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EVOLUZIONE
E
RIVOLUZIONE
CHARLES DARWIN
1809-1882
Nel 1859, dopo oltre vent'anni di
elaborazione, uscì On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural
Selection; seguiranno anni di
discussioni accanite e decise prese
di posizione, con una sostanziale
accettazione, nell'ambito scientifico,
dell'idea di evoluzione, mentre
maggiori resistenze incontrò il
concetto di "selezione naturale".
Darwin non si limitò a fornire
innumerevoli prove dell'evoluzione
come principio coordinante della storia
della vita e a sviluppare la teoria della
selezione naturale, ma diede contributi
altrettanto importanti con i concetti di
evoluzione ramificata, che implica la
discendenza da un'origine comune di
tutte le specie viventi, e di evoluzione
graduale, contrapposta a quella a salti
(mutazionismo).
Morgan, Henry (1818-1881)
American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian of primitive
society. Author of the book Ancient Society, published in London in 1877,
which was the inspiration for Engels' The Origins of the Family, appeared
seven years later.
Upon their skill in this direction, the whole
question of human
supremacy on the earth depended. Mankind are
the only beings who may be said to have gained
an absolute control over the production of food....
It is accordingly probable that the great epochs of
human progress have been identified, more or
less directly, with the enlargement of the sources
of subsistence.
[Morgan, op. cit., p. 19. -Ed.]
Savagery -- the period in which man's appropriation
of products in their natural state predominates; the
products of human art are chiefly instruments which
assist this appropriation.
Barbarism -- the period during which man learns to
breed domestic animals and to practice agriculture,
and acquires methods of increasing the supply of
natural products by human activity.
Civilization -- the period in which man learns a more
advanced application of work to the products of nature,
the period of industry proper and of art.
LA ROTONDA
DELLA
BRITISH LIBRARY
Friedrich Engels
1820-1895
VENCE GORDON CHILDE
1892-1857
SKARA BRAE
Isole Orcadi
1925 The Dawn of European Civilization
1928 The Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude of European Civilization
1929 The Danube in Prehistory
1930 The Bronze Age
1934 New Light on the Most Ancient East
1936 Man Makes Himself
1942 What Happened in History
1947 Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles
1951 Social Evolution
1956 Society and Knowledge
1956 Piecing together the Past
1958 The Prehistory of European Society
OPERE DI VENCE GORDON CHILDE
1925-1958
STANDARD COMPLEXITY GROWTH CURVE
MARGINAL PRODUCT OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY, WITH INNOVATION OR
ACQUISITION OF AN ENERGY SUBSIDY
LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY
BENEFITSOFCOMPLEXITY
M. ZVELEBIL’S LAG-LOG S-CURVE
EXPANSION & COLLAPSE OF MAIN PROTOURBAN CENTRES IN MIDDLE ASIA
(c. 3500-2000 BCE)
ROMAN-BYZANTINE EMPIRE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Kostenki
kostenki
Abdul Rahman ibn Muħammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ha ramīḍ
Al-Muqaddimah, 1377
Ibn Khaldun, born 1332 in Tunis and died
1406 in Cairo, was a thinker who grappled
with circumstances similar in important ways
to the social and political situation now
evolving in the West. He was superbly
qualified, with a vigorous unconventional
mind anda knowledge of politics and history
that came from descent from an ancient
family with distinguished political and
scholarly traditions, profound study, and a
varied life of public service and political
adventure as a courtier, jurist, and statesman
in Islamic centers from Spain to Damascus.
The most distinctive feature of his thought is his emphasis on group feeling
and solidarity which he calls "asabiyah" from an Arabic root referring
to paternal kinsmen. As its derivation suggests, asabiyah is found first
and foremost among blood relatives. Nonetheless, its real cause is not
blood but "social intercourse, friendly association, long familiarity,
and the companionship that results from ... sharing the ... Circumstances
of life and death." It is group feeling, Ibn Khaldun says, that makes possible
all great social achievements, fromreligious reforms to the founding
and defense of dynasties. Paradoxically, its necessity also ensures that
social achievements never last, because successputs an end to group
feeling by liberating desire and reducing the need for mutual
responsibility. If fragmentation is the rule and community an exception,
all human achievements become temporary deviations from chaos
ASABIYAH
DAILY PRACTICE OF THE ALLIANCE ARE SEEDS FOR GREATNESS
ADAM SMITH
1723-1790
DIVISIONS OF LABOR IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES
GENDER and AGE
HOUSEHOLD TEAMS LONG-RANGE TEAMS
SEASONS
WINTER SUMMER
TRANSITIONS
W S S W
NOTE: Transitions indicate the periods when the group
moves between Winter and Summer quarters and
back. By camping in strategic locations many
collateral resources could be exploited during
the journey from decentralized ecological niches,
along different optional pathways. Target-oriented
survey works have made possible to detect these
smaller campsites in different parts of the world.
SMALL
HUNTING
& FISHING
COLLECTING
PLANTS
FUEL
SMALLER ANIMALS
HONEY
STOCKING
BIRDS
MOLLUSCS
REPTILES
INSECTS
CRUSTACEANS
TRAPPING
KEEPING
OF ANIMALS
&CUBS
TRANSFORMATIONS
& FOOD PROCESSING
BIG
HUNTING
BIG
FISHING
COLLECTING
OF DISTANT
RESOURCES
EXCHANGE
& TRADING
PROTECTION
& SCOUTING
CAPTURE
OF ANIMALS
& CUBS
NOTE: Household Teams exploit the surroundings
of residential sites, moving in radical directions with
Daylight trips to collect a broad spectrum of resources to
meet standard food and fuel requirements. Within the site
they work continuously looking after all material needs of the
group,including the keeping of stocks and reserves.
NOTE: Long Range Teams exploit different environmental niches in
local and distant territories, including food resources from big game as
well as materials required for the making of tools, ornaments, rituals and
processing of foods (e.g. salt). Higher mobility implies their primary
involvement in scouting, exchanges and transport. Since their work is
far more discontinuous than the Household Teams, LRT have longer idle
periods in between that can be invested in political negotiations, ideological
elaborations ritual performances, and eventually new manufacturing activities.
La Piramide come Archetipo del Potere
URNAMMU ZIKKURAT a UR
c.2000 a.C.
ORDERS OF
MAGNITUDES
LEVEL 1 10 PERSONS
LEVEL 2 100
LEVEL 3 1000
LEVEL 4 10,000
LEVEL 5 100,000
LEVEL 6 1,000000
LELEL 7 10,000,000
LEVEL 8 100,000,000
LEVEL 9 1,000,000,000
LEVELS OF LABOUR OF LABOUR FORCE MOBILIZATION
THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAH
35,000 WORKERS
102
103
104
105
106
107
109
1010
108
CRESCITA
DEI PROGETTI
UMANI PER
ORDINI DI
GRANDEZZA
Grandi Opere Collettive
AGRICOLTURA TRASPORTICOSTRUZIONI
IMPIANTI IDRICITERRAPIENI ARCHITETTURA OPERE DIFENSIVEFORTIFICAZIONI TERRAACQUA
TERRAZZI
RAISED FIELD
LIVELLAMENTI
SILOS
ARGINI
COLLETTORI
BACINI
CANALI
PONTI
STRADE
INSTALLAZIONI
MARINE
NAVIIRRIGAZIONE
DRENAGGIO
clan e
famiglie
tribu
statoCOMPLESSITA’
PER CONFLUENZA
CONFLUENCE & NUCLEATIONCONFLUENCE & NUCLEATION
TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION
EXPANSIONEXPANSION
ESPANSIONE
NUCLEAZIONE
SEGMENTAZIONE
O
DISPERSIONE
URBANIZZAZIONE
?
GERARCHIA
ETERARCHIA
Realizzazione di
Grandi Opere Collettive
Imposizione
del
Potere Centralizzato
Coalizione di Clan o Famiglie
TRIBU’ AL LAVORO
ISOLA DI NIAS,
INDONESIA 1946
JERICHO
7500 AC
THE REMAINS OF ABOUT 8.000 NURAGHE
ARE STILL VISIBLE IN SARDINIA
S. Sarbana, Silanus (NU)
I RESTI DI CIRCA 8.000 NURAGHE
SONO TUTTORA VISIBILI
E INSERITI NELLA LISTA
DEI MONUMENTI NAZIONALI
AN EXPANSION BY SEGMENTATION
OF INDEPENDENT LINEAGE
GROUPS
ALLA COSTRUZIONE DEI NURAGHI NON SOPRINTENDEVA LO STATO E
FORSE NEMMENO UN’ORGANIZZAZIONE SUPRATRIBALE.
IL LAVORO ERA ORGANIZZATO ALL’INTERNO DELLA STESSA COMUNITA’
DEI RESIDENTI
GARY S. WEBSTER (2001) HA ELABORATO IL “LABOR INPUT” PER
L’INTERO PROCESSO DI REALIZZAZIONE, DALL’ESTRAZIONE DELLA
PIETRA ALLA COSTRUZIONE DI UNA STRUTTURA… SCEGLIENDO COME
ESEMPIO STANDARD UNA TORRE DI 3000 BLOCCHI IN PIETRA:
1. ESTRAZIONE 500 GIORNATE/UOMO
2. TRASPORTO 1100
3. MURATURA 1300
4. COSTRUZIONE 700
_____________________
TOTALE 3600 GIORNATE/UOMO
CON L’IMPIEGO DEL LAVORO IN ECCEDENZA (SURPLUS) E CON
TECNOLOGIE “PRIMITIVE”, UNA POPOLAZIONE DI 100-200 PERSONE
PUO’ SOSTENERE LA REALIZZAZIONE DELLA STRUTTURA IN POCHI
ANNI .
GIORNATE/UOMO
STIMA DEL LAVORO NECESSARIO
PER LA COSTRUZIONE DI UNA TORRE DI 3.000 BLOCCHI IN PIETRA
NELLE DIVERSE FASI DEL PROCESSO
TOTALE = 3.600 GIORNATE
ESTRAZIONE
TRASPORTO
PREPARAZIONE
BLOCCHI
COSTRUZIONE
... ANCHE IL PIU’ GRANDE NURAGHE PUO’ ESERE STATO COSTRUITO
IN UN DECENNIO
GRAZIE ALL’ALLEANZA DI 15-20 NUCLEI FAMIGLIARI
THE TERRAMARE IN BRONZE AGE PO VALLEY
AREE DI DIFFUSIONE DELLE CULTUREAREE DI DIFFUSIONE DELLE CULTURE
NEOLITICHENEOLITICHE
Miniere neolitiche (Gargano)
Villaggi trincerati neolitici
( Tavoliere delle Puglie ) Cultura neolitica di Serra d’Alto
(Altopiano delle Murge e Puglia centrale)
Grotte cultuali neolitiche
(Puglia centrale e costiera e Alto Salento)
Arte e ritualità
(Salento)
DISTRIBUZIONE DEI VILLAGGI TRINCERATI NEOLITICIDISTRIBUZIONE DEI VILLAGGI TRINCERATI NEOLITICI
NEL TAVOLIERE DELLE PUGLIENEL TAVOLIERE DELLE PUGLIE
Motta della
Regina
Masseria Fuoco
d’AngeloneMasseria Acquasalsa
S. Cecilia II Tressanti
Mappa della distribuzione dei villaggi
del Tavoliere in base ai principali corsi
d’acqua
Masseria Schifata
Sezione del fossato
interno
Statuina fittile
femminile
Ricostruzione di capanna absidata
- Ceramica tipica del villaggio di Passo di Corvo
Passo di Corvo
EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS OF SOCIAL
FORMATIONS
Grandi Opere Collettive
AGRICOLTURA TRASPORTICOSTRUZIONI
IMPIANTI IDRICITERRAPIENI ARCHITETTURA OPERE DIFENSIVEFORTIFICAZIONI TERRAACQUA
TERRAZZI
RAISED FIELD
LIVELLAMENTI
SILOS
ARGINI
COLLETTORI
BACINI
CANALI
PONTI
STRADE
INSTALLAZIONI
MARINE
NAVIIRRIGAZIONE
DRENAGGIO
CASI DI STUDIO E DI CONFRONTO
1
2
1- EGITTO: RECINTI, PIRAMIDI, TOMBE
2- ASIA CENTRALE: SISTEMI D’IRRIGAZIONE
LE PRIME STRUTTURE MONUMENTALI IN EGITTO NON FURONO LE
PIRAMIDI MA I RECINTI REALI DELLA PRIMA DINASTIA
AD ABYDOS
EGITTO – GRANDI RECINTI DI ABYDOS
EGITTO – IMPIEGO DI FORZA-LAVORO per i GRANDI RECINTI
(Considerati i volumi delle strutture)
Sebbene non siano noti l’altezza originale ed i dettagli architettonici di tutti i recinti, è
possibile fare una valutazione con una accettabile approssimazione, sulla base dei recinti
meglio conservati di Khasekhemwy ad Abidos e Hierakonpolis. L’impiego della forza
lavoro stimato è pari a 12,25 giornate uomo sulla base dei calcoli di Erasmus (1965, p. 292)
nella realizzazione di 1 mc di muratura ad Uxmal
EGITTO – IL COMPLESSO DI DJOSER A SAQQARA
EGITTO – IL COMPLESSO DI DJOSER A SAQQARA
IL COMPLESSO DI GIZAH
EGITTO – IMPIEGO DI FORZA-LAVORO PER LE PIRAMIDI
2665-2645 BC
2579-2556 BC
2547-2521 BC
(Considerati i volumi delle strutture)
L’impiego della forza lavoro stimato è pari a 12,25 giornate uomo sulla base dei calcoli di
Erasmus (1965, p. 292) nella realizzazione di 1 mc di muratura ad Uxmal
From: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cerickso/applied3.html
Da John H. Walker, 2001 (pp. 16-17)
GLI STRUMENTI DA LAVORO
INSEDIAMENTI PRINCIPALI E SISTEMI D’IRRIGAZIONE IN MESOPOTAMIA
EARLY DINASTIC III & AKKADIC PERIODS
SCHEMA DEL SISTEMA D’IRRIGAZIONE A NIPPUR
CA. 2000 BCE
DOWLATABAD - AFGHANISTAN DEL NORD 1973
PULIZIA ANNUALE DEL CANALE PER L’IRRIGAZIONE
Da NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 144, 5, NOVEMBRE 1973
TEJEN DELTA
SISTEMI D’IRRIGAZIONE IN ASIA CENTRALE:
IL DELTA DEL TEJEN
Il Sistema d’Irrigazione nell’Oasi di Geoksyur
tra IV e III millennio BP
GEOKSYUR 1
Popolazione Stimata =
700 – 1500 abitanti
Superficie Agricola
Stimata = 50 – 80 Ha
(da G. N. Lisitsina, 1969)
CANALE 1
CANALE 2
CANALE 3

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Evoluzione e Rivoluzione

  • 3.
  • 4. Nel 1859, dopo oltre vent'anni di elaborazione, uscì On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; seguiranno anni di discussioni accanite e decise prese di posizione, con una sostanziale accettazione, nell'ambito scientifico, dell'idea di evoluzione, mentre maggiori resistenze incontrò il concetto di "selezione naturale".
  • 5. Darwin non si limitò a fornire innumerevoli prove dell'evoluzione come principio coordinante della storia della vita e a sviluppare la teoria della selezione naturale, ma diede contributi altrettanto importanti con i concetti di evoluzione ramificata, che implica la discendenza da un'origine comune di tutte le specie viventi, e di evoluzione graduale, contrapposta a quella a salti (mutazionismo).
  • 6. Morgan, Henry (1818-1881) American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian of primitive society. Author of the book Ancient Society, published in London in 1877, which was the inspiration for Engels' The Origins of the Family, appeared seven years later.
  • 7. Upon their skill in this direction, the whole question of human supremacy on the earth depended. Mankind are the only beings who may be said to have gained an absolute control over the production of food.... It is accordingly probable that the great epochs of human progress have been identified, more or less directly, with the enlargement of the sources of subsistence. [Morgan, op. cit., p. 19. -Ed.]
  • 8. Savagery -- the period in which man's appropriation of products in their natural state predominates; the products of human art are chiefly instruments which assist this appropriation. Barbarism -- the period during which man learns to breed domestic animals and to practice agriculture, and acquires methods of increasing the supply of natural products by human activity. Civilization -- the period in which man learns a more advanced application of work to the products of nature, the period of industry proper and of art.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 13.
  • 17. 1925 The Dawn of European Civilization 1928 The Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude of European Civilization 1929 The Danube in Prehistory 1930 The Bronze Age 1934 New Light on the Most Ancient East 1936 Man Makes Himself 1942 What Happened in History 1947 Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles 1951 Social Evolution 1956 Society and Knowledge 1956 Piecing together the Past 1958 The Prehistory of European Society OPERE DI VENCE GORDON CHILDE 1925-1958
  • 19. MARGINAL PRODUCT OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY, WITH INNOVATION OR ACQUISITION OF AN ENERGY SUBSIDY LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY BENEFITSOFCOMPLEXITY
  • 21. EXPANSION & COLLAPSE OF MAIN PROTOURBAN CENTRES IN MIDDLE ASIA (c. 3500-2000 BCE) ROMAN-BYZANTINE EMPIRE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
  • 22.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Abdul Rahman ibn Muħammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ha ramīḍ Al-Muqaddimah, 1377 Ibn Khaldun, born 1332 in Tunis and died 1406 in Cairo, was a thinker who grappled with circumstances similar in important ways to the social and political situation now evolving in the West. He was superbly qualified, with a vigorous unconventional mind anda knowledge of politics and history that came from descent from an ancient family with distinguished political and scholarly traditions, profound study, and a varied life of public service and political adventure as a courtier, jurist, and statesman in Islamic centers from Spain to Damascus.
  • 27. The most distinctive feature of his thought is his emphasis on group feeling and solidarity which he calls "asabiyah" from an Arabic root referring to paternal kinsmen. As its derivation suggests, asabiyah is found first and foremost among blood relatives. Nonetheless, its real cause is not blood but "social intercourse, friendly association, long familiarity, and the companionship that results from ... sharing the ... Circumstances of life and death." It is group feeling, Ibn Khaldun says, that makes possible all great social achievements, fromreligious reforms to the founding and defense of dynasties. Paradoxically, its necessity also ensures that social achievements never last, because successputs an end to group feeling by liberating desire and reducing the need for mutual responsibility. If fragmentation is the rule and community an exception, all human achievements become temporary deviations from chaos
  • 28. ASABIYAH DAILY PRACTICE OF THE ALLIANCE ARE SEEDS FOR GREATNESS
  • 30. DIVISIONS OF LABOR IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES GENDER and AGE HOUSEHOLD TEAMS LONG-RANGE TEAMS SEASONS WINTER SUMMER TRANSITIONS W S S W NOTE: Transitions indicate the periods when the group moves between Winter and Summer quarters and back. By camping in strategic locations many collateral resources could be exploited during the journey from decentralized ecological niches, along different optional pathways. Target-oriented survey works have made possible to detect these smaller campsites in different parts of the world. SMALL HUNTING & FISHING COLLECTING PLANTS FUEL SMALLER ANIMALS HONEY STOCKING BIRDS MOLLUSCS REPTILES INSECTS CRUSTACEANS TRAPPING KEEPING OF ANIMALS &CUBS TRANSFORMATIONS & FOOD PROCESSING BIG HUNTING BIG FISHING COLLECTING OF DISTANT RESOURCES EXCHANGE & TRADING PROTECTION & SCOUTING CAPTURE OF ANIMALS & CUBS NOTE: Household Teams exploit the surroundings of residential sites, moving in radical directions with Daylight trips to collect a broad spectrum of resources to meet standard food and fuel requirements. Within the site they work continuously looking after all material needs of the group,including the keeping of stocks and reserves. NOTE: Long Range Teams exploit different environmental niches in local and distant territories, including food resources from big game as well as materials required for the making of tools, ornaments, rituals and processing of foods (e.g. salt). Higher mobility implies their primary involvement in scouting, exchanges and transport. Since their work is far more discontinuous than the Household Teams, LRT have longer idle periods in between that can be invested in political negotiations, ideological elaborations ritual performances, and eventually new manufacturing activities.
  • 31. La Piramide come Archetipo del Potere
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. URNAMMU ZIKKURAT a UR c.2000 a.C.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 38. LEVEL 1 10 PERSONS LEVEL 2 100 LEVEL 3 1000 LEVEL 4 10,000 LEVEL 5 100,000 LEVEL 6 1,000000 LELEL 7 10,000,000 LEVEL 8 100,000,000 LEVEL 9 1,000,000,000 LEVELS OF LABOUR OF LABOUR FORCE MOBILIZATION THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAH 35,000 WORKERS
  • 40. Grandi Opere Collettive AGRICOLTURA TRASPORTICOSTRUZIONI IMPIANTI IDRICITERRAPIENI ARCHITETTURA OPERE DIFENSIVEFORTIFICAZIONI TERRAACQUA TERRAZZI RAISED FIELD LIVELLAMENTI SILOS ARGINI COLLETTORI BACINI CANALI PONTI STRADE INSTALLAZIONI MARINE NAVIIRRIGAZIONE DRENAGGIO
  • 42.
  • 43. CONFLUENCE & NUCLEATIONCONFLUENCE & NUCLEATION TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION EXPANSIONEXPANSION
  • 45. Realizzazione di Grandi Opere Collettive Imposizione del Potere Centralizzato Coalizione di Clan o Famiglie
  • 46. TRIBU’ AL LAVORO ISOLA DI NIAS, INDONESIA 1946
  • 47.
  • 49. THE REMAINS OF ABOUT 8.000 NURAGHE ARE STILL VISIBLE IN SARDINIA
  • 51. I RESTI DI CIRCA 8.000 NURAGHE SONO TUTTORA VISIBILI E INSERITI NELLA LISTA DEI MONUMENTI NAZIONALI
  • 52. AN EXPANSION BY SEGMENTATION OF INDEPENDENT LINEAGE GROUPS
  • 53. ALLA COSTRUZIONE DEI NURAGHI NON SOPRINTENDEVA LO STATO E FORSE NEMMENO UN’ORGANIZZAZIONE SUPRATRIBALE. IL LAVORO ERA ORGANIZZATO ALL’INTERNO DELLA STESSA COMUNITA’ DEI RESIDENTI GARY S. WEBSTER (2001) HA ELABORATO IL “LABOR INPUT” PER L’INTERO PROCESSO DI REALIZZAZIONE, DALL’ESTRAZIONE DELLA PIETRA ALLA COSTRUZIONE DI UNA STRUTTURA… SCEGLIENDO COME ESEMPIO STANDARD UNA TORRE DI 3000 BLOCCHI IN PIETRA: 1. ESTRAZIONE 500 GIORNATE/UOMO 2. TRASPORTO 1100 3. MURATURA 1300 4. COSTRUZIONE 700 _____________________ TOTALE 3600 GIORNATE/UOMO CON L’IMPIEGO DEL LAVORO IN ECCEDENZA (SURPLUS) E CON TECNOLOGIE “PRIMITIVE”, UNA POPOLAZIONE DI 100-200 PERSONE PUO’ SOSTENERE LA REALIZZAZIONE DELLA STRUTTURA IN POCHI ANNI .
  • 54. GIORNATE/UOMO STIMA DEL LAVORO NECESSARIO PER LA COSTRUZIONE DI UNA TORRE DI 3.000 BLOCCHI IN PIETRA NELLE DIVERSE FASI DEL PROCESSO TOTALE = 3.600 GIORNATE ESTRAZIONE TRASPORTO PREPARAZIONE BLOCCHI COSTRUZIONE
  • 55. ... ANCHE IL PIU’ GRANDE NURAGHE PUO’ ESERE STATO COSTRUITO IN UN DECENNIO GRAZIE ALL’ALLEANZA DI 15-20 NUCLEI FAMIGLIARI
  • 56. THE TERRAMARE IN BRONZE AGE PO VALLEY
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59. AREE DI DIFFUSIONE DELLE CULTUREAREE DI DIFFUSIONE DELLE CULTURE NEOLITICHENEOLITICHE Miniere neolitiche (Gargano) Villaggi trincerati neolitici ( Tavoliere delle Puglie ) Cultura neolitica di Serra d’Alto (Altopiano delle Murge e Puglia centrale) Grotte cultuali neolitiche (Puglia centrale e costiera e Alto Salento) Arte e ritualità (Salento)
  • 60.
  • 61. DISTRIBUZIONE DEI VILLAGGI TRINCERATI NEOLITICIDISTRIBUZIONE DEI VILLAGGI TRINCERATI NEOLITICI NEL TAVOLIERE DELLE PUGLIENEL TAVOLIERE DELLE PUGLIE Motta della Regina Masseria Fuoco d’AngeloneMasseria Acquasalsa S. Cecilia II Tressanti Mappa della distribuzione dei villaggi del Tavoliere in base ai principali corsi d’acqua Masseria Schifata
  • 62. Sezione del fossato interno Statuina fittile femminile Ricostruzione di capanna absidata - Ceramica tipica del villaggio di Passo di Corvo Passo di Corvo
  • 63. EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS OF SOCIAL FORMATIONS
  • 64. Grandi Opere Collettive AGRICOLTURA TRASPORTICOSTRUZIONI IMPIANTI IDRICITERRAPIENI ARCHITETTURA OPERE DIFENSIVEFORTIFICAZIONI TERRAACQUA TERRAZZI RAISED FIELD LIVELLAMENTI SILOS ARGINI COLLETTORI BACINI CANALI PONTI STRADE INSTALLAZIONI MARINE NAVIIRRIGAZIONE DRENAGGIO
  • 65. CASI DI STUDIO E DI CONFRONTO 1 2 1- EGITTO: RECINTI, PIRAMIDI, TOMBE 2- ASIA CENTRALE: SISTEMI D’IRRIGAZIONE
  • 66. LE PRIME STRUTTURE MONUMENTALI IN EGITTO NON FURONO LE PIRAMIDI MA I RECINTI REALI DELLA PRIMA DINASTIA AD ABYDOS
  • 67. EGITTO – GRANDI RECINTI DI ABYDOS
  • 68. EGITTO – IMPIEGO DI FORZA-LAVORO per i GRANDI RECINTI (Considerati i volumi delle strutture) Sebbene non siano noti l’altezza originale ed i dettagli architettonici di tutti i recinti, è possibile fare una valutazione con una accettabile approssimazione, sulla base dei recinti meglio conservati di Khasekhemwy ad Abidos e Hierakonpolis. L’impiego della forza lavoro stimato è pari a 12,25 giornate uomo sulla base dei calcoli di Erasmus (1965, p. 292) nella realizzazione di 1 mc di muratura ad Uxmal
  • 69. EGITTO – IL COMPLESSO DI DJOSER A SAQQARA
  • 70. EGITTO – IL COMPLESSO DI DJOSER A SAQQARA
  • 72. EGITTO – IMPIEGO DI FORZA-LAVORO PER LE PIRAMIDI 2665-2645 BC 2579-2556 BC 2547-2521 BC (Considerati i volumi delle strutture) L’impiego della forza lavoro stimato è pari a 12,25 giornate uomo sulla base dei calcoli di Erasmus (1965, p. 292) nella realizzazione di 1 mc di muratura ad Uxmal
  • 74. Da John H. Walker, 2001 (pp. 16-17)
  • 76. INSEDIAMENTI PRINCIPALI E SISTEMI D’IRRIGAZIONE IN MESOPOTAMIA EARLY DINASTIC III & AKKADIC PERIODS
  • 77. SCHEMA DEL SISTEMA D’IRRIGAZIONE A NIPPUR CA. 2000 BCE
  • 78. DOWLATABAD - AFGHANISTAN DEL NORD 1973 PULIZIA ANNUALE DEL CANALE PER L’IRRIGAZIONE Da NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 144, 5, NOVEMBRE 1973
  • 79. TEJEN DELTA SISTEMI D’IRRIGAZIONE IN ASIA CENTRALE: IL DELTA DEL TEJEN
  • 80. Il Sistema d’Irrigazione nell’Oasi di Geoksyur tra IV e III millennio BP GEOKSYUR 1 Popolazione Stimata = 700 – 1500 abitanti Superficie Agricola Stimata = 50 – 80 Ha (da G. N. Lisitsina, 1969)