biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts.
Primary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures α-helix and β-sheet are mainly identified.
α-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of α-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
β-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
β-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of α-helix and β-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
Information about Cell and it's structure and protein synthesisMukul panchal
It gives information about Cell how it is discovered and it's structure and also it includes information about protein synthesis, it's structure and their simple notes.
here i write about Protein and its classification on the basis of shape and size, solubility and physical properties and also about functional properties in an easy way,
and i make chart of proteins classification i think this is an easy way to remember and learn.
okay thank you.
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
Primary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures α-helix and β-sheet are mainly identified.
α-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of α-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
β-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
β-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of α-helix and β-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
Information about Cell and it's structure and protein synthesisMukul panchal
It gives information about Cell how it is discovered and it's structure and also it includes information about protein synthesis, it's structure and their simple notes.
here i write about Protein and its classification on the basis of shape and size, solubility and physical properties and also about functional properties in an easy way,
and i make chart of proteins classification i think this is an easy way to remember and learn.
okay thank you.
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
This presentation is about the Habib Bank Limited by the evaluation of accounting system where explain about the internal and external audit and general infomation
This presentation is about ISRAELI drones....by taking through from the article
The link is:(http://www.businessinsider.com/israel-the-land-of-drone-startups-2016-3)
Protein are essential nutrients for the human body They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of proteins from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.
For more information click on the link: http://fitness100.rf.gd/protein/
ubio is starting a series of biology tutorials aimed at introducing biology, biotechnology and bioinformatics to computer engineers. The first part of the presentation is essentially a biochemistry tutorial that introduces molecular biochemistry.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
4. Short term energy supply
› Glucose produces ATP energy
Short term energy storage
› Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles
Structure
› Plant cell walls, insect exoskeletons
Cell Membrane markers
› Cell “identity tags”
All carbs have the formula Cn(H2O)n
6. Long term energy storage
› Pack energy into a small space
Insulation and Padding
› Protects organs
Structure
› Cell membranes
Chemical Messengers
› Steroids
All lipids do not dissolve in water =
hydrophobic
8. Starch is the nutrient storage form of
carbohydrates in plants.
Glycogen is the nutrient storage form of
carbohydrates in animal.
Cellulose is a rigid, structural carbohydrate
found in the cells walls of many organisms.
Proteins are an extremely diverse group of
biological molecules composed of the small
molecules called amino acids.
9. Proteins are created by linking together amino
acids into protein links called polypeptide chains.
There are twenty amino acids of which 12 can be
synthesized by the human body and 8 must be
ingested in the foods we eat. These 8 are referred
to as the essential amino acids.
10. Sequences of amino acids are strung together to
produce polypeptide chains, which then fold up into
working proteins.
Important groups of proteins include enzymes, which
hasten chemical reactions, and structural proteins,
which make up such structures as hair.
The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid
sequence; this sequence determines a protein’s
secondary structure—the form a protein assumes
after having folded up
The activities of proteins are determined by their
final folded shapes.
Antibodies help to fight diseases.
11.
12. ala
ala
gln
gln
ile
ile
. . . produces a polypeptide chain like this:
A typical protein would
consist of hundreds of
amino acids
The linkage of several
amino acids . . .
13. Figure 3.20
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) Quaternary structure
amino acid sequence
beta pleated sheet
alpha helix
random coil
folded polypeptide
chain
two or more
polypeptide chains
Four Levels of Structure In Proteins
The primary structure of any
protein is simply its sequence
of amino acids. This sequence
determines everything else
about the protein’s final shape.
Structural motifs, such as
the corkscrew-like alpha
helix, beta pleated sheets,
and the less organized
“random coils” are parts
of many polypeptide
chains, forming their
secondary structure.
These motifs may persist
through a set of larger-scale
turns that make up the
tertiary structure of the
molecule
Several polypeptide chains
may be linked together in a
given protein, in this case
hemoglobin, with their
configuration forming its
quaternary structure.
14. There are about 20 different amino acids, each
with a different chemical structure and
characteristics; for instance, some are polar,
others are non-polar. The final protein structure is
dependent upon the amino acids that compose it.
Protein function is directly related to the structure
of that protein. A protein's specific shape
determines its function.
antibodies and enzymes are proteins.