The document summarizes excretion in annelids. It discusses how annelids like earthworms and leeches excrete nitrogenous waste through nephridia, which are tubular structures that open to the exterior. Earthworms have three types of nephridia - septal, integumentary, and pharyngeal. Septal nephridia make up the main excretory system and open into ducts. Leeches also use nephridia for excretion, with 17 pairs present. The nephridia have a complex internal structure and route the waste out of openings. Overall, the nephridia maintain water balance and osmotic regulation in annelids.
Locomotry organelle & locomotion in protozoaCharudutt Poonia
This document discusses locomotion in protozoa. It describes four types of locomotor organelles found in protozoa: pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and pellicular contractile structures. It then discusses the four main methods of locomotion used by protozoa: pseudopodial movement, flagellar movement, ciliary movement, and metabolic movement. Flagellar movement involves three types of strokes: paddle stroke, undulating motion and simple conical gyration. Ciliary movement involves the rapid backward strokes of many cilia that push the protozoan forward. Metabolic movement is seen in certain flagellates and sporozoans and involves gliding, wriggling or peristaltic
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal systemSoniaBajaj10
The document describes the internal structure and canal system of sponges. It discusses the key components of the canal system including incurrent canals, radial canals, and choanocytes. It describes the four main types of canal systems: Ascon, Sycon, Leucon, and Rhagon. The Ascon type has a simple structure with incurrent pores leading directly to the spongocoel. The Sycon type features incurrent and radial canals. The Leucon type has further folded chambers. The canal systems serve functions like nutrient acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal for the sponge.
This document discusses different types of locomotion in protozoa, including amoeboid locomotion, flagellar locomotion, and ciliary locomotion. It provides details on the structure and movement of pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia. Several theories are described for the mechanism of amoeboid movement, including the sol-gel theory, molecular folding and unfolding theory, and fountain zone contraction theory. The key differences between flagella and cilia are also outlined.
Obelia is a colonial marine cnidarian that exists in both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. It has a branching structure made of hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza that support gastrozooids for feeding and gonozooids for asexual reproduction. Gonozooids bud numerous small medusae that detach and transition Obelia to its sexual medusa phase, where it reproduces sexually to complete its life cycle.
1) Annelids have segmented bodies and excretory and circulatory systems. Their excretory system includes nephridia and coelomoducts.
2) Nephridia are segmentally arranged coiled tubules that function primarily for excretion. Coelomoducts are mesoderm-derived tubes that function mainly for reproduction but also secondarily for excretion.
3) There are different types of nephridia including protonephridia, metanephridia, micro/mero nephridia, and mega/holo nephridia. Nephridia can also be exonephric or enteronephric. In
Origin and Organization of Coelom_MS.pptxdean137192
This document discusses the origin and organization of the coelom. Some key points:
- The coelom is a fluid-filled cavity lined by mesoderm that separates the gut from the body wall in most animals.
- There are three main types of coelom development: acoelomate (no coelom), pseudocoelomate (non-mesoderm lined coelom), and eucoelomate (true coelom lined by mesoderm).
- Eucoelomates are divided into schizocoelomates, where the coelom forms from splitting of mesoderm, and enterocoelomates, where the coelom forms
This document discusses the differences between neoteny and paedogenesis. Neoteny involves slowed somatic growth such that organisms remain in juvenile stages, while paedogenesis involves accelerated sexual maturity even as larvae. Neoteny can be seen in humans while paedogenesis is found in amphibians like salamanders. There are two types of neoteny - total neoteny where larvae become sexually mature but retain larval features, and partial neoteny which involves a postponed metamorphosis beyond normal periods due to environmental or physiological factors. Neoteny is viewed as an adaptive consequence of retaining larval features that may be advantageous in certain environments.
Unio is a type of mollusc that feeds by filtering particles from water. It draws water in through its incurrent siphon using cilia, which beat to transport food like diatoms, protozoa, and detritus towards its mouth. Larger particles are trapped in mucus on its gill surfaces and conveyed to the mantle cavity while smaller particles are moved to the mouth to ingest. This filter feeding process involves the coordinated beating of cilia to efficiently collect and sort food from large volumes of circulating water.
Locomotry organelle & locomotion in protozoaCharudutt Poonia
This document discusses locomotion in protozoa. It describes four types of locomotor organelles found in protozoa: pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and pellicular contractile structures. It then discusses the four main methods of locomotion used by protozoa: pseudopodial movement, flagellar movement, ciliary movement, and metabolic movement. Flagellar movement involves three types of strokes: paddle stroke, undulating motion and simple conical gyration. Ciliary movement involves the rapid backward strokes of many cilia that push the protozoan forward. Metabolic movement is seen in certain flagellates and sporozoans and involves gliding, wriggling or peristaltic
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal systemSoniaBajaj10
The document describes the internal structure and canal system of sponges. It discusses the key components of the canal system including incurrent canals, radial canals, and choanocytes. It describes the four main types of canal systems: Ascon, Sycon, Leucon, and Rhagon. The Ascon type has a simple structure with incurrent pores leading directly to the spongocoel. The Sycon type features incurrent and radial canals. The Leucon type has further folded chambers. The canal systems serve functions like nutrient acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal for the sponge.
This document discusses different types of locomotion in protozoa, including amoeboid locomotion, flagellar locomotion, and ciliary locomotion. It provides details on the structure and movement of pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia. Several theories are described for the mechanism of amoeboid movement, including the sol-gel theory, molecular folding and unfolding theory, and fountain zone contraction theory. The key differences between flagella and cilia are also outlined.
Obelia is a colonial marine cnidarian that exists in both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. It has a branching structure made of hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza that support gastrozooids for feeding and gonozooids for asexual reproduction. Gonozooids bud numerous small medusae that detach and transition Obelia to its sexual medusa phase, where it reproduces sexually to complete its life cycle.
1) Annelids have segmented bodies and excretory and circulatory systems. Their excretory system includes nephridia and coelomoducts.
2) Nephridia are segmentally arranged coiled tubules that function primarily for excretion. Coelomoducts are mesoderm-derived tubes that function mainly for reproduction but also secondarily for excretion.
3) There are different types of nephridia including protonephridia, metanephridia, micro/mero nephridia, and mega/holo nephridia. Nephridia can also be exonephric or enteronephric. In
Origin and Organization of Coelom_MS.pptxdean137192
This document discusses the origin and organization of the coelom. Some key points:
- The coelom is a fluid-filled cavity lined by mesoderm that separates the gut from the body wall in most animals.
- There are three main types of coelom development: acoelomate (no coelom), pseudocoelomate (non-mesoderm lined coelom), and eucoelomate (true coelom lined by mesoderm).
- Eucoelomates are divided into schizocoelomates, where the coelom forms from splitting of mesoderm, and enterocoelomates, where the coelom forms
This document discusses the differences between neoteny and paedogenesis. Neoteny involves slowed somatic growth such that organisms remain in juvenile stages, while paedogenesis involves accelerated sexual maturity even as larvae. Neoteny can be seen in humans while paedogenesis is found in amphibians like salamanders. There are two types of neoteny - total neoteny where larvae become sexually mature but retain larval features, and partial neoteny which involves a postponed metamorphosis beyond normal periods due to environmental or physiological factors. Neoteny is viewed as an adaptive consequence of retaining larval features that may be advantageous in certain environments.
Unio is a type of mollusc that feeds by filtering particles from water. It draws water in through its incurrent siphon using cilia, which beat to transport food like diatoms, protozoa, and detritus towards its mouth. Larger particles are trapped in mucus on its gill surfaces and conveyed to the mantle cavity while smaller particles are moved to the mouth to ingest. This filter feeding process involves the coordinated beating of cilia to efficiently collect and sort food from large volumes of circulating water.
Osmoregulation in fresh water protozoa - Shampa JainShampa Jain
This document discusses osmoregulation in freshwater protozoa. It defines osmoregulation as the process of maintaining salt and water balance across membranes. It describes the surrounding environments that aquatic animals live in, including isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic and poikiloosmotic. Poikiloosmotic animals are divided into stenohaline and euryhaline. The document also describes the contractile vacuoles in Paramoecium, which help in osmoregulation by expelling excess water from the cell.
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
This document provides information on the general characteristics of fishes. It discusses:
1) Fishes are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that first evolved in the Silurian period and increased in number during the Devonian period.
2) They have a streamlined body with scales or plates, paired and unpaired fins, breathe through gills, and vary greatly in size.
3) Fishes are classified into three classes - Placodermi, Elasmobranchii, and Osteichthyes - based on their skeleton composition and other features.
Protozoans exhibit a variety of locomotory methods including amoeboid movement using pseudopodia, swimming movement using flagella or cilia, gliding movement using contractile myonemes, and metabolic movement through changes in body shape. Locomotion allows protozoans to search for food, mates, shelter and escape from predators. The document discusses the structures and mechanisms involved in each type of locomotion.
The document discusses accessory respiratory organs in fishes. It describes 7 types of accessory respiratory organs that have developed in some fish species to help them breathe in low oxygen environments. These include the skin, bucco-pharyngeal epithelium, gut epithelium, outgrowths of pelvic fins, and modified gill structures. Examples are given of important modifications seen in the accessory respiratory organs of species like Heteropneustes fossilis, Anabas testudineus, and Clarias batrachus. The swim bladder acts as an accessory respiratory organ in some primitive fish species. Accessory organs allow fish to live in low oxygen water and breathe air when available, and their development is an adaptive response
1. The trochophore larva was first discovered by Loven in 1840 and has undergone several name changes before being widely accepted as the "trochophore".
2. The trochophore larva undergoes spiral cleavage after fertilization, resulting in smaller micromeres and larger macromeres that give rise to different germ layers.
3. During metamorphosis, the trochophore larva's preoral apical portion develops into the prostomium of the adult, and it grows in size through the addition of new segments as it transitions from a planktonic to benthic form.
The document discusses the evolutionary significance of lungfish (Dipnoi) and whether they are the ancestors of amphibians. It describes the distribution, primitive characters, and specialized characters of modern lungfish. It then analyzes the affinities of lungfish with other fish groups like sharks, holostean fish, ray-finned fish, and crossopterygian fish, noting both similarities and differences. While lungfish share some characteristics with amphibians like pulmonary respiration and egg-laying, they also have key differences. The conclusion is that lungfish are not a direct ancestor of amphibians but are more likely a specialized offshoot that shared a common ancestor with early amphibians and crossopterygian
Comparative Anatomy of Digestive System of VertebratesRameshPandi4
This document provides an overview of the comparative anatomy of the digestive system across different vertebrates. It describes the basic components and functions of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. The key differences in digestive anatomy are often correlated with differences in diet, such as whether the food is readily absorbed or requires extensive breakdown, and whether the food supply is constant or scattered. Examples of digestive systems from various vertebrates like fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, and mammals are then described in more detail.
Physiology of Respiration in InvertebratesPRANJAL SHARMA
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. In these slides you will get to know about Physiology of Respiration in Invertibrates.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
The document summarizes the various larval forms found in different orders of crustaceans. It describes the nauplius, metanauplius, cypris, protozoaea, zoaea, alima, megalopa, mysis and phyllosoma larvae. Each larval form has distinct morphological features adapted for different habitats and feeding mechanisms. The larval stages are significant in studying the evolution and relationships between crustacean groups.
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,AffinitiesSoniaBajaj10
1. The document summarizes the key characteristics and development of Balanoglossus, a genus of acorn worms. It describes the worm-like body structure, habitat, external morphology, and life cycle, which includes fertilization, pre-larval development, and the tornaria larval stage.
2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the spleen:
1. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has important immunological and filtration functions.
2. The spleen receives its blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the splenic vein. It has a complex network of trabeculae and sinusoids that allow it to filter blood and remove old red blood cells.
3. The spleen plays roles in immune function and filtration of the blood, removing aged red blood cells, platelets, and pathogens from circulation. Though other organs share these functions, the spleen is a major contributor.
Osmoregulation in fresh water protozoa - Shampa JainShampa Jain
This document discusses osmoregulation in freshwater protozoa. It defines osmoregulation as the process of maintaining salt and water balance across membranes. It describes the surrounding environments that aquatic animals live in, including isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic and poikiloosmotic. Poikiloosmotic animals are divided into stenohaline and euryhaline. The document also describes the contractile vacuoles in Paramoecium, which help in osmoregulation by expelling excess water from the cell.
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
This document provides information on the general characteristics of fishes. It discusses:
1) Fishes are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that first evolved in the Silurian period and increased in number during the Devonian period.
2) They have a streamlined body with scales or plates, paired and unpaired fins, breathe through gills, and vary greatly in size.
3) Fishes are classified into three classes - Placodermi, Elasmobranchii, and Osteichthyes - based on their skeleton composition and other features.
Protozoans exhibit a variety of locomotory methods including amoeboid movement using pseudopodia, swimming movement using flagella or cilia, gliding movement using contractile myonemes, and metabolic movement through changes in body shape. Locomotion allows protozoans to search for food, mates, shelter and escape from predators. The document discusses the structures and mechanisms involved in each type of locomotion.
The document discusses accessory respiratory organs in fishes. It describes 7 types of accessory respiratory organs that have developed in some fish species to help them breathe in low oxygen environments. These include the skin, bucco-pharyngeal epithelium, gut epithelium, outgrowths of pelvic fins, and modified gill structures. Examples are given of important modifications seen in the accessory respiratory organs of species like Heteropneustes fossilis, Anabas testudineus, and Clarias batrachus. The swim bladder acts as an accessory respiratory organ in some primitive fish species. Accessory organs allow fish to live in low oxygen water and breathe air when available, and their development is an adaptive response
1. The trochophore larva was first discovered by Loven in 1840 and has undergone several name changes before being widely accepted as the "trochophore".
2. The trochophore larva undergoes spiral cleavage after fertilization, resulting in smaller micromeres and larger macromeres that give rise to different germ layers.
3. During metamorphosis, the trochophore larva's preoral apical portion develops into the prostomium of the adult, and it grows in size through the addition of new segments as it transitions from a planktonic to benthic form.
The document discusses the evolutionary significance of lungfish (Dipnoi) and whether they are the ancestors of amphibians. It describes the distribution, primitive characters, and specialized characters of modern lungfish. It then analyzes the affinities of lungfish with other fish groups like sharks, holostean fish, ray-finned fish, and crossopterygian fish, noting both similarities and differences. While lungfish share some characteristics with amphibians like pulmonary respiration and egg-laying, they also have key differences. The conclusion is that lungfish are not a direct ancestor of amphibians but are more likely a specialized offshoot that shared a common ancestor with early amphibians and crossopterygian
Comparative Anatomy of Digestive System of VertebratesRameshPandi4
This document provides an overview of the comparative anatomy of the digestive system across different vertebrates. It describes the basic components and functions of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. The key differences in digestive anatomy are often correlated with differences in diet, such as whether the food is readily absorbed or requires extensive breakdown, and whether the food supply is constant or scattered. Examples of digestive systems from various vertebrates like fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, and mammals are then described in more detail.
Physiology of Respiration in InvertebratesPRANJAL SHARMA
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. In these slides you will get to know about Physiology of Respiration in Invertibrates.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
The document summarizes the various larval forms found in different orders of crustaceans. It describes the nauplius, metanauplius, cypris, protozoaea, zoaea, alima, megalopa, mysis and phyllosoma larvae. Each larval form has distinct morphological features adapted for different habitats and feeding mechanisms. The larval stages are significant in studying the evolution and relationships between crustacean groups.
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,AffinitiesSoniaBajaj10
1. The document summarizes the key characteristics and development of Balanoglossus, a genus of acorn worms. It describes the worm-like body structure, habitat, external morphology, and life cycle, which includes fertilization, pre-larval development, and the tornaria larval stage.
2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the spleen:
1. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has important immunological and filtration functions.
2. The spleen receives its blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the splenic vein. It has a complex network of trabeculae and sinusoids that allow it to filter blood and remove old red blood cells.
3. The spleen plays roles in immune function and filtration of the blood, removing aged red blood cells, platelets, and pathogens from circulation. Though other organs share these functions, the spleen is a major contributor.
The urogenital system includes both the reproductive and excretory organs. The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys function to eliminate wastes and regulate water balance and pH. They are bean-shaped organs located in the abdominal region. The urogenital system also includes the male and female reproductive organs. In males this includes the testes and male genital ducts which produce and transport sperm. In females the ovaries produce eggs which are released into the oviducts.
hey Guys ,
here u get the detail anatomy of vestibular system for Bachelors level . if have any suggestion or want any topic PPT , Mail me - anantarun27@gmail,com
URINOGENITAL SYSTEM part-1 25.03.2020.pdfabhi sharma
The document describes the urinogenital system of vertebrates. It discusses the basic structure and origin of the vertebrate kidney, including the three parts of the uriniferous tubule: the peritoneal funnel, Malpighian body, and tubule. It then describes the succession of kidneys in vertebrates - the archeinephros, pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - and the key features of each. The mammalian metanephros has the greatest organization, with additional structures like the loop of Henle and distinction of renal cortex and medulla.
This document discusses the excretory organs and reproductive system of the lancelet (Branchiostoma). It notes that the lancelet's excretory organs called nephridia develop from ectodermal cells, unlike the mesodermal kidneys of other chordates. The nephridia resemble the protonephridia of flatworms and annelids. The document also describes the lancelet's gonads, noting that the two sexes are separate but indistinguishable. Fertilization is external and gametes are released into the sea water during breeding season in late spring/early summer.
The document summarizes the anatomy and function of the spleen. It describes the spleen's location in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It has three borders, two surfaces, and two poles. The spleen filters blood and removes old red blood cells, microbes, and debris. It is supplied by the splenic artery and drained by the splenic vein. Microscopically, it contains white pulp with lymphocytes and red pulp that filters the blood and removes particulate matter.
Excretory system of earthworm , Three types of nephridia, structure of septa...SoniaBajaj10
The excretory system of the earthworm consists of three types of nephridia - septal, integumentary, and pharyngeal. Septal nephridia are located between segments and have a nephrostome, neck, body and terminal duct. They empty into septal excretory canals and supra-intestinal ducts that lead to the intestine. Integumentary nephridia are located inside the body wall and empty directly outside. Pharyngeal nephridia are located in segments 4-6 and empty into the buccal cavity or pharynx. The nephridia excrete nitrogenous wastes like ammonia, urea, and amino acids
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
The Cephalochordata are a small subphylum (about 28 species) of small, 5 to 10 centimetres long.
All known species are marine. They occur all around the world in both temperate and tropical waters.
Cephalochordates live in shallow marine or brackish water all over the world. They can actively swim around, but most of the time are sedentary, buried in sand.
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. They remove wastes via nephrons that filter blood and form urine which drains through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine which is then emptied via the urethra. Together these organs regulate waste elimination, fluid balance, and blood pressure.
1. Earthworms have three types of excretory organs called nephridia - septal, integumentary, and pharyngeal nephridia.
2. Septal nephridia are found between segments and have a funnel-shaped opening, neck, coiled duct and terminal duct that empties into excretory canals.
3. Integumentary nephridia are attached inside the body wall and open directly outside. Pharyngeal nephridia are in the segments near the mouth and pharynx and empty into the digestive tract.
water vascular system by shivani bhomleshvanibhomle
The water vascular system in echinoderms functions as a hydraulic system for locomotion. It consists of a madreporite that intakes water, a stone canal, ring canal, radial canals, lateral canals, polian vesicles, tiedemann's bodies, and tube feet. Contraction of muscles in the ampullae propels water into the tube feet, elongating them and allowing the echinoderm to attach to surfaces and move via the suction of the tube feet.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the Oriental Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). It describes its external features, internal structures including its circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems. Key points include that it is a common arboreal lizard found in South Asia, it is insectivorous but also preys on smaller animals, and the male has brightly colored scales while the female has duller coloring.
1. Earthworms have three types of excretory organs called nephridia - septal, integumentary, and pharyngeal.
2. Septal nephridia are located between body segments and have a funnel-shaped opening, neck, coiled duct, and terminal duct that empties into excretory canals. Integumentary nephridia are located inside the body wall and open directly to the outside. Pharyngeal nephridia are located in the throat and empty into the digestive tract.
3. All nephridia remove nitrogenous wastes like ammonia and urea from the body fluids and blood. Septal and phary
The spleen is an organ located in the upper left abdomen. It filters blood and fights infections. A splenectomy is the surgical removal of the spleen. It is usually performed laparoscopically to avoid complications of open surgery. During the procedure, the surgeon uses cameras and surgical tools inserted through small incisions to carefully dissect and divide attachments of the spleen. This allows the spleen to be removed while preserving surrounding structures like the pancreas and stomach. A splenectomy may be recommended for conditions like immune thrombocytopenia or certain blood disorders.
1. Earthworms have three types of excretory organs called nephridia - septal, integumentary, and pharyngeal.
2. Septal nephridia are found between segments and have a funnel-shaped opening, neck, coiled duct, and terminal duct that empties into excretory canals connected to the intestine.
3. Integumentary nephridia line the body wall and open directly to the exterior. Pharyngeal nephridia occur in pairs in segments 4-6 and empty into the digestive tract.
The document discusses the development of the digestive system from the primordial gut. It describes how the gut forms through longitudinal and transverse folding of the embryo. This incorporates a portion of the yolk sac endoderm to form the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. It further discusses the anatomical divisions of the gut and the origins of the different tissue layers.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. EXCRETION IN ANNELIDA
• Excretion is the process of removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
• In Annelida nitrogenous waste products and carbon dioxide are formed during
metabolism and are removed from the body through nephridia.
Definition of nephridium
An excretory tubule which opens to the exterior through the nephridiopore and
the inner end of the tubule is blind (associated with terminal cells or solenocytes)
in the protonephridium or opens in the coelom through the ciliated funnel are
called nephrostome in metanephridium.
3.
4. Structure of a typical nephridium
• A typical nephridium consists of a nephrostome or a ciliated funnel which hangs
into the coelom and leads to the nephridial duct.
• The nephridial duct or body of the nephridium may be long, short, convoluted or
modified otherwise.
• The duct is ciliated internally, situated transversely and is accompanied by blood
vessels.
• The nephridial duct opens to the exterior by an opening, called nephridiopore.
5. Annelid Nephridia. (a) Protonephridium. The bulbular ends of this nephridium contain a tuft of flagella that drives wastes to the
outside of the body. In primitive annelids, a gonoduct (coelomoduct) carries reproductive products to the outside of the body. (b)
Metanephridium. An open ciliated funnel (the nephrostome) drives wastes to the outside of the body. (c) In modern annelids, the
gonoduct and the nephridial tubules undergo varying degrees of fusion. (d) Nephridia of modern annelids are closely associated with
capillary beds for secretion, and nephridial tubules may have an enlarged bladder
6. Excretion in Earthworm
• Excretory organs of earthworm is
nephridia.
• In the body of earthworm three kinds
of nephridia occur:
(a) Septal nephridia
(b) Integumentary nephridia and
(c) Pharyngeal nephridia
7. Septal nephridia
• Septal nephridia remain attached to the two faces of the septum.
• They occur from 15th segment back-ward. That means in the first fourteen segments
they are absent.
• Each septum bears 40-50 nephridia in average in its anterior and a similar number on its
posterior face.
• Thus in each segment there are about 80-100 nephridia.
Structure of septal nephridium
• A typical septal nephridium consists of a main body formed by a straight lobe and a long
narrow, spirally twisted loop, a funnel like nephrostome connected to the main body by
a short neck and a terminal nephridial duct.
• The nephrostome or ciliated funnel is a rounded structure. The mouth of the funnel
which communicates with the coelom is provided with a large upper lip and a small
lower lip. The lips are ciliated and are provided with several rows of ciliated marginal
cells.
• A narrow ciliated tube runs from the funnel into the body of the nephridium, called neck
and takes several turns inside it.
8. • The main body of the nephridium is made up of a main lobe and a spirally twisted loop.
• The loop is twice as long as the main lobe and consists of a proximal limb and a distal limb
twisted round each other.
• The straight lobe is continued as the distal limb of the twisted loop and the proximal limb
receives the ciliated tubule from the nephrostome and also it gives off the terminal duct which
opens at the nephridiopore.
• The straight lobe bears four parallel tubules, the proximal and distal ones bear three tubules each
and in the apical part there are two tubules.
• Terminal ducts of the septal nephridium open into a septal excretory canal which runs parallel
and internal to commissural vessels.
• There are a pair of septal excretory canals one on each side of the septum.
• The two septal excretory canals open into a pair of supra-intestinal excretory ducts which run on
the mid-dorsal line side by side from 15th segment to the posterior end.
• The supra-intestinal excretory ducts open into the lumen of the intestine by single and small
ducts at the level of each inter-segmental septum.
10. Integumentary nephridia
• They are smaller in size than the septal
nephridia.
• These 'V'-shaped structures occur on the
inner surface of the integument in all
segments excepting the first two.
• They number 200-250 in each segment
but in the 14th, 15th and 16th segments
the number of nephridia is much more.
• Structurally they resemble septal
nephridia but lack the nephrostome.
• They open independently to the outside
by nephridiopores on the outer surface of
the -body wall.
Integumentary nephridia
11. Pharyngeal nephridia
• They are as large as the septal nephridia and occur in the form of three pairs of bunches or tufts in the
4th, 5th and 6th segments and on either side of pharynx and' oesophagus.
• Nephrostomes are also absent in the pharyngeal nephridia.
• In each bunch the terminal ducts of the nephridia join together to form a slender duct.
• The slender ducts again unite in each segment and form a thick-walled duct which opens into the
alimentary tube.
• Thus there are three pairs of ducts, one pair each in the 4th, 5th and 6th segments.
• The pharyngeal nephridia have digestive function or, in other words, they aid in digestion and hence
they are some-times referred to as 'peptic nephridia'.
• The septal and pharyngeal nephridia open into the alimentary canal and are called enteronephric
while the integumentary nephridia open to the outside directly, and are called exonephric.
• The enteronephric system helps in the conservation of water in the body because water present in the
excretory Product is again reabsorbed in the intestine.
• Some of the nitrogenous excretory substances like guanin are extracted from the blood stream by
chloragogen cells.
• These cells collect and store excretory products and on becoming heavily laden with excretory
materials, they pinch off into the coelomic fluid from where they are eliminated through dorsal pores
or by nephridiopores.
12.
13. Excretion in Leech
• Excretory system consists of nephridia.
• There are seventeen pairs of nephridia one pair each in 6th and 22nd segments.
• Thus the first five segments and the posterior four segments are devoid of nephridia. Of these
seventeen pairs, the anterior six pairs lie in the pre-testicular segments and are called pre-testicular
nephridia and the remaining eleven pairs in the testicular segments, are called testicular nephridia.
Structure of a testicular nephridium
A typical testicular nephridium consists of:
• Main lobe
• Apical lobe
• Initial lobe
• Ciliated organ
• Inner lobe
• Vesicle duct and vesicle
14.
15. (a) Main lobe
• It is a horse-shoe-shaped structure and ventro-lateral in position.
• The main lobe consists of two unequal limbs, anterior and posterior.
• The anterior limb is larger in size than the posterior and the two together at their junction form
the bend of the horse-shoe.
(b) Apical lobe
• The posterior limb of the main lobe passes forward to form the stout apical lobe.
• It lies in an antero-posterior position beneath the gut.
• Its anterior end is bent upon itself.
(c) Initial lobe
• It runs as an extremely long and slender lobe twined round the apical lobe.
• At its anterior extremity it runs as a slender thread of cells towards the testis sac and ends
abruptly by the side of the perinephrostomial ampulla.
• While at its posterior extremity it joins the main lobe near the point of emergence of the vesicle
duct.
16. (d) Ciliated organ
• The ciliated organ lies in the peri-nephrostomial ampulla.
• It is a compound structure made up of a central reservoir and ciliated funnels.
• The reservoir is spongy in nature.
• The ciliated funnels are present in a large number on the wall of the reservoir.
• Each funnel is like an ear-lobe having a broad distal end and a proximal neck which fits into pores
situated on the wall of the reservoir.
• The funnel is made of five to six cells arranged in two tiers and is densely ciliated.
• The ciliated organ has no excretory role in adult leeches and is associated with haemocoelomic
system.
(e) Inner lobe
It lies in the inner concavity of the main lobe and runs forward along the outer border of the apical
lobe about half its length.
17. Route of central canal inside the nephridium
• The central canal follows a long and zigzag course throughout the body of the nephridium.
• It makes one complete and another incomplete round of run inside the body of the nephridium.
• The canal begins as a large intracellular lumen in a single cell at the anterior end of the apical
lobe.
• Then it comes down the apical lobe to enter the inner lobe from where it goes of the posterior
border of the anterior limb of the main lobe.
• From the main lobe, it passes along the outer border of the apical lobe and on being embedded in
it completes the first 'round'.
• The canal then loops backward and traverses the apical lobe.
• On reaching the posterior limit of the apical lobe it passes onto the posterior limbs of the main
lobe.
• After traversing the main lobe and forming many loops in it the canal emerges from the posterior
lip of the anterior limb and continues into the vesicle as vesicle duct.
• The second part of the canal is incomplete by one-fourth 'round'.
18. Role of nephridium and ciliated organ
• In the body of leech the haemocoelomic fluid, i.e., blood and coelomic fluid, are not present as
separate, entities as they are in earthworm.
• The ciliated organ though considered along with excretory structures is totally separated from
nephridium in an adult leech.
• The ciliated organ bathes in haemocoelomic fluid and has no excretory role.
• It is subservient to haemocoelomic system and manufactures haemocoelomic corpuscles.
• While the body of the nephridium minus the ciliated organ is richly supplied with lateral channels,
it is excretory and osmoregulatory in functions.
• Many workers believe that the Botryoidal tissues are excretory in nature.
19. Physiology of Excretion in annelids
• In most annelids, the blood vascular system and coelom (if present) are involved in the excretion
of waste products.
• The polychaetes in which the blood-vascular system is absent or reduced contain protonephridia.
• The remaining groups of polychaetes and others possess blood-vascular system and
metanephridia.
• In proto-nephridia, the ultra-filtration of the coelomic fluid takes place with the help of terminal
cells (e.g. solenocytes) and the filtrate fluid passes down through the protonephridial tubule.
• Along the protonephridial tubule some substances such as salts and amino acids are reabsorbed
and the chief excretory product ammonia is excreted through the nephridiopore.
• The mouth of metanephridium contains open ciliated funnel or nephrostome through which
coelomic fluid is drawn by the action of cilia of funnel and the fluid when passing through the
metanephridium tubule, some substances like salts, amino acids are resorbed and the
nitrogenous waste products like ammonia (20%), amino acids and urea (40%) are excreted and
the urea level varies in different groups of annelids in which environment they live.
20.
21. Functions of nephridia
(i) It eliminates the liquid nitrogenous waste products from the body to the exterior.
(ii) It eliminates the basic and non-volatile acid radicals from the body.
(iii) It maintains the water balance of the body.
(iv) It regulates the osmotic relation between the blood and tissue.
(v) In some cases they act as gonoducts (coelomoducts) by conveying reproductive units.