This document discusses several pediatric gastrointestinal conditions: - Testicular torsion presents with severe testicular or abdominal pain and requires surgical fixation following reduction to prevent recurrence. - Exomphalos involves intestinal loops protruding in a sac through an abdominal wall defect, with prognosis depending on associated anomalies. - Gastroschisis has intestines protruding without a sac and fewer associated anomalies. - Pyloric stenosis causes projectile vomiting in infants around 6 weeks and is treated surgically.

1. Mr Alasdair Barrie
CT1 Trauma and Orthopaedics
24/3/15

2. Content
 Torsion
 Exomphalos
 Gastroschisis
 Oesophageal atresia
 Pyloric stenosis
 Intussusception
 Hischprung’s
 Muconeum ileus

3. Testicular Torsion
 Testicular torsion can occur at any age, but is most
common in the neonatal and peripubertal periods.
 Presents with severe testicular pain / abdominal pain.
 Testicular viability is reduced with increasing time
from the onset of symptoms.
 Following reduction of a torsion 3-point fixation with
an non-absorbable suture should be performed.
 The contralateral testis should also be fixed.

5. Exomphalos
 An exomphalos (ompalocele) has a sac formed by
perietal peritoneum protruding through a defect in the
abdominal wall.
 The sac contains intestinal loops, liver and spleen.
 It is associated with major congenital anomalies and
the prognosis depends on these associated lesions.

7. Gastroschisis
 A gastroschisi never has a sac and the umilical cord
arises from the normal site on the abdominal wall.
 It is rarely associated with other congenital anomalies
and the prognosis is better than for exomphalos.

9. Oesophageal atresia
 Suspected in a newborn with excessive drooling and in
that is frequently accompanied by choking, coughing
and sneezing.
 When fed, these infants swallow normally but begin to
cough and struggle as the fluid returns through the
nose and mouth.
 Oesophageal atresia is often associated with tracheo-
oesophageal fistula (90%).
 Diagnosis my be confirmed by the inability to pass a
nasogastric tube more than 10 cm.

11. Pyloric stenosis
 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis present most
commonly at approximately 6 weeks of age.
 Patients present with projectile vomiting that is not bile-
stained.
 It is more common in boys with a male : female ratio of 4:1.
 There is a strong familial predisposition with 5% of affected
infants having a mother who also developed the problem.
 Caused by hypertrophy the circular muscle layer in the
pylorus.
 “Olive shaped mass”
 Following resuscitation and correction of any electrolyte
abnormality, surgical treatment is by pyloromyotomy
(Ramstedt's Operation).

13. Intussusception
 Intussusception is the commonest cause of intestinal
obstruction in the 6 to 18 month age group.
 The infants usually present with severe intermittent
colic, bile-stained vomiting.
 ‘Redcurrent jelly’ stool.
 'sausage-shaped' abdominal mass.
 Diagnosis can often be confirmed by a 'doughnut'
appearance on ultrasound.

15. Hirschsprung's
 Hirschsprung's disease is a common cause of neonatal large
bowel obstruction.
 Green or brown vomit, explosive stools after a doctor inserts
a finger into the rectum.
 Failure of migration of ganglion cells to the affected
segment of bowel.
 This always involves the distal colon but the proximal
extent of the involvement is variable.
 The segment lacking neurons (aganglionic) becomes
constricted, causing the normal, proximal section of bowel
to become distended with feaces.
 Diagnosed with biopsy.
 Treated with resection of affected bowel.

17. Muconeum ileus
 Common cause of neonatal intraluminal intestinal
obstruction.
 90% of babies pass their first meconium within 24 hours,
and 99% within 48 hours.
 Over 80% of cases are associated with cystic fibrosis.
 In these patients, pancreatic secretions are abnormally
viscid and the meconium becomes inspissated in the
distal ileum.
 Bile-stained vomiting.
 A plain abdominal x-ray will show dilated ileal loops and
intraluminal 'ground glass' appearance.
 Treat with enemas / surgery.

19. Questions?