Machine to Machine (M2M) Communication is an integral part of IoT. While it's being widely discussed today, this subject has over a half a century history of evolution. This session is about the how M2M communication evolved, method & techniques, applications and the opportunities made possible.

1. Evolution of
M2M Communication
A brief history of machine to machine communication, how it evolved,
consumerization and the way it can help industry
Indaka Raigama, CEO & Co-Founder - iTelaSoft

2. AGENDA
What is M2M Communication?
Early applications & history
M2M and IoT
What is the relationship, and the bigger picture?
Recent Developments
Trends, advancements and opportunities
Q&A
Easy ones please…

3. What is
Machine to Machine
Communication?

4. HUMAN to MACHINE

5. MACHINE to MACHINE

6. more MACHINES
to many MACHINES

7. M2M
COMMUNICATION
SENSORS & ACTUATORS
The machines in the network
that talk to each other
One of the most important
building blocks of Internet of Things
M2M – Term first used by Nokia in 1990s
Ever changing definition even now…
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
Wired or wirelessly
connected or networked
AUTONOUMOUS
Exchange information and
take action without human
intervation

8. ANATOMY OF M2M
Machine
Processing
Memory
Sensor
Machine
Processing
Memory
Actuator
Communication Channel
Transport Protocol
write (set)read (get)
Node NodeCable, Radio Frequency, Light

9. Machine
Processing
Memory
Sensor
Machine
Processing
Memory
Actuator
Machine
Processing
Sensor
Machine
Processing
Memory
Communication Channel
Transport
Protocols
M2M NETWORK

10. Machine
Sensor
Machine
Sensor
Machine
Sensor
Machine
Sensor
Gateway
Machine
Sensor
Machine
Sensor
Machine
Sensor
Machine
Sensor
Gateway
Application Application
Short Range
Network
Long Range
Network
Message Hub
Intelligence &
Machine to Human
Interface

11. A Brief History of Time …

12. Early Use
TELEMETRY
Data Gathering
One way
Governments
Acedemia
Larger Enterprises

13. CALLER IDENTIFICATION DEVICE
By Theodore Paraskevakos in
1971, first conceptualizing M2M
with telephony and computing.
In 1977 Paraskevakos founded
Metretek
Exchange
06234876

14. Telemetry
Alarming
Dispatch
Safety Monitoring
Utility Metering
Machine Inspection
Industrial Automation
Maintenance
Scheduling
Low Enforcement
Assistance
Fire Management
Gas, Water Automation
EXPANDED APPLICATIONS

15. STANDARDS & WIDESPREAD USE
SCADA Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition

16. PSTN DEPLOYMENT
Wider and realiable Telephony
Infrastructure
CELLULAR TECH
Widespeard availability of
Mobile Infrastructure
RF AS A COMMODITY
Cost effective and high
bandwith RF tech
70s 90s 2000s
Point to point
proprietary links
(cable/RF)
Affordable shared
network and much
widespread access
Expanded coverage,
mobility, large number
of devices sharing the
network
Low cost modems,
Licensed and free
spectrum, Short and
Long Range, Low
Power

17. Radio Access
Low Power
Compute
Digital / Analog IO
Location aware
Affordable
MODERN IoT
NODE
Miniaturized, self contained, (sometimes) self powered,
low cost, fast to prototype, fast to provision devices.
Memory

18. PRODUCTION AUTOMATION
SCADA | DSL | BPL

19. AGRICULTURE
LoRa | Cellular | DSL

20. MONITORING & SURVEILLANCE
DSL | Cellular | LoRa

21. AUTOMOTIVE CONTROL
CAN Bus | GSM

22. BUILDING AUTOMATION
Wi-Fi | BLE | Edge Computing

23. EVENTS & ENTERNAINMENT
DMX | MIDI

24. LIFESTYLE
Wi-Fi | BLE

25. M2M & IoT
THE BIGGER PICTURE

26. IoT and
M2M
IoT Message HubIoT Applications
Big Things
Large, Not Constrained
Small Things
Small, Constrained
Non-IP Things
Small, Constrained
Gateway

27. IoT Message HubIoT Applications
Gateway
Things
§ Human Interface
§ Insights & Analytics
§ Rules & Automation
§ Provisioning
§ Firmware Update
§ Message delivery
§ Group operations
§ Message transformation
§ Security
A. Messaging
B. Processing
C. Device Management
§ Protocol conversion
§ Structure conversion
§ Diagnostics / Repair
§ Provisioning
§ Alerts
§ Read (get)
§ Write (set)
§ Sleep
§ Configure
§ OTA Updates
WHO DOES WHAT?

28. Length of Commuinication
Short Range vs Long Range
transmission
Constrained or Not
Limited in Compute, Memory
Bandwidth and Power
IP or Non-IP
Compatible with IP Protocol or not
DECIDING FACTORS
à
DATA LINK
Wired / Wireless
Dedicated / Shared (CS/PS)
Bandwidth
Latency
COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL
Message based / Session based
Read-write / Manage
Structured / Dynamic
DATA FORMAT
Human readable or not

29. DATA LINKS
Creates a medium for data transfer

30. DATA TRANSPORT & LINK
TX/RX TX/RX ConsumerConsumer
Transport Medium
§ Electric
§ Radio Frequency (RF)
§ Light
§ Sonic
Encoder/Decoder
RANGE | BANDWIDTH | LATENCY | POWER CONSUMPTION | COST

31. Wired (Electric/Optical) Wire-Less (RF)
§ Wi-Fi
§ Bluetooth, BLE
§ NFC
§ WirelessHART
§ ZigBee
§ Z-Wave
§ Cellular (2G/3G/4G/5G)
§ IEEE 802.15.4 (LR-WPAN)
§ WiMax
§ LoRa
§ SigFox
§ Weightless
§ Ethernet / GbE
§ CAN
§ DMX
§ TOS-Link
§ DSL
§ HFC (Cable Data)
§ BPL (Power line based)
§ T1/T3 (Reserved circuits)
§ MPLS
§ FFTH (Fiber to the Home)
ShortRangeLongRange
TRANSPORT STANDARDS

32. COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL
The words, sentences, and
paragraphs

33. Protocol What is that? Where is it used?
HTTP The most known and popular web application
protocol in the internet
Large unconstrained devices, Prototypes
MQTT MQ Telemetry Transport by OASIS (originally
developed by IBM)
Sensors, Constrained devices
CoAP Constrained Application Protocol (RFC 7252) by
the Internet Engineering Task Force
Sensors, Constrained devices
LWM2M Light Weight Machine to Machine protocol built
on CoAP by OMA
Sensors, Constrained devices, Small Gateways
OMA-DM Device Management Protocol by Open Mobile
Alliance (OMA)
Cellular Gateways
TR-069 Technical Report 069, a technical specification
by the Broadband Forum
Fixed Gateways
COMMONLY USED PROTOCOLS

34. HTTP MQTT CoAP LWM2M OMA-DM TR-069
Type Session Messaging Messaging Session Session Session
Overhead Heavy Light Light Light Heavy Heavy
Footprint Heavy Light Light Light Heavy Heavy
Server Load Heavy Light Light Light Heavy Heavy
Data Model Unstructured Unstructured Structured Structured Structured Structured
FW Updates Proprietary NA NA Supported Supported Supported
Device Mgmt. Proprietary NA NA Supported Supported Advanced
Response Time Moderate Fast Fast Fast Slow Slow
NATURE OF THE PROTOCOL

35. HTTP MQTT CoAP LWM2M OMA-DM TR-069
Push ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Discovery Proprietary ✕ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Read/Write ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Boot/Reset Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary ✓ ✓ ✓
Diagnostics ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Notifications ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
App Mgmt. ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ Partial
Lock/Wipe ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓
Security ✓ Basic ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Reliability ✓ Configurable Configurable Configurable ✓ ✓
FUNCTIONALITY

36. DATA FORMAT
Defines the structure

37. DATA STRUCTURE FORMATS
W3C 1.0 (edition 5) 2008
The grammer that structures semantics (meaning) of a message
SenML
RFC8259 - ISO/IEC 21778:2017 RFC8428 - IANA
§ SensorML – XML based encoding for describing sensors and measurement processes
§ SSNO (Semantic Sensor Net Ontology) – By W3C. describes sensors and observations
§ RAML (RESTful API Modeling Language) – REST API and JSON based
§ LsDL (Lemonbeat smart Device Language) - XML-based, service-oriented device language

38. XML JSON SenML
403 bytes 247 bytes 218 bytes

39. PUTTING THINGS TOGETHER
LoRaWAN
Gateway
LoRa Node
Concentrator
RF (LoRa)
Sensors
Cellular/BLE
Gateway
Bluetooth Sensors
Internet
(IP Network)
RF (BLE)
IP (TR-069)
IP (OMA-DM)
Cellular (3G/4G/5G) Sensors
IP (HTTP/MQTT/CoAP/LWM2M)
DATA LINK + COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL + FORMAT
Cell
RF (Cellular)

40. So, what’s going on?

41. EVOLUTION OF THE CELLULAR
DATA LINK
2G (GSM) 3G 4G 5G
GPRS
EDGE
Narrowband IoT
CAT-M1 (LTE-M)
CAT-NB1 (NBIoT)
W-CDMA
HSPACDPD
TDMA (D-AMPS)
Early Cellular
Readily available and affordable data link

42. WAY OF BUILDING
From the scratch | Assemble | Configure & Use
Accelarated poof of concepts, even with
limited knowledge in electronics

43. DEALING WITH POWER Lower cost of operation
and maintenance
Passive & Active
Power Harvesting
Power & Sleep
Management
Advanced Polymer
Batteries
Low Power
Radios

44. DEALING WITH SHORT DISTANCES
Automation made possible in
consumer space
centimeters meters

45. DEALING WITH LONG DISTANCES
Long
Range
Low Orbit Cells
Automation made possible in remote
and rural geographies
kilometers

46. DEALING WITH LATENCY
Edge Server
Remote Servers
Devices
Artificial
Intelligence
Realtime
Processing
Edge Computing
Monitoring
Alerting
5G Cellular
Networks
Responsive and mission
critical systems

47. COMBINED EFFCT
Entry
Barrier
Application
Scope
Time to
Market
Risk of
Obsolescence