The document provides an overview of the evolution of electronics from its early history to modern developments. It begins with the current widespread use of electronics in various areas of life. It then discusses the key inventions and developments in electronics chronologically, including the vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit, digital and analog circuits, contributions of important scientists like Volta, Ohm, Maxwell, and developments like the microprocessor. The document covers electronics innovations from the late 1800s to modern times and how they transformed and advanced the field.

1. EVOLUTION OF ELECTRONICS
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Presented by
Amit Bardia

2. CURRENT SITUATION
Every day we are dealing with the electronic circuits and devices in some or
the other forms because gadgets, home appliances, computers, transport
systems, cell phones, cameras, TV, etc. all have electronics components and
devices. Today’s world of electronics has made deep inroads in several
areas, such as healthcare, medical diagnosis, automobiles,
industries, electronic projects etc. and convinced everyone that without
electronics, it is really impossible to work.
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3. BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS AND ITS
DEVELOPMENT
 Electronics’ actual history began with the invention of vacuum diode by J.A.
Fleming, in 1897; and, after that, a vacuum triode was implemented by Lee De
Forest to amplify electrical signals. This led to the introduction of tetrode and
pentode tubes that dominated the world until the World War II.
 Subsequently, the transistor era began with the junction transistor invention in
1948. Even though, this particular invention got a Nobel Prize, yet it was later
replaced with a bulky vacuum tube that would consume high power for its
operation. The use of germanium and silicon semiconductor materials made
theses transistor gain the popularity and wide-acceptance usage in different
electronic circuits.
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4. INTEGERATED CIRCUIT (IC)
 The subsequent years witnessed the invention of the integrated circuits (ICs)
that drastically changed the electronic circuits’ nature as the entire electronic
circuit got integrated on a single chip, which resulted in low: cost, size and
weight electronic devices. The years 1958 to 1975 marked the introduction of
IC with enlarged capabilities of over several thousand components on a single
chip such as small-scale integration, medium-large scale and very-large scale
integration ICs.
 And the trend further carried forward with the JFETS and MOSFETs that were
developed during 1951 to 1958 by improving the device designing process and
by making more reliable and powerful transistors
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Digital integrated circuits were yet another
robust IC development that changed the
overall architecture of computers. These ICs
were developed with Transistor-transistor
logic (TTL), integrated injection logic (I2L)
and emitter coupled logic (ECL) technologies.
Later these digital ICs employed PMOS,
NMOS, and CMOS fabrication design
technologies.
All these radical changes in all these
components led to the introduction of
microprocessor in 1969 by Intel. Soon after,
the analog integrated circuits were developed
that introduced an operational amplifier for an
analog signal processing. These analog
circuits include analog multipliers, ADC and
DAC converters and analog filters.

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 Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)
Luigi Galvani was a professor in the University of Bologna. He studied the
effects of electricity on animals, especially on frogs. With the help of
experiments, he showed the presence of electricity in frogs in the year 1791.
 Charles Coulomb (1737-1806)
Charles coulomb was a great scientist of the 18th century. He
experimented with the mechanical resistance and developed
coulomb’s law of electro-static charges in the year 1799.
 Allesandro Volta (1745-1827)
Allesandro Volta was an Italian scientist. He invented battery in the year
1799. He was the first to develop a battery (Voltaic cell) that could
produce electricity as a result of chemical reaction

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 Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1852)
Hans Christian Oersted showed that whenever a current flows through a conductor,
a magnetic field is associated with it. He initiated the study of electromagnetism and
discovered Aluminum in the year 1820.
 George Simon Ohm (1789-1854)
George Simon Ohm was a German physicist. He experimented with the electrical
circuits and made his own part including the wire. He found that some conductors
worked when compared to others. He discovered Ohms law in the year 1827, which
is a relation between current, voltage& resistance. The unit for resistance is named
after him.
 Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Michael Faraday was a British scientist and great pioneer experimenter in electricity
and magnetism. After the discovery by Oersted, he demonstrated electromagnetic
induction in the year 1831. This is the basic principle of the working of generators.

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 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
James Clerk Maxwell was a British physicist, and he wrote treatise on magnetism
and electricity in the year 1873. He developed the electromagnetic field equations in
the year 1864. The equations in it were explained and predicted by hertz’s work and
faradays’ work. James Clerk Maxwell formulated an important theory – that is,
electromagnetic theory of light.
 Henrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)
Henrich Rudolph Hertz was a German physicist born in 1857 in Hamburg. He
demonstrated the electromagnetic radiation predicted by Maxwell. By using
experimental procedures, he proved the theory by engineering instruments to
transmit and receive radio pulses. He was the first person to demonstrate the photo-
electric effect. The unit of frequency was named Hertz in his honorarium.

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 Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836)
Andre Marie Ampere was a French mathematician and physicist. He studied the
effects of electric current and invented solenoid. The SI unit of electric current (the
Ampere) was named after him.
 Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
Karl Friedrich Gauss was a physical scientist and a greatest German mathematician.
He contributed to many fields like algebra, analysis, statistics, electrostatics and
astronomy. The CGS unit of magnetic field density was named after him.
 Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891)
Wilhelm Eduard Weber was a German physicist. He investigated terrestrial
magnetism with his friend Carl fried rich. He devised an electromagnetic telegraph in
the year 1833, and also established a system of absolute electrical units, and the
MKS unit of flux was named after Weber.

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 Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1932)
Thomas Alva Edison was a businessman and an American inventor. He developed
many devices like, practical electric bulb, motion picture camera, photograph and
other such things. While inventing the electric lamp, he observed the Edison effect.
 Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil; the Tesla induction motor; alternating current
(AC); electrical supply system that includes a transformer; 3-phase electricity and
motor. In 1891, Tesla coil was invented and used in electronic equipment, television
and radio sets. The unit of magnetic field density was named after him.
 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887)
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was a German physicist. He developed Kirchhoff’s law that
allows calculation of the voltages, currents and resistance of electrical networks.

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 James Prescott Joule (1818-1889)
James Prescott Joule was a brewer and an English physicist. He discovered the law
of conservation of energy. The unit of energy – Joule was named in his honor. To
develop the scale of temperature, he worked with Lord Kelvin.
 Joseph Henry (1799-1878)
Joseph Henry was an American scientist, and independently discovered
electromagnetic induction in the year 1831 – a year before faraday’s discovery. The
unit of induction was named after him.
 Lee De Forest (1873-1961)
Lee de forest was an American inventor, and he invented the first triode vacuum tube:
Audion tube in 1906. He was honored as the father of radio.

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 Walter schottky (1886-1997)
Walter schottky was a German physicist. He defined shot noise-random electron
noise in thermionic tubes, and invented the multiple grid vacuum tube.
 Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954)
Edwin Howard Armstrong was an inventor and an American electrical engineer.
He invented electronic oscillator and regenerative feedback. In 1917, he invented
super-heterodyne radio and patented FM radio in the year 1933.

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