction Phase Services). You can
summarize your list of activities/examples in a table, specifying for each activity which
requirements/sub-section(s) a) through f) are addressed by such activity. Listing of activities
addressing most sub sections a through f is a plus. list a case example of Canon i possible
violation and its potential negative impacts, and possible ways that its contents can be controlled,
i.e. engineers to act within their area of competence, both voluntarily, but also In a "community
based" approach. A- List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to Risk Avoidance/Risk
Management for the general public and/or the parties involved in the design/construction project
cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to
personal/moral ethics of the engineer (example: fraud avoidance, conflicts of interest) throughout
the design/construction project cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples. Which canon relates to
the Engineer's need for continuous Improvement and learning, and support of professional
groups? Which canon(s) lists the need for sustainable environment and a good stewardship of the
environment? What Is the rationale for these themes to be included in the Code of Ethics?
Solution
ANS 1):- Key Thrust of the First Cannon of the Engineer's Code of Ethics :-
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public and shall
strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of
their professional duties.
a. Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general
public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions, and practices incorporated
into structures, machines, products, processes and devices.
b. Engineers shall approve or seal only those design documents, reviewed or prepared
by them, which are determined to be safe for public health and welfare in
conformity with accepted engineering standards.
c. Engineers whose professional judgment is overruled under circumstances where
the safety, health and welfare of the public are endangered, or the principles of
sustainable development ignored, shall inform their clients or employers of the
possible consequences.
d. Engineers who have knowledge or reason to believe that another person or firm
may be in violation of any of the provisions of Canon 1 shall present such information
to the proper authority in writing and shall cooperate with the proper

2. authority in furnishing such further information or assistance as may be required.
e. Engineers should seek opportunities to be of constructive service in civic affairs
and work for the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of their communities,
and the protection of the environment through the practice of sustainable
development.
f. Engineers should be committed to improving the environment by adherence to
the principles of sustainable development so as to enhance the quality of life of
the general public.
ANS 2) :-
Responsibility has to do with accountability, both for what one does in the present and future and
for what one has done in the past. The obligation-responsibilities of engineers require, not only
adhering to regulatory norms and standard practices of engineering but also satisfying the
standard of reasonable care. Engineers can expect to be held accountable, if not legally liable, for
intentionally, negligently, and recklessly caused harms. Responsible engineering practice
requires good judgment, not simply following algorithms. A good test of engineering
responsibility is the question, ‘‘What does an engineer do when no one is looking?’’
Impediments to responsible practice include self-interest, fear, self-deception, ignorance,
egocentric tendencies, narrow vision, uncritical acceptance of authority, and groupthink.
1. Responsibility in Engineering :- Engineering is an important and learned profession. As
members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty
and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people.
Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and
equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare.
Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the
highest principles of ethical conduct.
2.Framing the Problem :- To a large extent, moral disagreement occurs against the background of
widespread moral agreement. Disagreement about moral matters is often more a matter of
disagreement about facts than moral values. Disagreement is also sometimes about conceptual
matters—what concepts mean and whether they apply in particular circumstances. Much of the
content of engineering codes of ethics is based on the application of ideas of our common
morality to the context of engineering practice. Two general moral perspectives that can be
helpful in framing moral problems in engineering are the utilitarian ideal of promoting the
greatest good and that of respect for persons.
3.Resolving Problems :-In analyzing a case, first identify the relevant facts and relevant ethical
considerations. Ethical problems can be compared with design problems in engineering: There
are better and worse solutions, even if we cannot determine the best solution. Line-drawing,

3. comparing problematic cases with clear-cut cases (paradigms), sometimes helps in resolving
unclear cases. In cases in which there are conflicting values, sometimes a creative middle way
can be found that honors all of the relevant values to at least some extent. Utilitarian and respect
for persons approaches sometimes can be used together to resolve ethical problems in ways that
yield a creative middle way. However, sometimes difficult choices must be made in dealing with
moral conflicts.
4.The Social and Value Dimensions of Technology:-Technology is embedded in a social context
and both influences and is influenced by the larger society. Engineers should take a critical
attitude toward technology, appreciating and taking pride in its benefits while being aware of the
problems it can create. Computer technology illustrates the benefits that technology can confer as
well as the social policy issues that one type of technology can raise. Engineering design often
raises social and ethical issues that engineers must address and shows how engineering is a kind
of social experimentation.
5.Trust and Reliability:-The issues regarding the importance of trustworthiness in engineers:
honesty, confidentiality, intellectual property, expert witnessing, public communication, and
conflicts of interest. Forms of dishonesty include lying, deliberate deception, withholding
information, and failure to seek out the truth. Dishonesty in engineering research and testing
includes plagiarism and the falsification and fabrication of data. Engineers are expected to
respect professional confidentiality in their work. Integrity in expert testimony requires not only
truthfulness but also adequate background and preparation in the areas requiring expertise.
Conflicts of interest are especially problematic because they threaten to compromise professional
judgment.
3 ANS):- Canon 3:-
ISSUE TRUE STATEMENTS :-
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
a. Engineers should endeavor to extend the public knowledge of engineering and sustainable
development, and shall not participate in the dissemination of untrue, unfair or exaggerated
statements regarding engineering.
b. Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony.
They shall include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements, or
testimony.
c. Engineers, when serving as expert witnesses, shall express an engineering opinion only when
it is founded upon adequate knowledge of the facts, upon a background of technical competence,
and upon honest conviction.
d. Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on engineering matters which are
inspired or paid for by interested parties, unless they indicate on whose behalf the statements are

4. made.
e. Engineers shall be dignified and modest in explaining their work and merit, and will avoid any
act tending to promote their own interests at the expense of the integrity, honor and dignity of the
profession.
To take an example, suppose an engineer, John, is representing his company in a foreign country
where bribery is common.10 If John does not pay a bribe, valuable business opportunities may
be lost. If he makes payments, he may be doing something illegal under the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act, or he may at the very least be violating his own conscience. Instead of yielding to
either of these unattractive alternatives, one writer has proposed a ‘‘donation strategy,’’
according to which donations are given to a community rather than to individuals. A corporation
might construct a hospital or dig new wells. In the 1970s, for example, Coca-Cola hired hundreds
of Egyptians to plant orange trees on thousands of acres of desert, creating more goodwill than it
would have generated by giving bribes to individuals. In 1983, the British gained goodwill for
themselves in Tanzania by assembling thousands of dollars worth of tools and vehicle parts.
They also trained the Tanzanians to service the vehicles, enabling the Tanzanians to continue
patrolling their wild game preserves, which they had almost stopped doing due to the weakened
economy. This gift was given in place of a cash donation, which might well have been
interpreted as a bribe. We can, of course, object to this solution. Not all creative middle ways are
satisfactory, or at least equally satisfactory. We might argue that such gifts are still really bribes
and are morally wrong. The evidence for this is that the effect of the gift is the same as the effect
of an outright bribe: The person giving the gift gets the desired business contract. Furthermore,
the motivation of the gift-giver is the same as the motivation of the briber—securing the
business. There are also certain disanalogies, such as the gift-giving not being done in secret and
its satisfying something more than the self-interest of an individual. We shall not attempt to
resolve the problems raised by this solution, which depend heavily on the details of particular
circumstances. We simply point out that it is an example of an attempted creative middle way
solution (and that line-drawing techniques can be useful in bringing it to a final resolution).
4 .ANS):-
a ) :- Risk and Liability in Engineering :-
Virtually all engineering codes give a prominent place to safety, stating that engineers must hold
paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. The first Fundamental Canon of the
National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Ethics requires members to ‘‘hold
paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.’’ , it instructs engineers not to
‘‘complete, sign, or seal plans and/or specifications that are not in conformity with applicable
engineering standards.’’ it instructs engineers that if their professional judgment is overruled in
circumstances that endanger life or property, they shall notify their employer or client and such

5. other authority as may be appropriate. Although ‘‘such other authority as may be appropriate’’ is
left undefined, it probably includes those who enforce local building codes and regulatory
agencies.
Example:- Consider a case in which a manufacturing process produces bad-smelling fumes that
might be a threat to health. From the cost–benefit standpoint, is the risk to the workers from the
fumes acceptable? To determine whether this is an acceptable risk of death from the cost–benefit
perspective, one would have to compare the cost associated with the risk to the cost of
preventing or drastically reducing it. To calculate the cost of preventing the harms, we would
have to include the costs of modifying the process that produces the fumes, the cost of providing
protective masks, the cost of providing better ventilation systems, and the cost of any other
safety measures necessary to prevent the deaths. Then we must calculate the cost of not
preventing the deaths caused by the fumes. Here, we must include such factors as the cost of
additional health care, the cost of possible lawsuits because of the deaths, the cost of bad
publicity, the loss of income to the families of the workers, and costs associated with the loss of
life. If the total cost of preventing the loss of life is greater than the total cost of not preventing
the deaths, then the current level of risk is acceptable. 138 CHAPTER 7 Risk and Liability in
Engineering If the total cost of not preventing the loss of life is greater than the total cost of
preventing the loss, then the current level of risk is unacceptable. The utilitarian approach to risk
embodied in risk–benefit analysis has undoubted advantage in terms of clarity, elegance, and
susceptibility to numerical interpretation. Nevertheless, there are some limitations that must be
kept in mind. First, it may not be possible to anticipate all of the effects associated with each
option. Insofar as this cannot be done, the cost–benefit method will yield an unreliable result.
Second, it is not always easy to translate all of the risks and benefits into monetary terms. How
do we assess the risks associated with a new technology, with eliminating a wetland, or with
eliminating a species of bird in a Brazilian rain forest? Apart from doing this, however, a
cost–benefit analysis is incomplete. The most controversial issue in this regard is, of course, the
monetary value that should be placed on human life. One way of doing this is to estimate the
value of future earnings, but this implies that the lives of retired people and others who do not
work, such as housewives, are worthless. So a more reasonable approach is to attempt to place
the same value on people’s lives that they themselves place on their lives. For example, people
often demand a compensating wage to take a job that involves more risk. By calculating the
increased risk and the increased pay that people demand for more risky jobs, some economists
say, we can derive an estimate of the monetary value people place on their own lives.
Alternatively, we can calculate how much more people would pay for safety in an automobile or
other things they use by observing how much more they are willing to pay for a safer car.
Unfortunately, there are various problems with this approach. In a country in which there are few

6. jobs, a person might be willing to take a risky job he or she would not be willing to take if more
jobs were available. Furthermore, wealthy people are probably willing to pay more for a safer car
than poorer citizens. Third, cost–benefit analysis in its usual applications makes no allowance for
the distribution of costs and benefits. Suppose more overall utility could be produced by
exposing workers in a plant to serious risk of sickness and death. As long as the good of the
majority outweighs the costs associated with the suffering and death of the workers, the risk is
justified. Yet most of us would probably find that an unacceptable account of acceptable risk.
Fourth, the cost–benefit analysis gives no place for informed consent to the risks imposed by
technology. We shall see in our discussion of the lay approach to risk that most people think
informed consent is one of the most important features of justified risk. Despite these limitations,
cost–benefit analysis has a legitimate place in risk evaluation. When no serious threats to
individual rights are involved, cost–benefit analysis may be decisive. In addition, cost–benefit
analysis is systematic, offers a degree of objectivity, and provides a way of comparing risks,
benefits, and cost by the use of a common measure—namely, monetary cost
4.ANS):-
b) :- Personal and MOral Ethics of Engineer :-
CANON 6 : UPHOLD Professional Honor :- Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold
and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession and shall act with
zero tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption.
A subsection of Canon 4 of the same code speaks to the matter of confidentiality, an area in
which withholding information is justified. It enjoins engineers to avoid conflicts of interest and
forbids them from using ‘‘confidential information coming to them in the course of their
assignments as a means of making personal profit if such action is adverse to the interests of
their clients, employers, or the public
Case 1. Tom is a young engineering graduate who designs automobile brakes for Ford. While
working for Ford, he learns a lot about heat transfer and materials. After 5 years, Tom leaves
Ford to take a job at General Motors. While at General Motors, Tom applies his knowledge of
heat transfer and materials to design engines. Is Tom stealing Ford’s intellectual property?
In Case 1, Tom has not stolen Ford’s intellectual property. Although it is true that he used
generic scientific knowledge acquired while he was at Ford, the information is available to
anyone. The application of the generic scientific knowledge is markedly different at General
Motors. But because General Motors and Ford both compete in the same market sector and
brakes and motors are both parts of automobiles, the ‘‘X’’ does appear at the extreme left of the
spectrum. In Case 2, Tom applies his knowledge to the same area, brake design, but the
knowledge is still generic scientific knowledge over which Ford has no claim, even if Tom
acquired this knowledge while at Ford. Assume the two brake designs are different.

7. 5) ANS:-
CANON 7
Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and
shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under
their supervision.
a. Engineers should keep current in their specialty fields by engaging in professional
practice, participating in continuing education courses, reading in the technical literature,
and attending professional meetings and seminars.
b. Engineers should encourage their engineering employees to become registered at
the earliest possible date.
c. Engineers should encourage engineering employees to attend and present papers
at professional and technical society meetings.
d. Engineers shall uphold the principle of mutually satisfying relationships between
employers and employees with respect to terms of employment including professional
grade descriptions, salary ranges, and fringe benefits.
WHAT DO THE CODES SAY ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT? Many engineering codes
make no reference to the environment at all, but increasingly they are adopting some
environmental provisions. The codes of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the Association for
Computing Machinery have environmental provisions. The latest addition to the list is the
National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE). The ASCE code, however, still has the most
extensive references to the environment. The 1977 code included for the first time the statement
that ‘‘Engineers should be committed to improving the environment to Engineers and the
Environment enhance the quality of life’’ . The code as revised since then contains many more
references to the environment. The code’s environmental statements fall into two categories,
which we may refer to as requirements and recommendations. By using the expression
‘‘engineers shall,’’ the code requires engineers to ‘‘strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development,’’ to inform their clients or employers of the possible consequences of
ignoring the principles of sustainable development, to present information regarding the failure
to comply with the principles of sustainable development to the proper authority in writing, and
to ‘‘cooperate with the proper authority in furnishing such further information or assistance as
may be required.’’ By using the expression ‘‘engineers should,’’ the code merely recommends
that engineers seek opportunities to work for the ‘‘protection of the environment through the
practice of sustainable development’’ and that they be ‘‘committed to improving the
environment by adherence to the principles of sustainable development so as to enhance the

8. quality of the life of the general public.’’ In another ASCE document, ‘‘The Role of the Engineer
in Sustainable Development,’’ sustainable development is defined as follows: Sustainable
development is a process of change in which the direction of investment, the orientation of
technology, the allocation of resources, and the development and functioning of institutions [is
directed] to meet present needs and aspirations without endangering the capacity of natural
systems to absorb the effects of human activities, and without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs and aspirations.FeaturePositiveTest CaseNegativeGeneric
InformationYESX_____NODifferent ApplicationYESX____NOInformation Protected as a
Trade SecretNOX____YES