2. THE CELL
The cell is a dynamic machine. It has parts that help to
carry out its function.
A cell has three fundamental parts: The cytoplasm
where the main metabolic life activities take place, the
cell membrane which sorrounds the cytoplasm, and
the nucleus where the genetic material is located.
3. PART OF THE CELL
• 1.) Cell membran, also called plasma
membrane The cell membrane functions
as:
A.) The boundary between the cell and
its external environment.
4. B.) As a structure that controls the movement of
Substances in and out of the cell
. It is a semipermeable membrane which allows
The entry of some substances like water, oxygen,
and ions and prevents the entry Of others. Toxic or
useless by products of metabolism can exit through
it.
5. The cell membrane is described as a fluid-mosaic
model composed of two layers of fats with proteins
and carbohydrates scattered all over. The liquid layer
is called phospholipids
The cell membrane allows the cell to change it
shape when needed. The cell wall is an additional
boundary aside from the cell membrane,
surrounding the cell of plants, fungi, bacteria and
other protozoans. It is made up of cellulose which
provides support and protection from injury.
Cellulose is a good source of fiber in out diet.
6. 2.) Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is found inside the cell
membrane surrounding the nucleus. It is
where most life processes occur. It is made
up of fluid like Substance where organelles
are located. It is composed of water, salts,
proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and other
chemicals.
7. Some organelles found in the cytoplasm and how they function:
A.) MITOCHONDRIA is the power house of the cell. It convert food
molecule
Into energy. The energy produced is important For the vital activities of
the cell, such as growth and reproduction.
B.)RIBOSOMES are involved in the production of proteins, a process
called Protein synthesis.
C.) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM are folded membranes that divide the
cell into compartments. They serve as channels through which the
materials are tranforted in the cell.
8. D.) GOLGI COMPLEX serves as the packaging factories
of the cell.
E.) LYSOSOMES are spherical sacs that contain
powerful digestive enzymes. They destroy bacteria and
other micro organisms that invade the cell.
F.) PLASTIDS are energy conventers. They harvest solar
energy and produce food in the process of
photosynthesis.
9. G.) VACUOLES for the storage of food, enzymes, and
other materials needed by cell. Plant cells contain
cell sap.
H.) VESICLES carry substances in and out of the cell
like food particles.
I.) MICROTUBULES
provide support and movement to the cell.
10.
11. Each type of organelle has a definite
structure and a specific role in the function
of the cell. Examples of cytoplasmic
organelles are mitochondrion, ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and
lysosomes.
12. •The cytoplasm can be divided into two
primary parts: the endoplasm (endo-,-
plasm) and ectoplasm (ecto-,-plasm). The
endoplasm is the central area of the
cytoplasm that contains the organelles. The
ectoplasm is the more gel-like peripheral
portion of the cytoplasm of a cell.ybb
13. 3.) NUCLEUS
The nucleus control all the activities of the
cell. It contains the deoxyribose nucleic acid
(DNA) which contains the hereditary materials of
the organism transmitted from one generation
to another. During cell division. The chromatids
from structures called Chromosomes. The
nucleus also Contain Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and
proteins. Within the nucleus is the Nucleolus
which is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
14. PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS
Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts, and central
vacuole which are absent in animal cells. Animal Cells have
centrioles cilia and lysosome.
Prokaryotes and Y are the two basic cells types.
Prokaryotic cells Lack a True nucleus while eukaryotes
prossess a true nucleus- examples are those bilongin to
kingdom Eubacteria and Eryohaea. Eukaryotes prossess
nuclear materials (DNA) and is sorrounded by a
membrane.
15.
16.
17. ENERGY PATHWAYS IN THE CELL
Energy is the capacity to do work or to
produce heat. Work is directed motion.
Plants perform work by increasing the length
of their roots and stems. Heat is produced by
rapidly moving molecules. Energy is two
type: potential energy or stored energy and
kinetic energy Or energy in motion.
18. Cell processes in cell must obtain food and
water and eliminate waste products in order
to keep at equilibrium. This state is called
homeostasis.
19. ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenosine
and three Phosphate group joined together
by bonds where energy is stored. It is
generated in the mitochondria when food
molecule is broken down, Energy is given off.
A molecule of ATP joining a molecule of
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a process
known as phosphorylation.
20. In our cells, ions, water, food, and waste
products naturally pass through the plasma
membrane due to deference in
concentration. If molecules pass through
plasma membrane, this is called passive
transport.
21. The two kinds of passive transport are diffusion and
osmosis diffusion is the tendency of ions food and other
dissolve substances to spread from areas of high
concentration to areas of law concentration. Deferences
in concentration may affect the cell. A solution with more
solute than water is discribe as Hypertonic, if when less
solute and more water It is called hypotonic solution. The
diffusion of water from hypotonic hypertonic solution
across Semipermeable membrane is called osmosis such
a membrane allows the passage of water, but hinders
other molecules
22. Beginning with energy sources obtained
from their environment in the form of
sunlight and organic food molecules,
eukaryotic cells make energy-rich molecules
like ATP and NADH via energy pathways
including photosynthesis, glycolysis, the citric
acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
23. ACTIVE TRANSFORT
Plasma membrane opens only when energy
os provided the cell break down ATP for the
lower, and since its operation requires the
expedition of energy, the process is called
active transport. Since it requires a lot of
energy, cells contain a lot of mitochondria.
24. Plant Cells and Animal Cells
plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts and
cental vacuole which are absent in animal cells.
Animals cells have centrioles cillia and lysosome.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotes are the two basic
cell types prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus
while eukaryotes possess a true nucleus-
examples are those belongings to kingdom
Eubacteria and Eryohaea. Eukaryotes possess
nuclear materials(DNA) and is surrounded by a
membrane.
25. 1. Light-dependent Reactions
this reaction can take place only in the presence of light(solar
energy) light –dependent reactions are also known is energy capturing
reactions they capture solar energy and store it in molecules that will
supply the energy necessary for the next reactions to occur.
Following are the steps:
A. Conversion of light energy to electron energy.
26. Plant use a collection of pigments called solar collectors
to gather light,each contains chlorophyll A and B.
Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light except
green,which is why leaves are green.when light strikes
chlorophyll an electron gets extra energy and is said to
be excited,thus the conversion has taken place.
27.
28. B.) Splitting of water.
The excited electron causes the splitting of water molecules into hydrogen
ions and oxygen gas. This process is known as photolysis. Oxygen is given off ass
a waste product. The oxygen we breathe comes from the splitting of water
during photosynthesis.
C.)Conversion of electron energy into chemical energy in ATP.
The energy from the excited electrons cause adenosine diposphate (ADP) to
combine with a phospate group forming ATP. (Adenomina triphosphate)
29.
30. 2. Light-Independent Reaction
They do not require light in order to take place. These reactions convert
short-term energy storage (ATP) to long-term energy storage (sugar)
The following are the steps:
A.) Carbon Dioxide Fixation
The reaction occurs when when carbon dioxide enters the leaf. With the
rid of an enzyme, RuDP carbonless, carbon dioxide is attached to ribulose
diphosphate (RuDP), a molecule that can be converted to sugar.
C.) Glucose Formation
Two PGAL molecules have their atoms rearrange to form a 6 carbon sugar,
Eventually glucose is formed.
31. As a living cell grows larger, its metabolic activity increases and thus its
need for resources and its rate of waste production increase faster than
its surface area in addition, substances must move from on location to
another within the cell. The smaller the cell, the more easily this is
accomplished,”(Hillis, David M. Etal.(2012)MA,USA explain
