A look into the history and an exploration into the future of living – with a focus on co-living, looking for specific examples for women – learnings that it is a world mostly designed by men for men.
Urban Design-Literature study St. Marks Road, BangaloreAnsh Agarwal
Urban Planning
Literature study of St. Marks Road, Bangalore.
Includes:
1. Road Details
2. Survey Details & Analysis
3. Action Needed
4. Proposals
5. Action Made
6. Before & After Scenerio
7. Anatomy of Changes
A complete case study on group housing project,
sustainable environment.
Housing society studied are
1) Amrapali Vananchal City, Bhilai
2) Amrapali Silicon City, Noida
3) Interlace Housing, Singapore
The document describes the Tara Housing Group project in New Delhi, India. It was designed to provide affordable housing for middle-class families in a suburb of New Delhi. The design arranged single-family flats into united blocks around a central garden. This preserved privacy while providing access to shared open space. Each unit had an open terrace and maximized natural light and ventilation. While successful for its time, the design faces challenges today in accommodating increased living standards and development regulations around services, density, parking, and unit sizes. However, the social aspects of community space, interaction, and comfort remain relevant lessons for contemporary housing.
This document discusses the history and principles of mixed land use development. It begins by defining mixed land use as any combination of residential, commercial, and industrial uses that are physically and functionally integrated. The document then outlines the history of mixed land use, noting that traditional settlements were typically mixed use but industrialization led to more separated uses. It describes how modern zoning laws further separated uses but that mixed use is now seen as beneficial for compact development, pedestrian environments, and strong communities.
Kohinoor Square is a mixed-use skyscraper complex in Mumbai comprising a 203m main tower and 142m residential tower. The main tower has shopping malls on the lower floors and a five-star hotel on the upper floors. The residential tower has parking on the lower 15 floors and apartments on the upper 20 floors. The complex was designed to be environmentally sustainable and received a LEED Gold rating. It has large landscaped gardens and terraces to maximize natural light and minimize heat gain. The central core structure uses a post-tensioned concrete slab system. The complex provides parking for 2000 cars and is well-connected to various parts of Mumbai by major roads.
Urban Design-Literature study St. Marks Road, BangaloreAnsh Agarwal
Urban Planning
Literature study of St. Marks Road, Bangalore.
Includes:
1. Road Details
2. Survey Details & Analysis
3. Action Needed
4. Proposals
5. Action Made
6. Before & After Scenerio
7. Anatomy of Changes
A complete case study on group housing project,
sustainable environment.
Housing society studied are
1) Amrapali Vananchal City, Bhilai
2) Amrapali Silicon City, Noida
3) Interlace Housing, Singapore
The document describes the Tara Housing Group project in New Delhi, India. It was designed to provide affordable housing for middle-class families in a suburb of New Delhi. The design arranged single-family flats into united blocks around a central garden. This preserved privacy while providing access to shared open space. Each unit had an open terrace and maximized natural light and ventilation. While successful for its time, the design faces challenges today in accommodating increased living standards and development regulations around services, density, parking, and unit sizes. However, the social aspects of community space, interaction, and comfort remain relevant lessons for contemporary housing.
This document discusses the history and principles of mixed land use development. It begins by defining mixed land use as any combination of residential, commercial, and industrial uses that are physically and functionally integrated. The document then outlines the history of mixed land use, noting that traditional settlements were typically mixed use but industrialization led to more separated uses. It describes how modern zoning laws further separated uses but that mixed use is now seen as beneficial for compact development, pedestrian environments, and strong communities.
Kohinoor Square is a mixed-use skyscraper complex in Mumbai comprising a 203m main tower and 142m residential tower. The main tower has shopping malls on the lower floors and a five-star hotel on the upper floors. The residential tower has parking on the lower 15 floors and apartments on the upper 20 floors. The complex was designed to be environmentally sustainable and received a LEED Gold rating. It has large landscaped gardens and terraces to maximize natural light and minimize heat gain. The central core structure uses a post-tensioned concrete slab system. The complex provides parking for 2000 cars and is well-connected to various parts of Mumbai by major roads.
Affordable housing programming for architecture - thesis projectGhassanAlhammadi1
Thesis project and programming for architecture urban farming and affordable housing that responds to the context and the housing crisis. By making work-live- and marketing activities in one city to reduce the use of viechles and make it self-sufficient. The goals to solve the housing crisis and food security in yemen
Here are the key points about high rise buildings from the introduction:
- Tall buildings symbolize power, wealth, and human achievement in overcoming natural limitations through technology.
- Modern innovations like steel frame construction, elevators, and electricity made tall buildings practical structures.
- Advances in materials, construction technology, and building services have enabled the construction of increasingly slender and tall buildings.
- A key challenge is designing tall buildings to withstand environmental forces like wind, which can cause horizontal vibration and excessive motion affecting occupant comfort.
- Ensuring structural safety as well as comfort and serviceability for occupants are important design requirements for tall buildings.
Kohinoor Square is a 52-story mixed-use skyscraper in Mumbai consisting of a shopping mall, offices, hotel, and residences. It has a steel and concrete structure with an all-glass facade. The project utilizes sustainable features like insulated glazing, automatic lighting, and water conservation systems. A reinforced concrete core and outriggers provide lateral stability to resist wind loads on the tall building.
HYATT - factfile, ground floor plan, first floor plan, climatic study, physical and visual context, facade details, hardscape, watre features and artworks, services - parking, fire protection system, ACMV, electrification, plumbing , water supply drainage systems, codes and standards , architects interview, additional details and all the data for hotel desigining.
The term “Vernacular architecture” in general refers to the informal building of structures through traditional building methods without using the services of a professional architect. It is the most widespread form of building .
Vernacular architecture has been growing over time with continuities changes, transformations and adaptations to the different social and economic conditions of each period.
The Interlace is a large housing complex located in Singapore consisting of 31 apartment blocks arranged around 8 central courtyards. It was designed by Ole Scheeren to maximize green space by stacking apartments and incorporating extensive roof gardens and terraces. The complex contains over 1,000 residential units of varying sizes, underground parking for 2,600 cars, and various public amenities like clubhouses and retail space. The interlocking block design aims to create a more connected residential environment compared to isolated high-rise towers.
The document provides details about the City Centre shopping mall located in Salt Lake City, Kolkata, India. It was designed by renowned Indian architect Charles Correa and aims to fuse traditional Indian marketplace qualities with modern amenities. The 50,400 square meter complex incorporates residential plots, offices, entertainment venues, shops, and public plazas arranged in a fine-grained mix. Correa's design rejects the isolated mall model and emphasizes connectivity to the surrounding urban context through open layout and semi-covered walkways.
The Aranya Housing Project in Indore, India provided serviced plots of land for residents to build homes, rather than constructing ready-built units. The project developed 6,500 residential plots ranging in size on 220 hectares for different income groups. It created a township layout with roads, open spaces, and distributed amenities to foster a sense of community. The masterplan and housing designs incorporated climate responsive features and mixed land uses to meet housing needs affordably while improving living standards.
Omaxe Heights is a residential apartment complex located in Lucknow, India developed by Omaxe Constructions Ltd. It consists of 11 buildings arranged in a circular planning layout, with 3BHK, 4BHK, and penthouse units. Amenities include tennis courts, swimming pools, a gym, and parking. The project occupies a 28,282 square meter site and was approved by the local development authority. It aims to provide modern housing for high- and middle-income residents in a secure setting with amenities like pools and courts. Some issues were reported with seepage, negative spaces from the circular design, and quality of certain materials.
The mixed-use Hästen 21 development in central Stockholm comprises retail, office space, and housing integrated into a complex respecting the city's history. Designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects, it features shops on lower floors and offices on upper floors with terraces, while apartments are located in a separate vertical volume with balconies. The building aims to revitalize the area with new passages and pockets of public space to enhance pedestrian experience.
This document provides an analysis of a site located in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh for potential development. It includes details on the site location and context, physical characteristics of the land such as topography and climate, existing infrastructure and transportation access, and surrounding land uses. The goal of the site analysis is to understand all relevant factors that could impact the design and incorporate them into a successful plan.
Mixed-use development is an approach to development that combines multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, office, entertainment, in a single building or set of buildings. The document provides examples of mixed-use developments from around the world that combine uses such as office, retail, residential, hotel, entertainment, cultural centers, and parks.
This document provides an overview of cluster development as an alternative to conventional subdivision development. It discusses how cluster development groups residential properties closer together to utilize the rest of the land for open space. The purposes of cluster development include creating more open space, encouraging integrated site design, and protecting environmentally sensitive areas. Benefits include more preserved land, better stormwater management, and making more ecological and economic sense compared to conventional subdivisions. The document defines various cluster development terminology and discusses planning guidelines and articles related to cluster development.
The Aranya Low-Cost Housing project in Indore, India provided serviced housing plots and infrastructure for 6,500 low-income families. The project was led by architect Balkrishna Doshi and included mixed income neighborhoods organized around a central spine. It featured a hierarchy of pedestrian-prioritized roads and distributed open spaces to improve accessibility. Climate-responsive design like north-south orientation and shared walls minimized solar heat gain. The "site and service" approach provided basic infrastructure like water, sewer, and electricity to allow residents to construct homes appropriate to their needs.
Housing case study(KAFCO housing,Aranya lowcost housing, TARA housing)Sumaiya Islam
The document discusses the Aranya housing project in Indore, India designed by architect Balkrishna Doshi. The project aimed to provide affordable housing for 6,500 low-income families on a 86 hectare site. Doshi's master plan created 6 sectors with distributed open spaces, mixed land uses, and pedestrian and vehicular segregation. The plan oriented buildings for optimal climate response. Housing units started as core structures that residents could incrementally expand based on need. The design focused on community interaction through shared spaces while allowing privacy.
Group housing accommodates groups rather than individual units, making it both public and private. It is a common form of mass housing worldwide. This document discusses different types of group housing like cluster housing and row housing. It provides details on various government schemes for group housing in India. It also outlines building bye-laws, standards, and the National Building Code provisions for elements like minimum plot size, maximum height, open spaces, parking etc. for group housing projects.
The document provides details on 4 proposed or constructed high-rise buildings - the Namasté Tower in Mumbai, India, the Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, the Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taipei, Taiwan, and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong. Key information included on each building is the location, architect, details on sustainable design elements and energy efficiency strategies, as well as conceptual descriptions and images.
Introduction
Types
Building Rules & Regulations
Orientation
External Circulation
External Elements
Grouping
Internal Circulation
Space Analysis
Building Services
This document provides information on the site analysis and proposed design of a housing project located in Lucknow, India. It includes details on the site location, surroundings, climatic analysis, proposed layout, building typologies, regulations, amenities and facilities. A total of 46 housing units are planned across 4 building blocks. The site satisfies most development controls except for smaller offsets and green space percentage. Necessary infrastructure like parking, utilities, landscaping and common facilities are incorporated in the design.
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An
,Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of maj or contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to cMUenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep the differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of SOCiology
In one respect, sociology has always been
done, since people have always questioned
the nature ofthe social world. But as a separ-
ate scientific discipline, sociology emerged in
the eighteenth century. Social upheavals
that occurred during this era brought such
profound transformations that most hitherto
taken-far-granted assumptions about society
and social relations were thrown into doubt.
A democratic revolution occurred in America
in 1776 as immigrants to the new world
fought for independence from the colonial
domination of Britain and then sought to
found a society based on new principles of
equality. In 1789 the old feudal structures of
European society were shaken by the French
Revolution. This revolution was especially
significant because it represented the delib-
erate overthrow of a traditional social order.
Landless peasants and industrial labourers
revolted against the rule of the landed
!
\
.1
j
!
,
I
1
Ahmed
Sticky Note
Paragraph 1
Ahmed
Highlight
aristocracy and the clergy. Many thousands
of people were guillotined before some
semblance of a new order was established.
These revolutions prompted a new view of
society, a secular view. Social order was no
longer seen as ordained by God and main-
tained by divine right of kings. It was struc-
tured by people and therefore could be
changed by people.
The Rise of Capitalism
The eighteenth century also saw the advent
of another form of revolution that was
destined to change irrevocably the old order
of things. This was the transformation from
feudalism to capitalism in agriculture.
These terms refer primarily to how produc-
tion was orgallized and to the relationship
between people and the land on which they
depended for their livelihood.
Under the feudal system, which pre-
dominated in Europe until aro ...
The document discusses similarities between Western hemisphere civilizations. It notes that the Anasazi and Woodland cultures both grew corn. The Incas and Aztecs both worshipped the sun god. Differences are also discussed, such as the Mayans and Aztecs performing regular human sacrifices while the Incas only did so in emergencies.
Affordable housing programming for architecture - thesis projectGhassanAlhammadi1
Thesis project and programming for architecture urban farming and affordable housing that responds to the context and the housing crisis. By making work-live- and marketing activities in one city to reduce the use of viechles and make it self-sufficient. The goals to solve the housing crisis and food security in yemen
Here are the key points about high rise buildings from the introduction:
- Tall buildings symbolize power, wealth, and human achievement in overcoming natural limitations through technology.
- Modern innovations like steel frame construction, elevators, and electricity made tall buildings practical structures.
- Advances in materials, construction technology, and building services have enabled the construction of increasingly slender and tall buildings.
- A key challenge is designing tall buildings to withstand environmental forces like wind, which can cause horizontal vibration and excessive motion affecting occupant comfort.
- Ensuring structural safety as well as comfort and serviceability for occupants are important design requirements for tall buildings.
Kohinoor Square is a 52-story mixed-use skyscraper in Mumbai consisting of a shopping mall, offices, hotel, and residences. It has a steel and concrete structure with an all-glass facade. The project utilizes sustainable features like insulated glazing, automatic lighting, and water conservation systems. A reinforced concrete core and outriggers provide lateral stability to resist wind loads on the tall building.
HYATT - factfile, ground floor plan, first floor plan, climatic study, physical and visual context, facade details, hardscape, watre features and artworks, services - parking, fire protection system, ACMV, electrification, plumbing , water supply drainage systems, codes and standards , architects interview, additional details and all the data for hotel desigining.
The term “Vernacular architecture” in general refers to the informal building of structures through traditional building methods without using the services of a professional architect. It is the most widespread form of building .
Vernacular architecture has been growing over time with continuities changes, transformations and adaptations to the different social and economic conditions of each period.
The Interlace is a large housing complex located in Singapore consisting of 31 apartment blocks arranged around 8 central courtyards. It was designed by Ole Scheeren to maximize green space by stacking apartments and incorporating extensive roof gardens and terraces. The complex contains over 1,000 residential units of varying sizes, underground parking for 2,600 cars, and various public amenities like clubhouses and retail space. The interlocking block design aims to create a more connected residential environment compared to isolated high-rise towers.
The document provides details about the City Centre shopping mall located in Salt Lake City, Kolkata, India. It was designed by renowned Indian architect Charles Correa and aims to fuse traditional Indian marketplace qualities with modern amenities. The 50,400 square meter complex incorporates residential plots, offices, entertainment venues, shops, and public plazas arranged in a fine-grained mix. Correa's design rejects the isolated mall model and emphasizes connectivity to the surrounding urban context through open layout and semi-covered walkways.
The Aranya Housing Project in Indore, India provided serviced plots of land for residents to build homes, rather than constructing ready-built units. The project developed 6,500 residential plots ranging in size on 220 hectares for different income groups. It created a township layout with roads, open spaces, and distributed amenities to foster a sense of community. The masterplan and housing designs incorporated climate responsive features and mixed land uses to meet housing needs affordably while improving living standards.
Omaxe Heights is a residential apartment complex located in Lucknow, India developed by Omaxe Constructions Ltd. It consists of 11 buildings arranged in a circular planning layout, with 3BHK, 4BHK, and penthouse units. Amenities include tennis courts, swimming pools, a gym, and parking. The project occupies a 28,282 square meter site and was approved by the local development authority. It aims to provide modern housing for high- and middle-income residents in a secure setting with amenities like pools and courts. Some issues were reported with seepage, negative spaces from the circular design, and quality of certain materials.
The mixed-use Hästen 21 development in central Stockholm comprises retail, office space, and housing integrated into a complex respecting the city's history. Designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects, it features shops on lower floors and offices on upper floors with terraces, while apartments are located in a separate vertical volume with balconies. The building aims to revitalize the area with new passages and pockets of public space to enhance pedestrian experience.
This document provides an analysis of a site located in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh for potential development. It includes details on the site location and context, physical characteristics of the land such as topography and climate, existing infrastructure and transportation access, and surrounding land uses. The goal of the site analysis is to understand all relevant factors that could impact the design and incorporate them into a successful plan.
Mixed-use development is an approach to development that combines multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, office, entertainment, in a single building or set of buildings. The document provides examples of mixed-use developments from around the world that combine uses such as office, retail, residential, hotel, entertainment, cultural centers, and parks.
This document provides an overview of cluster development as an alternative to conventional subdivision development. It discusses how cluster development groups residential properties closer together to utilize the rest of the land for open space. The purposes of cluster development include creating more open space, encouraging integrated site design, and protecting environmentally sensitive areas. Benefits include more preserved land, better stormwater management, and making more ecological and economic sense compared to conventional subdivisions. The document defines various cluster development terminology and discusses planning guidelines and articles related to cluster development.
The Aranya Low-Cost Housing project in Indore, India provided serviced housing plots and infrastructure for 6,500 low-income families. The project was led by architect Balkrishna Doshi and included mixed income neighborhoods organized around a central spine. It featured a hierarchy of pedestrian-prioritized roads and distributed open spaces to improve accessibility. Climate-responsive design like north-south orientation and shared walls minimized solar heat gain. The "site and service" approach provided basic infrastructure like water, sewer, and electricity to allow residents to construct homes appropriate to their needs.
Housing case study(KAFCO housing,Aranya lowcost housing, TARA housing)Sumaiya Islam
The document discusses the Aranya housing project in Indore, India designed by architect Balkrishna Doshi. The project aimed to provide affordable housing for 6,500 low-income families on a 86 hectare site. Doshi's master plan created 6 sectors with distributed open spaces, mixed land uses, and pedestrian and vehicular segregation. The plan oriented buildings for optimal climate response. Housing units started as core structures that residents could incrementally expand based on need. The design focused on community interaction through shared spaces while allowing privacy.
Group housing accommodates groups rather than individual units, making it both public and private. It is a common form of mass housing worldwide. This document discusses different types of group housing like cluster housing and row housing. It provides details on various government schemes for group housing in India. It also outlines building bye-laws, standards, and the National Building Code provisions for elements like minimum plot size, maximum height, open spaces, parking etc. for group housing projects.
The document provides details on 4 proposed or constructed high-rise buildings - the Namasté Tower in Mumbai, India, the Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, the Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taipei, Taiwan, and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong. Key information included on each building is the location, architect, details on sustainable design elements and energy efficiency strategies, as well as conceptual descriptions and images.
Introduction
Types
Building Rules & Regulations
Orientation
External Circulation
External Elements
Grouping
Internal Circulation
Space Analysis
Building Services
This document provides information on the site analysis and proposed design of a housing project located in Lucknow, India. It includes details on the site location, surroundings, climatic analysis, proposed layout, building typologies, regulations, amenities and facilities. A total of 46 housing units are planned across 4 building blocks. The site satisfies most development controls except for smaller offsets and green space percentage. Necessary infrastructure like parking, utilities, landscaping and common facilities are incorporated in the design.
(~J(:l r!-\ rn c~
~\6Z\Q
\.(\
_-.-c-« ~_.~ -_:_'.
;._,, __ c-._~-
·c 0 N- \i)«rs\~~
. .-nr~V eo\. ~,.-,
An
,Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of maj or contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to cMUenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep the differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of SOCiology
In one respect, sociology has always been
done, since people have always questioned
the nature ofthe social world. But as a separ-
ate scientific discipline, sociology emerged in
the eighteenth century. Social upheavals
that occurred during this era brought such
profound transformations that most hitherto
taken-far-granted assumptions about society
and social relations were thrown into doubt.
A democratic revolution occurred in America
in 1776 as immigrants to the new world
fought for independence from the colonial
domination of Britain and then sought to
found a society based on new principles of
equality. In 1789 the old feudal structures of
European society were shaken by the French
Revolution. This revolution was especially
significant because it represented the delib-
erate overthrow of a traditional social order.
Landless peasants and industrial labourers
revolted against the rule of the landed
!
\
.1
j
!
,
I
1
Ahmed
Sticky Note
Paragraph 1
Ahmed
Highlight
aristocracy and the clergy. Many thousands
of people were guillotined before some
semblance of a new order was established.
These revolutions prompted a new view of
society, a secular view. Social order was no
longer seen as ordained by God and main-
tained by divine right of kings. It was struc-
tured by people and therefore could be
changed by people.
The Rise of Capitalism
The eighteenth century also saw the advent
of another form of revolution that was
destined to change irrevocably the old order
of things. This was the transformation from
feudalism to capitalism in agriculture.
These terms refer primarily to how produc-
tion was orgallized and to the relationship
between people and the land on which they
depended for their livelihood.
Under the feudal system, which pre-
dominated in Europe until aro ...
The document discusses similarities between Western hemisphere civilizations. It notes that the Anasazi and Woodland cultures both grew corn. The Incas and Aztecs both worshipped the sun god. Differences are also discussed, such as the Mayans and Aztecs performing regular human sacrifices while the Incas only did so in emergencies.
This document discusses different types of societies throughout history based on their economic and technological development. It begins by discussing hunting and gathering societies, then horticultural and pastoral societies. Agricultural societies developed around 5000 years ago with the invention of plows and irrigation. Industrial societies emerged with the Industrial Revolution and are characterized by machines and advanced technology. Post-industrial societies have knowledge-based economies that focus on computers, satellites and microchips. The document also discusses nomadic, sedentary, traditional, modern, rural and urban societies within a Pakistani context. It defines their key characteristics and differences.
From Mary to Modern Woman The Material Basis of MarianisMargaritoWhitt221
This document summarizes an anthropological study examining how conceptions of gender and women's roles transformed in a Spanish village over 20 years. In the 1960s, the village's social structure was stratified based on inheritance, and women's chastity and modesty were highly valued. By the 1980s, massive emigration had disrupted the class system, and the new generation of married women embraced more modern, urban styles of dressing and socializing. The author argues this shift occurred when unequal access to jobs and wealth no longer seemed based on inheritance, changing how people negotiated social status and privilege through conceptions of gender.
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the late 1700s to the mid-1800s where major technological and manufacturing innovations, beginning in Britain, resulted in profound social, economic, and cultural changes. It marked a shift from small-scale, home-based production to machine-based, mass production in factories. While industrialization increased production and standards of living for some, it also led to difficult working conditions and living standards for many workers, especially children. The changes during this period transformed almost every aspect of daily life.
The document discusses early civilizations that developed around rivers in fertile valleys. It describes how hunter-gatherer societies in Mesopotamia transitioned to farming along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers by 3000 BCE, forming several city-states, notably Sumer. Egypt is also discussed, with the annual Nile River floods depositing fertile silt and enabling the development of a unified civilization under King Menes around 3100 BCE. Surplus grain from agriculture allowed societies to support non-farmers and fund public works projects like the Great Pyramids of Giza. Overall, the document outlines how early humans in river valleys progressed from hunter-gatherers to establishing some of the first major civilizations in Mes
Sociology - Unit 2: Society and Culture, Part I - ReviewChandra Martin
A society is defined as a group of people who share common territory, interaction, and culture. Throughout history, societies have evolved from hunting and gathering groups to agricultural societies and eventually industrial societies driven by new technologies like the steam engine. The most recent development has been postindustrial societies where the economy is based on services and technology rather than production. Societies also develop from close-knit gemeinschaft communities to larger gesellschaft societies with more impersonal relationships. Modern societies like the US are pluralistic, made of many cultural groups, though assimilation and multiculturalism address the balance between retaining or blending cultural traditions.
The social context in 18th century English LiteratureMerve Özdemir
The document discusses the social context in 18th century Britain. It saw stability after religious and political divisions were resolved. The rise of the middle class and industrialization transformed society. Agriculture and industry modernized while the population boomed, straining living conditions in cities and towns. The working class endured long hours and unhealthy environments. However, new ideas from the Enlightenment began to spread and groups like the Methodists addressed social problems. Overall, the period marked major economic and social changes in Britain.
This document discusses different types of societies through the perspectives of various sociologists. It begins by summarizing Marx's view that society is shaped by social conflicts arising from economic systems. It then discusses Weber's view that the power of ideas shape society and contrasts traditional and rational thought. It also briefly summarizes Durkheim's perspective on how traditional and modern societies cohere. The document goes on to define society and list its key characteristics. It then discusses Lenski's view on how technology has shaped human history. It provides descriptions of different types of societies from hunting/gathering to industrial to post-industrial. It also discusses characteristics of Pakistani societies such as nomadic, sedentary, traditional, modern, rural and
LIST OF THEMESTHEMES IN HISTORY1. Geographic Determinism on th.docxsmile790243
Here is a Visual Basic program that creates an invoice form for a dry cleaning order as described:
'Declare variables
Dim Comforters As Integer
Dim Shirts As Integer
Dim Pants As Integer
Dim SubTotal As Double
Dim Tax As Double
Dim Total As Double
Private Sub ProcessOrder_Click()
'Get values from text boxes
Comforters = Val(ComfortersTextBox.Text)
Shirts = Val(ShirtsTextBox.Text)
Pants = Val(PantsTextBox.Text)
'Calculate subtotal
SubTotal = Comforters * 40 + Shirts * 1.5 + Pants * 3
'Calculate tax
This document summarizes different types of preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial societies. It discusses hunter-gatherer, pastoral, horticultural, and agricultural societies as preindustrial societies dependent on the environment and early forms of farming. Industrial societies emerged with innovations like the steam engine that powered factories and mills. Postindustrial societies are now based on information and digital technology. Theoretical perspectives on society from Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are also overviewed, focusing on concepts like functionalism, conflict theory, and rationalization.
The Land Ethic by Aldo Leopold 1949 [ This essay .docxcherry686017
The Land Ethic
by Aldo Leopold
1949
[ This essay is excerpted from Aldo Leopold's book A Sand County Almanac. ]
When god-like Odysseus returned from the wars in Troy, he hanged all on one rope a
dozen slave-girls of his household whom he suspected of misbehavior during his
absence.
This hanging involved no question of propriety. The girls were property. The disposal of
property was then, as now, a matter of expediency, not of right and wrong.
Concepts of right and wrong were not lacking from Odysseus' Greece: witness the
fidelity of his wife through the long years before at last his black-prowed galleys clove
the wine-dark seas for home. The ethical structure of that day covered wives, but had
not yet been extended to human chattels. During the three thousand years which have
since elapsed, ethical criteria have been extended to many fields of conduct, with
corresponding shrinkages in those judged by expediency only.
THE ETHICAL SEQUENCE
This extension of ethics, so far studied only by philosophers, is actually a process in
ecological evolution. Its sequences may be described in ecological as well as well as in
philosophical terms. An ethic, ecologically, is a limitation on freedom of action in the
struggle for existence. An ethic, philosophically, is a differentiation of social from anti-
social conduct. These are two definitions of one thing. The thing has its origin in the
tendency of interdependent individuals or groups to evolve modes of co-operation. The
ecologist calls these symbioses. Politics and economics are advanced symbioses in
which the original free-for-all competition has been replaced, in part, by co-operative
mechanisms with an ethical content.
The complexity of co-operative mechanisms has increased with population density, and
with the efficiency of tools. It was simpler, for example, to define the anti-social uses of
sticks and stones in the days of the mastodons than of bullets and billboards in the age
of motors.
The first ethics dealt with the relation between individuals; the Mosaic Decalogue is an
example. Later accretions dealt with the relation between the individual and society. The
Golden Rule tries to integrate the individual to society; democracy to integrate social
organization to the individual.
There is as yet no ethic dealing with man's relation to land and to the animals and plants
which grow upon it. Land, like Odysseus' slave-girls, is still property. The land-relation is
still strictly economic, entailing privileges but not obligations.
The extension of ethics to this third element in human environment is, if I read the
evidence correctly, an evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity. It is the third
step in a sequence. The first two have already been taken. Individual thinkers since the
days of Ezekiel and Isaiah have asserted that the despoliation of land is not only
inexpedient but wrong. Society, however, has not yet affirmed their bel ...
2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docxdomenicacullison
2
Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction
This week we examine the history of youth social control and juvenile justice in the United States. This history is significant because it provides important lessons about our efforts to deal with problem children and it continues to inform the operation of juvenile justice.
Families and Children in Developing European Societies: Early Views of Childhood
From a historical perspective, the modern notions of childhood, adolescence, juvenile delinquency, and juvenile justice are recent developments. Throughout most of recorded history, childhood did not enjoy the special status we now accord it. The modern view that childhood and adolescence are special times during which the young need nurturing and guidance for their healthy development did not exist until the later part of the Middle Ages, and a more modern scientific understanding of children is still more recent and continues to develop.
Before, during, and well after the Middle Ages, the young were seen either as property
or as miniature adults who were usually expected to assume the same responsibilities as other adults by the time they were five or six years of age.1 Because people did not recognize childhood as a distinct period in human development throughout much of our history, they did not see a need to create a separate legal process to deal with youths who violated community norms or laws.
During the Middle Ages, a period that spanned the fifth to 15th centuries, life was difficult for most people. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire, which had dominated Western civilization for centuries, created many uncertainties for people in Western Europe. Although our knowledge of children’s lives during this time is limited, there are some indications that the young often fared poorly. For example, there is evidence that infanticide (i.e., the practice of killing children), which had been common during antiquity, continued to be practiced during the Middle Ages and after.2 Historical evidence from this period indicates that mothers sometimes deliberately suffocated
their offspring or abandoned them in the streets or latrines. According to one priest in 1527, “The latrines resounded with the cries of children who have been plunged into them.”3 Infants who were born deformed or were felt to be too burdensome were particularly vulnerable. In other instances, destitute parents abandoned their unwanted children or took them to monasteries to be raised by monks.4 These were solutions chosen by people who could not or chose not to care for their young.
The average life expectancy in the Middle-Ages was considerably shorter than today, and the young were particularly at risk from various threats, including plagues and famine. Moreover, common child-rearing practices led to the premature death of many children. Swaddl.
This document provides an overview of the origins and key developments of early civilization in the Middle East around 4000 BC. It notes that while agriculture had taken hold earlier, more time was needed for populations to grow sufficiently to support specialization and surplus production. By 4000 BC, widespread agriculture across the region along with new inventions and social organizations came together to provide the necessary conditions for civilization to emerge, centered initially in localized areas but pulling an expanding region into their economic orbit. Key factors that enabled this transition included improved agricultural productivity and the formation of regional population centers.
Neolithic Revolution Or Agricultural RevolutionJanet Robinson
The document provides information about the ancient city of Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois near St. Louis, Missouri. It was the largest Mississippian settlement in North America, with over 120 earthen mounds constructed for ceremonial, residential, and elite purposes. The largest mound, Monk's Mound, was used for rituals and potentially housed elite leaders. It demonstrated the power and large population of Cahokia. However, little is definitively known about the culture and political structure of the people who inhabited Cahokia.
Experiences of life in early modern europeMr. Finnie
Between 1500-1650, Europe experienced significant transformations. Large-scale land reclamation increased agricultural production but depleted natural resources. Rising populations led to inflated food prices and wages, disrupting societies. Peasants lived in poor conditions and revolted against imposed changes, though they were brutally suppressed. A new social class of gentry emerged between the nobility and commoners. Overall, this period was defined by extensive social, economic and demographic changes in European societies.
The Land Ethic By Aldo Leopold, from A Sand County Almanac.docxcherry686017
The Land Ethic
By Aldo Leopold, from A Sand County Almanac, 1948
When god-like Odysseus returned from the wars in Troy, he hanged all
on one rope a dozen slave-girls of his household, whom he suspected of
misbehavior during his absence.
This hanging involved no question of propriety. The girls were property.
The disposal of property was then, as now, a matter of expediency, not of right
and wrong.
Concepts of right and wrong were not lacking from Odysseus’ Greece:
witness the fidelity of his wife through the long years before at last his black-
prowed galleys clove the wine-dark seas for home. The ethical structure of that
day covered wives, but had not yet been extended to human chattels. During the
three thousand years which have since elapsed, ethical criteria have been
extended to many fields of conduct, with corresponding shrinkages in those
judged by expediency only.
The Ethical Sequence
This extension of ethics, so far studied only by philosophers, is actually
a process in ecological evolution. Its sequence may be described in ecological as
well as in philosophic terms. An ethic, ecologically, is a limitation on freedom of
action in the struggle for existence. An ethic, philosophically, is a differentiation
of social from anti-social conduct. These are two definitions of one thing. The
thing has its origin in the tendency of interdependent individuals or groups to
evolve modes of co-operation. The ecologist calls these symbioses. Politics and
economics are advanced symbioses in which the original free-for-all competition
has been replaced, in part, by co-operative mechanisms with an ethical content.
The complexity of co-operative mechanisms has increased with
population density, and with the efficiency of tools. It was simpler, for example,
to define the anti-social uses of sticks and stones in the days of the mastodons
than of bullet and billboards in the age of motors.
The first ethics dealt with the relation between individuals; the Mosaic
Decalogue is an example. Later accretions dealt with the relation between the
individual and society. The Golden Rule tries to integrate the individual to
society; democracy to integrate social organization to the individual.
There is as yet no ethic dealing with man’s relation to land and to the
animals and plants which grow upon it. Land, like Odysseus’ slave-girls, is still
property. The land relation is still strictly economic, entailing privileges but no
obligations.
The extension of ethics to this third element in the human environment
is, if I read the evidence correctly, an evolutionary possibility and an ecological
necessity. It is the third step in a sequence. The first two have already been taken.
Individual thinkers since the days of Ezekiel and Isaiah have asserted that the
despoliation of land is not only inexpedient but wrong. Society, however, has not
yet affirmed their belief. I regard the p ...
The Teacher´s Guide_Introduction_Worldview_DimensionGaia Education
The Teacher´s Guide-Design for Sustainability is a practical manual for sustainability teachers, ecovillage and community design educators and facilitators who are conducting courses on the broad sustainability agenda.
In this 333 page-manual you will find a comprehensive guide packed with innovative materials, methodological approaches and tools that have been developed and tested by sustainable communities and transition settings worldwide.
It covers all aspects of the transition of sustainable human settlements arranged into four distinct areas: the Social, Ecological, Worldview and Economic dimensions of sustainability. Some of the key topics covered in this guide include: creating community & embracing diversity, decisions that everyone can support, circular leadership from power over to power with, shifting the global economy, plugging the leaks of your local economy, local currencies, appropriate use of natural resources, urban agriculture and food resilience, transformation of consciousness.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
1. A look into history and an exploration into the
future of living – with a focus on co-living,
looking for speci
fi
c examples for women
(learnings that it is a world mostly designed by
men for men).
WHAT CAN WE LEARN
FROM THE HISTORY
OF COLIVING?
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2. INFLUENTIAL MINDS
THAT SHAPED
COLIVING
PLATO described an utopian state in
Republic, where nuclear family is
abolished. Men, women, and children
live communally and that children are
removed from their mothers soon after
birth to be raised collectively. The City
replaces parents and their
contemporaries become their brothers
and sisters. The purpose is to eliminate
competition and create a single extended
family—the City itself.
THOMAS MOORE in his book Utopia
imagines a complex, self-contained
community set on an island, in which
people share a common culture, with
common dining-rooms and various
shared leisure facilities.
ROBERT OWEN imagined an ideal
society known as Parallelogram,
combining the best of the agricultural and
the industrial society. Each community
limited to 2,000 inhabitants who would
collectively own the means of production.
Men and
women would have equal rights. The
society would have generous dining
halls, schools, libraries, while the
individual dwellings would be modest.
CHARLES FOURIER wrote about
Falanstere, an ideal society that looked
like the royal Palace of Versailles, where
workers live in ”social palaces” with
collective kitchen and dining hall,
schools, theatre, fencing arena, and
beautiful gardens. Everything would be
owned by the workers, with the means of
improving their own lot by owning the
means of
production.
1506
380 BCE 1820s 1840s
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3. A LOOK INTO THE
HISTORY OF THE
WAY WE’VE LIVED
If industrialisation rendered extended
communities less necessary, the internet
era makes it necessary again.
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4. INFLUENTIAL MINDS
THAT SHAPED
COLIVING
PLATO described an utopian state in
Republic, where nuclear family is
abolished. Men, women, and children
live communally and that children are
removed from their mothers soon after
birth to be raised collectively. The City
replaces parents and their
contemporaries become their brothers
and sisters. The purpose is to eliminate
competition and create a single extended
family—the City itself.
THOMAS MOORE in his book Utopia
imagines a complex, self-contained
community set on an island, in which
people share a common culture, with
common dining-rooms and various
shared leisure facilities.
ROBERT OWEN imagined an ideal
society known as Parallelogram,
combining the best of the agricultural and
the industrial society. Each community
limited to 2,000 inhabitants who would
collectively own the means of production.
Men and
women would have equal rights. The
society would have generous dining
halls, schools, libraries, while the
individual dwellings would be modest.
CHARLES FOURIER wrote about
Falanstere, an ideal society that looked
like the royal Palace of Versailles, where
workers live in ”social palaces” with
collective kitchen and dining hall,
schools, theatre, fencing arena, and
beautiful gardens. Everything would be
owned by the workers, with the means of
improving their own lot by owning the
means of
production.
1506
380 BCE 1820s 1840s
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5. A BRIEF HISTORY
AND CURRENTS
OF COLIVING
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6. Further
Contemporary coliving communities, driven by the sharing economy, are a
manifestation of a renewed cultural movement towards resource-sharing.
Communities of people have shared the use of assets for thousands of
years, but the advent of the Internet has made it easier for asset owners
and those seeking to use those assets to
fi
nd each other. This sort of
dynamic can also be referred to as the shareconomy, collaborative
consumption, collaborative economy, or peer economy. (Think Uber, Uber
Pool, Airbnb, Zip car, etc)
Criticism of the sharing economy often involves regulatory uncertainty,
lack of government oversight, and bias in algorithms (gender, race).
Thesis
Today’s modern coliving movement is the latest iteration of a
recurring human trend. The act of communally sharing space and
resources while bene
fi
ting from a supportive community is
something we’ve seen time and time again throughout history.
Yet each time a coliving or cohousing community arises, it’s often for
a completely di
ff
erent reason than the last. This is because societal,
economic, spiritual and technological shifts signi
fi
cantly impact our
lifestyle choices and force us to constantly rede
fi
ne our idea of
“home”.
COLIVING AND THE
SHARING ECONOMY
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7. Further
Communal living can be traced back to the earliest days of human
cohabitation, historians Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that hunter-
gatherer societies were traditionally based on egalitarian social relations
and common ownership.
And while there was little architecture to speak of, communal living - the
act of the tribe sharing resources equally - is something that predates
even the written word.
Thesis
Long ago, humans were hunter-gatherers that lived in large, mobile
camps together. These nomadic people relied on one another for
everything from food to protection to child care assistance. The
agricultural revolution around 10,000 BC made it possible for
humans to stay in one place and build long-term settlements. So
why did us humans choose to live in communities?
Psychology says that part of human nature’s default mode is to be
social. One theory: people have an innate (and very powerful) need
to belong. Research dating back to the 1970s suggests people with
weaker social networks actually die younger (due to any cause) than
people who have more extensive social networks.
COLIVING A
CULTURAL STUDY
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8. Further
In 1750, before the Industrial Revolution in Britain, only about 15% of the
population lived in towns or cities. By 1900, it was 85%. This meant that
thousands upon thousands of people suddenly needed food and shelter
in cities, which led to an outbreak of poverty.
Ghettos were constructed for poor people who couldn’t a
ff
ord to pay for
their own housing, but the conditions were often deplorable. Meanwhile,
the wealthy built private homes for themselves. This was a massive shift in
how society de
fi
ned what was socially appropriate in terms of housing.
Thesis
Historian John Gillis claims that medieval homes consisted of a mix
of friends and extended family, and that single-family households
were uncommon in most of the world. It wasn’t until the 12th century
that households became organised around monogamous couples
and their children in Western Europe. However, they were far from
the nuclear family, with various townspeople, poor married couples,
other children, orphans, widows, elderly people, and tenants often
living alongside them in communal housing.
It wasn’t until the 1800s that divisions were drawn between who
would live with whom, and towards the end of the 19th century the
so-called “godly family” started to take shape, that of single families
living in individual homes. Industrialization made extended
communities less necessary and communal living was mostly lost.
COLIVING FROM THE MIDDLE AGE
TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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9. Further
There have been numerous attempts for co-living and a new society over
the course of history, especially Sweden experimented with many di
ff
erent
models from the early 1900. In the late 1960s a new attitude could be
seen, re
fl
ecting radical developments in the rest of society.
In the late 1970s the group BIG, Bo I Gemenskap, presented a “Working
together model”, which inspired a number of new cohousing projects.
With the advent of the Internet, the
fl
exibility to work wherever you had a
computer and a connection was intriguing. There was no longer a need to
go sit in an o
ffi
ce all day. Original hacker homes, which began popping up
in and around San Francisco in the 2000s, housed teams of computer
engineers living and working together to build tech startups. Being in
close quarters all the time bred business productivity and creativity in a
whole new way.
Thesis
It gradually became the norm to live with family or people in the same
class. Because we no longer needed to rely on communal living to
prosper, we placed a higher value on privacy and individual success
over group needs. The industrial revolution completely trans
fi
gured
the idea of women and men working in similar roles on an agricultural
commune. With women in lower class, child bearing and raising, full
day labour, running the household - su
ff
ering deeply.
Today people are placing a value on
fi
guring out who they are and
what they want in life as opposed to having to instinctively accept
the expectations and situations of the previous generation.
COLIVING AND
FAMILYY
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10. Further
Coliving spaces are seen not as permanent cohousing communities, but
rather as temporary (avg. 6 months to 2 years) dwellings for people to
enhance their life skills while motivating and being motivated by a network
of inspiring people. Coliving spaces for startups, artists, freelancers,
remote workers, entrepreneurs, young professionals and students are just
some of the examples of niche coliving trends that exist today.
These subsets of coliving spaces allow for more structured networking
opportunities between people that share professional and personal
interests.
As the sharing economy continues to grow, coliving communities with
intention are on track to skyrocket to new heights in the next few
decades. The coliving movement is on
fi
re and showing no signs of
slowing down with many coliving companies having their eye on global
expansion.
Thesis
Contemporary coliving takes the form of businesses o
ff
ering
community hosted living spaces to people who are determined to
learn and grow from each other. Residents live, work, socialize,
network, eat, play and create together in units that have both private
and shared rooms, communal spaces, and sometimes even
coworking spaces.
Coliving operators often have several locations within the same city
and many have spaces scattered around the world. Many also o
ff
er
unique business networking opportunities that are designed to give
members exclusive access to founders and investors that they can
potentially learn from and partner with.
The modern coliving movement is the
fi
rst time we’ve seen
cohousing operate with the underlying impetus to give people a
convenient and
fl
exible space to learn, share and grow to better their
future.
COLIVING CURRENT AND
MOVING FORWARD
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12. UTOPIA
An ideal by English lawyer Thomas More, 1516.
Economy
On the economic side there is a
marketplace where no money is
exchanged. There is no private property,
nothing is private. No locks are permitted
on homes, all things are shared.
Story
Besides agriculture, everyone has at
least one occupational specialty. It is
customary to follow the trade of your
father, however you may be adopted
into a house of a di
ff
erent trade.
Design Principles
Utopia is an island of
fi
fty-four cities, with the chief city in
the center. All cities are twenty-four miles apart. The
layout of all the cities as well as language, customs, and
laws are all the same. The countryside is covered with
well-managed farm land, with all citizens spending at
least two years on a farm.
System
A six hour work day assures there is enough work for
everyone. Leisure is highly valued with time devoted to
education and recreation.
Inhabitants of foreign cities who are condemned to death
are permitted to live in utopia as a slave. Poor persons
from other countries may volutarily serve as slaves.
Utopia is a work of
fi
ction and socio-political satire by
Thomas More, written in Latin and published in 1516. The
book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a
fi
ctional island
society and its religious, social, and political customs.
Written as an act of the Humanist movement, More's Utopia
is the story of an imaginary island society. Utopia means
nowhere in Greek.
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13. FALANSTERE
Designed by Charles Fourier, France, between 1808 and his death in 1837.
Economy
Despite its aporias, Fourier's thought
established a new tradition of
relationships between architecture and
utopia more fully than Robert Owen's for
example.
It was predicated on the belief that
individual behaviour was modi
fi
able
through strong, organic links between
architecture and user, a concept revived
in most twentieth‐century avant‐garde
movements.
Story
An idea by Charles Fourier, a type of building (very much
looking like the royal Palace of Versailles, the most famous
piece of architecture at that time), designed for a self-
contained utopian community, ideally consisting of 500–
2000 people working together for mutual bene
fi
t, and
developed in the early 19th century.
In France Fourier’s followers were forbidden to realise his
ideas.
Design Principles
Charles Fourier, following Claude Nicolas Ledoux, put
architecture at the heart of his social project. The
building, or ‘phalanstère’, which he devised for his
community, had speci
fi
ed spaces, the most signi
fi
cant
being the ‘rue‐galerie’.
System
For Fourier the phalanstères were communities set up
in direct opposition to both the industrial revolution
and its attendant bourgeois society. He realised that
industrial society may generate wealth but its working
conditions were alienating and unjust; he advocated
instead a radical vision where people would only do
the work they enjoyed.
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14. FAMILISTÈRE
A project by the wealthy iron stove manufacturer Jean André Baptiste Godin in France
Economy
Soon individual family kitchens were built
because women were not allowed to
work in the factory and said to have
nothing to do and the Familistere
gradually lost its collective character.
However, the factory continued to
operate successfully even after Godin’s
death and the whole complex is to-day
part of the national building heritage.
Story
The iron stove manufacturer Jean André Baptiste Godin, as
a leading industrialist and member of the Senate,
fi
nally was
granted permission to build what he called the Familistere,
where everyone would live as in a huge family; in northern
France 1858.
From 1856 to 1859 Godin started the Familistère (Social
Palace) in Guise on more carefully developed plans.
His intention was to improve housing for workers, but also
"production, trade, supply, education, and recreation", all
the facets of life of a modern worker. He developed the
Familistère as a self-contained community within the town,
where he could encourage "social sympathy".
Design Principles
The full site with the foundry was about eighteen acres,
on either side of the River Oise. In addition to a large
factory for cast-iron manufacture, three large buildings,
each four stories high, were constructed to house all the
workers and their families, with each family having
apartments of two or three rooms. The main building
consisted of three rectangular blocks joined at the
corners.
Each of these blocks had a large central court covered
with a glass roof under which children could play in all
weather. Galleries around the courtyard provided access
to the apartments on each
fl
oor. There were also garden
allotments for the workers.
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15. PARALLELOGRAM
A system design by Robert Owen Scottish industrialist that became a reality in 1825
Real World Aspirations
Owen, his twenty-two-year-old son,
William, and his Scottish friend Donald
McDonald sailed to the United States in
1824 to purchase a site to implement
Owen's vision for "a New Moral World" of
happiness, enlightenment, and prosperity
through education, science, technology,
and communal living.
Owen believed his utopian community
would create a "superior social,
intellectual and physical environment"
based on his ideals of social reform.
Story
Robert Owen was a social reformer and wealthy industrialist
who made his fortune from textile mills in New Lanark,
Scotland. He had an ideal that would combine the best of
the agricultural and the industrial society. Each community
would be limited to 2000 inhabitants, who would collectively
own the means of production.
Men and women would have equal rights.
Each village would consist of about 1,200 persons living on
1,000 to 1,500 acres; all would live in one large structure
built in the form of a square, with public kitchen and
messrooms - hence the nickname "Owen's parallelograms".
New Harmony - The Town
Owen bought the town Harmony, in 1825, in order to
prove his theories were viable and to correct the troubles
that were a
ff
ecting his mill-town community New Lanark.
He renamed the town New Harmony, and invited "any
and all" to join him there.
System
It became known as a center for advances in education
and scienti
fi
c research. Town residents established the
fi
rst free library, a civic drama club, and a public school
system open to men and women. but it disintegrated
after a few years.
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16. MARIEBERG COHOUSING UNIT
By Olle Engkvist, who spearheaded development of collective housing in Sweden from the 1940s.
Economy
The Engkvist philosophy included
uniformed sta
ff
, which secured order in
the house, besides serving the tenants.
Some of the employees lived in the unit
themselves.
The Marieberg unit was designed by
architect Sven Ivar Lind, who, despite the
corridor solution, created much
appreciated communal and private living
spaces. Besides a pre-school nursery
there was an afternoon kindergarten for
school-children. There is ample evidence
that the children’s environment was both
stimulating and secure.
Story
The Marieberg cohousing unit was built in 1944 by
contractor Olle Engkvist, who spearheaded development of
collective housing in Sweden from the 1940s.
He introduced a system of 24 meal tickets per adult each
month, to be paid as part of the rent. This would keep meal
prices low and secure that only people interested in
collective services would move in. Tenants could either take
their meals in the dining hall or carry the food in a basket to
their
fl
at.
Change
When larger families left the building, more and more
single mothers moved in, thus maintaining the unit as "a
paradise for children". This process also meant that the
upper class character of collective housing was
weakened.
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17. THE HÄSSELBY FAMILY HOTEL
Olle Engkvist’s last and biggest cohousing project in Sweden, 1950s.
Design Principles
There were 328 apartments, a restaurant kitchen, a large dining hall on
several levels, a smaller dining room, a room for parties, a club-room with
its own cafeteria, a sta
ff
ed reception, a shop that was open in the evenings
(which was rare in the 1950s), a kindergarten, a laundry, a sauna, a prayer-
room and a gymnastic hall shared with the adjacent school. The dining hall
was run like a restaurant, with a manager who decided the menu. The sta
ff
wore uniforms and the guests dressed smartly. If they paid a little extra,
they could have a specially-laid table with special dishes for guests. In
other words, the family hotel was for privileged families.
The Hässelby family hotel was not designed so that those who lived there
should cook meals or do anything else together. As the name “family
hotel” implies, the objective was to support families where the mother
was working outside the home.
Story
The Hässelby family hotel was not designed so that those
who lived there should cook meals or do anything else
together. As the name “family hotel” implies, the
objective was to support families where the mother was
working outside the home.
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18. DEGANIA ALEF - A KIBBUTZ
Israel, 1910.
Economy
Kibbutzim in the early days tried to be self-su
ffi
cient in all agricultural goods,
from eggs to dairy to fruits to meats, but realized this was not possible.
Land was generally provided by the Jewish National Fund. Later, they
became dependent on government subsidies.
Even before the establishment of the State of Israel, kibbutzim began to
branch out from agriculture into manufacturing. Kibbutz Degania
Alef opened a factory for diamond cutting tools that came to have a gross
turnover of several US million dollars a year. Kibbutz Hatzerim has a factory
for drip irrigation equipment. Neta
fi
m is a multinational corporation that
grosses over $300 million a year.
Today, some Kibbutzim operate major industrial ventures. For example, in
2010, Kibbutz Sasa, containing some 200 members, generated $850
million in annual revenue from its military-plastics industry. Kibbutz Ketura is
leading Israel's development of solar technology, becoming a popular eco
tourism attraction.
Story
Degania Alef is a kibbutz in northern Israel. The Jewish
communal settlement started o
ff
in 1910, making it the
earliest socialist Zionist farming commune in the Land of
Israel. Its status as "the mother of all kibbutzim" is
sometimes contested based on a later distinction made
between the smaller kvutza, applying to Degania in its
beginnings, and the larger kibbutz.
A Kibbutz is a collective community in Israel that was
traditionally based on agriculture.
Deanna was the
fi
rst Kibbutz established in 1909.
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19. SIHEYUAN
By Olle Engkvist, who spearheaded development of collective housing in Sweden from the 1940s.
Economy
Siheyuan has a history of over 2,000
years.
They exhibit outstanding and
fundamental characteristics of Chinese
architecture. They exist all across China
and are the template for most Chinese
architectural styles. Siheyuan also
serves as a cultural symbol of Be
ij
ing
and a window into its old ways of life.
Story
A siheyuan is a historical type of residence that was
commonly found throughout China, most famously
in Be
ij
ing and rural Shanxi. Throughout Chinese history, the
siheyuan composition was the basic pattern used for
residences, palaces, temples, monasteries, family
businesses, and government o
ffi
ces. In ancient times, a
spacious siheyuan would be occupied by a single, usually
large and extended family, signifying wealth and prosperity.
Today, remaining siheyuan are often still used as subdivided
housing complexes, although many lack modern amenities.
Design Principles
The four buildings of a siheyuan are normally
positioned along the north–south and east–west axis.
The building positioned to the north and facing the
south is considered the main house.
The buildings adjoining the main house and facing
east and west are called side houses. The northern,
eastern and western buildings are connected by
beautifully decorated pathways. These passages
serve as shelters from the sunshine during the day,
and provide a cool place to appreciate the view of the
courtyard at night.
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20. CHICAGO’S “ELEANOR CLUBS”
Philantropist Ina Robertson established a series of boardinghouses for young working women in Chicago in 1898.
Economy
The 28 women who lived at the
fi
rst
Eleanor Club paid $2.50 a week for their
room, cleaning service and two home-
cooked meals per day. (In 2001,
residents paid just $21 per day for the
same services.)
The bedrooms were small and sparsely
furnished, but each club had elegant
common areas for the residents to
socialize and dine together. Later, the
homes added TV rooms for residents to
gather in.
Story
These boarding houses called Eleanor Clubs, reached the
height of their popularity in the 1910s and 1920s, when six
residential clubs housed a total of 600 young women.
By having residents pay a fair price for their room and
board, the Eleanor Clubs were intended to be self-
supporting. In accordance with these principles, the clubs
began on a small and a
ff
ordable scale. The
fi
rst clubs were
in rented premises that had originally been built as a large
single-family homes or small scale hotels and apartment
buildings.
Design Principles
Unlike other women’s residences, the Eleanor Clubs did
not have curfews, but they did prohibit men from visiting
areas other than the lobby.
Over the years, the organization added more women’s
residences across the city. In 1909, the Eleanor Clubs
also opened a rustic campsite at Lake Geneva for
members to enjoy camping,
fi
shing and boating
unchaperoned – something that social mores of the time
made impossible otherwise.
The last residence, the Eleanor Club Parkway, was built
in 1956 at Dearborn Street and North Avenue. By then,
the six Eleanor Clubs provided room and board for up to
600 women.
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21. DEGANIA ALEF - A KIBBUTZ
Israel, 1910.
Economic Change
But as women gained power in society and in the workplace and it
became easier for them to strike out on their own, the demand for gender-
segregated housing declined. The Lake Geneva camp closed in 1953, and
beginning in the 1970s, the Eleanor Club and other women’s residences
gradually closed their doors.
The Eleanor Club Parkway was one of the last holdouts,
fi
nally ending its
residential program in 2002. The property was purchased by the Latin
School of Chicago and the building was demolished. Around that time, the
Eleanor Club reorganized into the Eleanor Foundation and focused on a
new mission of building a network of social services for working women.
Ten years later, the organization became part of the Chicago Foundation for
Women.
Innovative Membership Scheme
The Eleanor Clubs were run as a nonpro
fi
t enterprise, but
unlike organizations with similar missions such as the YWCA
and the Three Arts Club, did so without any charitable or
religious elements in their operation. Each house had a
resident director who would interview prospective residents.
Once approved, women could become members of the
Eleanor Club and stay for just a couple of nights at a time or
as long as two years.
Purcell fondly remembers her time at the Eleanor Club
Parkway, where she met women from all walks of life –
artists, lawyers, divorcees, widows, trust-fund babies – from
across the country and even the world.
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22. The modern coliving movement is the
fi
rst time we’ve seen cohousing
operate with the underlying impetus to give people a convenient and
fl
exible space to learn, share and grow to better their future.
Coliving spaces are seen not as permanent cohousing communities, but
rather as temporary (avg. 6 months to 2 years) dwellings for people to
enhance their life skills while motivating and being motivated by a network
of inspiring people.
Coliving spaces for startups, artists, freelancers, remote workers,
entrepreneurs, young professionals and students are just some of the
examples of niche coliving trends that exist today. These subsets of
coliving spaces allow for more structured networking opportunities
between people that share professional and personal interests.
As the sharing economy continues to grow, coliving communities with
intention are on track to skyrocket to new heights in the next few decades.
The coliving movement is on
fi
re and showing no signs of slowing down
with many coliving companies having their eye on global expansion.
Our generation of creatives is moving so much, we do not have the
resources to build a new “home” and would like to step right into a
community. It takes at least 3 years to get to know a city you live in and if
it is a city of the scale and pace of London, then after 6-10 years you do
start to get to know where to
fi
nd what and when.
New ideas need exchange – and a big city, wrote Johnson, is the ideal
platform for serendipitous collisions. The very density that becomes
troubling during a pandemic also holds the key to solutions going
forward. And as the months of lockdown have shown, we can’t deal with
isolation. We crave connection to others.
GOING
FORWARD
LEARNINGS
CAN
POTENTIALLY
BE APPLIED
THROUGH
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23. Long ago, humans were hunter-gatherers that lived in large, mobile
camps together. These nomadic people relied on one another for
everything from food to protection to child care assistance.
Psychology says that part of human nature’s default mode is to be
social. One theory: people have an innate (and very powerful) need
to belong.
On average having stronger social ties increased likelihood of an
individual’s overall survival by as much as 50 percent
The act of the tribe sharing resources equally - is something that
predates even the written word.
It wasn’t until the 12th century that households became organised
around monogamous couples and their children
Before the mid 1800 this was mainly an endeavour of rich
industrialists and philanthropists
KEY TAKE AWAYS
1800s that divisions were drawn between who would live with whom,
and towards the end of the 19th century the so-called “godly family”
started to take shape, that of single families living in individual homes.
In 1750, before the Industrial Revolution in Britain, only about 15% of
the population lived in towns or cities. By 1900, it was 85%. This meant
that thousands upon thousands of people suddenly needed food and
shelter in cities, which led to an outbreak of poverty.
Models of co-living have been explored through philosophical means
by the upper class since Plato.
Various models have been tested but never endured time - this was
often when colliding was a community outside of society.
Central dining and kitchen areas prevailed.
The modern coliving movement is the
fi
rst time we’ve seen cohousing
operate with the underlying impetus to give people a convenient and
fl
exible space to learn, share and grow to better their future.
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24. REFERENCES & SOURCES
Cultural studies:
• Sharing Economy explained
• Circular Economy explained
• Why we need other people
• Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review
• History of Communal Architecture
• The Industrial Revolution in context
Housing developments
• Treehouse Seoul - urban coliving complex
• Jystrup Savværket - bofællesskab in Denmark
• WindSong Cohousing - in Canada
• Eleanor Clubs - for women in the US 1920s
History of co-living:
• History of Co Housing
• Example New Harmony US
• Example Phalanstere
• Example Familistere
• http://kollektivhus.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/
Livingtogetherwebb-1.pdf
• http://habiter-autrement.org/33_collectifs/contributions-33/
Collective-Housing-in-Sweden-Dick-Urban-Vestbro.pdf
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