This document contains a series of multiple choice questions about carbohydrates and other biomolecules. Question 1 asks about purifying substances including glycogen from cow liver, cellulose from plant cell walls, RNA from cytoplasm, and proteins. Question 2 is about carbohydrates serving as energy reserves in the form of starch. Question 3 asks about substances preferentially used as energy sources, like glycerides and polysaccharides like starch.
this video describes the introduction about enzymes and nomenclature of enzymes. it explains IUB system of classification of Enzyme fully. it also explains the different classes of enzymes and enzyme commission number.
https://youtu.be/JZOx9v1V7mA you tube link for lecture
this video describes the introduction about enzymes and nomenclature of enzymes. it explains IUB system of classification of Enzyme fully. it also explains the different classes of enzymes and enzyme commission number.
https://youtu.be/JZOx9v1V7mA you tube link for lecture
RESUMÃO HISTOLOGIA - Microscopia, tecido epitelial e conjuntivo Flávia Lemes
Esse resumo fala o mais básico da microscopia e conto em detalhes tudo sobre tecido epitelial e tecido conjuntivo! Tá bem mais fácil de entender do que em livros e espero ajudar! :)
Chemistry of Life Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules.docxbissacr
Chemistry of Life: Biological Molecules
Biological Molecules
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· describe the ways in which carbon is critical to life
· explain the impact of slight changes in amino acids on organisms
· describe the four major types of biological molecules
· understand the functions of the four major types of molecules.
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological macromolecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (Figure 13).
Figure 13: Molecular Structure of Methane
Carbon can form four covalent bonds to create an organic molecule. The simplest carbon molecule is methane (CH4), depicted here.
OpenStax
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (Figure 14a). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (Figure 14b). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (Figure 14c). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Figure 14: Molecular Structure of Stearic Acid, Glycine, and Glucose
These examples show three molecules (found in living organisms) that contain carbon atoms bonded in various ways to other carbon atoms and the atoms of other elements. (a) This molecule of stearic acid has a long chain of carbon atoms. (b) Glycine, a component of proteins, contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. (c) Glucose, a sugar, has a ring of carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
OpenSt.
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts.
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
Biomolecules are the building blocks of life, essential for the structure, function, and regulation of cells and organisms. Understanding biomolecules is crucial for both NEET and board examinations in biology.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
i have make this slide from different medical books... i hope this slide well be help you and will increased your knowledge.. Just pray for me and to my parents and also to my teachers ,,,. thank you......
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology, and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems.
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bond.docxMARK547399
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bonds and the four important macromolecules. In addition, describe the types of cells you know and give us a brief description of the cell structure.
TEXT:
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological
macromolecules
. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (
Figure 13
).
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (
Figure 14a
). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (
Figure 14b
). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (
Figure 14c
). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to "low-carb" diets. Athletes, in contrast, often "carb-load" before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)
n
, where
n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. EXERCÍCIOS –
01. (UFLAVRAS) Em laboratório, foram purificadas
quatro substâncias diferentes, cujas características
são dadas a seguir:
A. Polissacarídeo de reserva encontrado em grande
quantidade no fígado de vaca.
B. Polissacarídeo estrutural encontrado em grande
quantidade na parede celular de células vegetais.
C. Polímero de nucleotídeos compostos por ribose e
encontrado no citoplasma.
D. Polímero de aminoácidos com alto poder catalítico.
As substâncias A, B, C e D são, respectivamente:
a) glicogênio, celulose, RNA, proteína.
b) amido, celulose, RNA, quitina.
c) amido, pectina, RNA, proteína.
d) glicogênio, hemicelulose, DNA, vitamina.
e) glicogênio, celulose, DNA, vitamina.
02. Os polissacarídeos, açúcares complexos, são
nutrientes de origem vegetal e, no homem,
apresentam-se como substância de reserva na forma
de:
a) amido.
c) celulose.
b) quitina.
d) glicogênio.
e) queratina
03. (MACKENZIE) São substâncias usadas
preferencialmente como fonte de energia:
a) fosfolipídios e esteróides.
b) glicerídeos e polissacarídeos, como o amido.
c) proteínas e glicerídeos.
d) cerídeos e esteróides.
e) carotenóides e polissacarídeos, como a celulose.
04. (PUC-RIO) Uma dieta alimentar pobre em
carboidratos e rica em proteínas deve conter
respectivamente:
a) Pouca carne e muitos farináceos.
b) Pouco leite e muitas verduras.
c) Pouca carne e muitas verduras.
d) Pouco leite e muito açúcar.
e) Poucos farináceos e muita carne.
CARBOIDRATOS – 1º AN0 – PROFº BELAN
05. (UFRN) A composição omposição do leite de cada espécie
de mamífero é adequada às necessidades do
respectivo filhote. O gráfico a seguir apresenta a
composição do leite humano e do leite de uma
espécie de macaco. Considere dois filhotes de
macaco: um alimentado com
leite de macaco e o
outro com o mesmo volume
de leite humano.
A partir da análise do gráfico, pode
filhote de macaco que for alimentado com o mesmo
volume de leite humano provavelmente apresentará
a) deformidades ósseas.
b) carência energética.
c) menor crescimento.
d) diarréias freqüentes.
e) dificuldade de coagulação
pode-se dizer que o
06. (UFC) Algumas reações fragmentam moléculas
orgânicas complexas e ricas em energia, originando
moléculas mais simples e pobres em energia como
dióxido de carbono, água e amônia. O conjunto
dessas reações caracteriza:
a) o anabolismo como o processo básico.
b) o catabolismo como o processo básico.
c) o catabolismo como síntese de moléculas variadas.
d) a homeostase como o processo de fragmentação
de moléculas.
e) a homeostase como o processo de sínt
moléculas simples.
síntese de
07. (UNESP) Os açúcares complexos, resultantes da
união de muitos monossacarídeos, são denominados
polissacarídeos.
a) Cite dois polissacarídeos de reserva energética,
sendo um de origem animal e outro de origem
vegetal.
b) Indique um órgão animal e um órgão vegetal, onde
cada um destes açúcares pode ser encontrado.
2. 08. (UFSC) A maioria das substâncias que constituem
as células, que formam o corpo dos seres vivos, está
constantemente interagindo. Com relação a estes
processos e às substâncias que deles participam, é
CORRETO afirmar que:
(01) sínteses e decomposições se processam
mediadas por um intrincado conjunto de
catalisadores.
(02) as plantas verdes formam moléculas orgânicas
armazenando a energia proveniente do Sol, por
meio de reações que absorvem energia.
(04) mesmo em completo repouso, o corpo gasta
energia - obtida através do metabolismo basal –
para se aquecer e manter movimentos internos,
como os do coração.
(08) o conjunto de todas as etapas que resultam nas
transformações químicas orgânicas é denominado
catabolismo.
(16) a respiração celular é uma reação química do
tipo exergônica, uma vez que libera energia.
(32) a síntese de proteínas é um tipo de reação
química na qual o produto final, uma cadeia de
nucleotídeos, é construído com gasto de energia e
a intermediação de moléculas de fosfato e glicose.
(64) ao destruir um anticorpo, os antígenos provocam
reações que degradam moléculas complexas,
quebrando-as em unidades menores.
09. Sobre as substâncias que compõem os seres
vivos, é correto afirmar que:
(01) os carboidratos, os lipídios e as vitaminas são
fontes de energia para os seres vivos;
(02) a água é a substância encontrada em maior
quantidade nos seres vivos;
(04) além de sua função energética, os carboidratos
estão presentes na formação de algumas
estruturas dos seres vivos;
(08) as gorduras constituem o principal componente
estrutural dos seres vivos;
(16) os seres vivos apresentam uma composição
química mais complexa do que a matéria bruta,
sendo formados por substâncias orgânicas, como
as proteínas, os lipídios, os carboidratos, as
vitaminas e os ácidos nucléicos.
10. (UFRS) Os carboidratos, moléculas constituídas,
em geral, por átomos de carbono, hidrogênio e
oxigênio, podem ser divididos em três grupos:
monossacarídeos, oligossacarídeos e
polissacarídeos.
A coluna I, a seguir, apresenta três grupos de
carboidratos, e a II, alguns exemplos desses
carboidratos. Associe adequadamente a segunda
coluna à primeira.
COLUNA I
1. Monossacarídeo
2. Oligossacarídeo
3. Polissacarídeo
COLUNA II
( ) sacarose
( ) desoxirribose
( ) amido
( ) quitina
( ) galactose
( ) maltose
A sequência correta de preenchimento dos
parênteses, de cima para baixo, é
a) 2 - 3 - 1 - 1 - 3 - 2.
b) 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 1.
c) 3 - 1 - 3 - 2 - 2 - 1.
d) 2 – 1 – 3 – 3 – 1 - 2.
e) 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 1 - 3.
11. (UFMG) Os possíveis ancestrais das plantas com
flor descendem de um grupo de algas verdes.
Considerando-se essa informação, é INCORRETO
afirmar que os DOIS grupos mencionados têm EM
COMUM
a) a clorofila como pigmento fotossintetizante.
b) a parede celular com celulose.
c) o glicogênio como fonte de energia.
d) os pigmentos acessórios de diversas cores
e) o amigo como reserva nutricional
12. (UFPEL) Durante muito tempo acreditou-se que
os carboidratos tinham funções apenas energéticas
para os organismos. O avanço do estudo desses
compostos, porém, permitiu descobrir outros eventos
biológicos relacionados aos carboidratos. Baseado no
texto e em seus conhecimentos é INCORRETO
afirmar que:
a) os carboidratos são fundamentais no processo de
transcrição e replicação, pois participam da
estrutura dos ácidos nucléicos.
b) os carboidratos são importantes no
reconhecimento celular, pois estão presentes
externamente na membrana plasmática, onde eles
formam o glicocálix.
c) os triglicérides ou triacilglicerídeos, carboidratos
importantes como reserva energética, são
formados por carbono, hidrogênio e oxigênio.
d) tanto quitina, que forma a carapaça dos
artrópodes, quanto a celulose, que participa da
formação da parede celular, são tipos de
carboidratos.
e) o amido, encontrado nas plantas, e o glicogênio,
encontrado nos fungos e animais, são exemplos
de carboidratos e têm como função a reserva de
energia.