Effect of Sport Injuries on the Level of Confidence and Anxiety among Athletes in Different Games

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print)
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp: (139-147), Month: January - March 2022, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Page | 139
Research Publish Journals
Effect of Sport Injuries on the Level of
Confidence and Anxiety among Athletes in
Different Games
Duaa M. Bani-Irshid1
, Dr. Abdullah M. Bani-Rshaid2
1
Master of Sport Science, Yarmouk University, 2
Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Abu Dhabi
University, UAE
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of s port injuries on the level of confidence and
anxiety among athletes in different games. Participants were (121) athletes (M-81, F-40) were selected randomly
from different sports. Descriptive data was collected through the use of a questionnaire established by the
researcher, which included personal information (age, years of experience, gender and place of living), and a
questionnaire of psychological effect of sport which consisted of (50) items, divided into four subscales.
(Confidence, Anxiety, Physical abilities). The results showed relationship between sport injuries and physical
abilities in reducing or increasing injuries among athletes, also the results showed that self-confidence and anxiety
(trait, state) did not affect in increasing or reducing in percentage of injuries among athletes, meanwhile the results
showed a significant relationship between the effect of sport injuries and (self-confidence, anxiety and physical
abilities) among athletes in different games. A significant difference between male and female in favor of female in
trait anxiety, significant differences between trait anxiety and different sports a significant differences showed
between psychological variables and effect of sport injuries (between different sports, also a significant difference
between sport injuries and physical abilities according to sport variable; between basketball players and tennis
players in favor of basketball, and a significant difference between sport injuries and trait anxiety between football
players and basketball players in favor of basketball.
Keywords: Sport Injuries; Self Confidence; Anxiety; Physical Abilities.
1. INTRODUCTION
The science of injuries (traumatology) is a fundamental science for sport trainers, players, professionals and researchers in
rehabilitative abilities of players. Smith, Scott and Wiese (2012) said that sports injuries include in addition to physical
and physiological aspects the player psychological state. Young (2002) defined sports injuries as damage or loss of the
tissues ability to move, which hinders athlete’s performance. Leddy, Lambert, and Ogles (1994) said that the
psychological aspects correlate with the athlete’s performance and level of perfection to achieve psychological and motor
collaboration, which influence the players’ behaviour in the playground. Mankad, Gordon, and Wallman (2009) consider
anxiety and self-confidence basic factors that should be explored; if they are compromised, they hinder the player’s
progress or lead to withdrawal from the competition. Leddy, Lambert, and Ogles (1994) believe that anxiety and self-
confidence are of the most important emotions that follow sports injuries, because the athlete feels incompetent or fears
future.
Psychological factors risk injuries among athletes, regardless of their physical ability and competitive sport environment.
Williams and Andersen (1998) found a correlation between the psychological factors (anxiety and stress) and athlete’s
injuries; if the athlete experience anxiety in or outside the playground, the risk of injury increases because of lack of
attention, mind wander and lack of awareness influence on performance. Brown (2005) found that anxiety increases
muscle spasm and loss of motor coordination, which in turn increases injuries exposure among athletes, injury is a
warning sign of the emotional aspects. Johnston and Carroll (1998) believe that sports injuries side effects include loss of

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identity (I am an athlete), role-loss (I am an important part of the team), loss of self-confidence, and loss of social support.
Al-Hajaya (2016) believes that athlete’s physical abilities are not enough to win in sport competitions, wining correlates
with physical characteristics such as self-confidence, high spirits, responsibility, ability to confront stress related to sport
activities. Matthew, Michael, and Benjamin (1994) stressed that rehabilitation requires knowledge in the psychological
methods role to help injured athletes rehab throw both physical and psychological programs.
Several studies examined the effect of sports injuries on the levels of confidence and anxiety among athletes in various
sports. For instance, Al-Zamali, Darbal, Aqobi (2018) examined the effect of sport injury on the athlete self-confidence. A
sample of 120 football players participated in the study and they all agreed that sport injuries have a negative influence on
their sportive level. Rashid and Aziz (2020) studied the relationship between sport injuries and football player’s
behaviour. The participants (62 player) in the study results revealed that sport injuries impact on the athlete behaviour is
negative and that physical injuries cause anxiety and depression among players. Leddy, Lambert, and Ogles (1994)
measured the psychological responses of injuries among 343 collegiate athletes participating in 10 types of sports. They
found that injured athletes suffered from more depression and anxiety symptoms and less self-confidence when they were
injured and after two months of follow up when they were compared with uninjured athletes. Injured athletes sometimes
suffer from severe emotional distress that entails clinical intervention. Johnston and Carroll (1998) examined the effect of
psychological difficulties on resuming participation in sport competitions after being injured. The results of 16 athletes
participating in running competitions showed that the injured athletes had weaker levels of self-confidence, fear of re-
injury, hesitant running, and exhausting weaker levels of effort. Podlog, Dimmock and Miller (2011) reviewed common
psychological stressors among rehabbed athletes and offered practical strategies to enhance rehabilitation. Evidence
proved that rehabbed athletes may encounter a set of psychological and social fears such as fear of being unable to
perform as pre-injury, disorientation, lack of sportive identification, stress of getting back to sport, and weak self-
presentation in front of competitors.
The literature review examined the effect of sport injury on the athlete psychological aspects. As far as the researchers
know local studies neglected examining the effect of sport injuries on the levels of self-confidence and anxiety in various
games. The current study is novel in the sample selection. The sample compromised injured and healthy athletes
practicing various games rather than selecting a certain game. The researchers also attempted to explore the psychological
status (anxiety and weak self-confidence) of injured athletes at the time of injury and previously injured athletes. The
study problem attempted to answer the following questions:
1. What is the effect of sport injury on athlete’s self-confidence, anxiety and physical ability in various games?
2. Is there a relationship at (α ≥ 0.05) of the effect of sport injury on athlete’s self-confidence, anxiety and physical ability
in various games?
3. Are there significant differences at (α ≥ 0.05) of the sport injury effect on athlete’s self-confidence, anxiety and
physical ability based on gender, age group, type of the game, and experience of playing various games?
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The importance of this study emerged from its topic to reveal the effect of sport injury on the levels of confidence and
anxiety among previously injured athletes or in case of being injured while playing different games. The variables tackled
(confidence and anxiety) give the study importance, rehabilitation includes physical and psychological levels of the
injured athlete so they give importance to the study. Understanding the correlation between sport injury and levels of
confidence and anxiety among injuries allow therapists and sport rehabilitation professionals to consider the
psychological variables in understanding endangered and injured athlete’s viewpoints which also adds to the importance
of the study. Many scholars cared for sport injuries and how to rehabilitate athletes for practicing sports again. The
researchers of the current study examined endangered and injured athletes’ viewpoints about sport injury effect on the
levels of confidence and anxiety.
3. METHOD
Participants: The study population composed of all male and female players representing the different games, who were
registered in Jordanian federations for 2021, according to the game for the clubs selected for the study, which started
training and playing within the conditions of the Olympic Committee due to the conditions of the Corona pandemic. The
study sample consisted of (121) male and female players representing football, basketball, swimming and tennis.

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4. INSTRUMENTATION
Designed based on the studies of( Hussein, Jaber, Ibrahim, & Kamil, 2017; Faqihi, & Abd al-Salam, 2018; Al-Zamali,
Darbal, & Aqobi, 2018; Rex, & Metzler, 6102; Liberal, Escudero, Cantallops, & Ponseti, 6102; Klymovych, Oderov,
Romanchuk, Korchagin, & Zolochevskyi, 2020; Sweidan, 2018). It is a ,50-item scale, the questionnaire included
personal data and the axes of the tool, the elements are divided into four dimensions: Physical abilities, Anxiety trait,
Anxiety state, Psychological confidence.
Construct Validity: Professional specialized reviewers examined the test items appropriateness to measure the study
variables.
Inventory Reliability: The test was administered on a pilot sample of (15) athletes to verify its validity, the researchers
used Cronbach - Alpha formula to calculate the internal consistency of the test, it scored an overall value of (0.85) as table
1 illustrated.
Table (1) Results of consistency stability "Cronbach's alpha" n = 15
Cronbach's alpha
Dimension
18.2
Physical abilities
18.2
Anxiety trait
18..
Anxiety state
18.0
Psychological confidence
18.0
Total
As seen in table 1 all the dimensions had high internal consistency values, scores range (0.81-0.88), and the overall
consistency score was (0.85). Split-half stability and overall stability was calculated by implementing the test on the pilot
sample, the test items were allocated into two groups (odd and even numbers), Pearson correlation coefficient between the
items was calculated to find the split half stability, then spearman brown equation is implemented to find the overall
stability of the test as table 2 illustrated.
Table (2) Results of Split-half stability and overall stability
overall stability
Split-half stability
Dimension
18.0
18.1
Physical abilities
18.0
18.6
Anxiety trait
18.0
18.0
Anxiety state
18..
18..
18.6
18.1
Total
Table 2 illustrate the split-half stability and overall stability scores were all high; physical abilities score was (0.81; 0.90),
anxiety trait score was (0.85; 0.92), anxiety state score was (0.83; 0.91), psychological confidence score was (0.79; 0.88),
and overall stability score was (0.82; 0.90), all these results refer to the suitability of the test for the purpose of the study.
5. RESULTS
To answer the first question of the study “what is the effect of sport injury on athlete’s self-confidence, anxiety and
physical ability in various games?” the researchers computed means, standard deviations and skewness coefficients, table
3 presents the highest and lowest values.
Table 3: Means, Standard deviations, Skewness highest and lowest values of the test
Dimension M. Std. Skewness Highest value Lowest value Level
Physical abilities 682.2 1801. -
18020 08.1 0861 Moderate
Anxiety trait 68620 18.20 186.. 08.. 0811 low
Anxiety state 6822. 18.22 18020 2826 081. low
Psychological confidence 682.2 18000 -
18620 08.0 0801 low
Total 682.. 1800. -
181.. 08.. 0862 low

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In table 3, we noticed that the means of sport injury effect on self-confidence, anxiety and physical abilities among the
athletes playing various games score was (0.538±2.479) and a weak rating level. The highest value score was (3.98) and
the lowest value was (1.26). Skewness values are considered within the natural range (∓3) referring to the homogeneity of
the items.
The means of sport injuries effect on the athlete’s physical abilities in different games score was (0.508 ± 2.674) and a
moderate rating value. The highest score was (3.90) and the lowest score was (1.20), skewness coefficient score was
(0.345-) and this values is considered within the natural range (∓3) referring to the homogeneity of the items.
The means of sport injuries effect on anxiety trait of athletes playing different types of games score was (0.765 ± 2.245),
and a weak rating value. The highest score was (3.88) and the lowest score was (1.00), skewness coefficient score was
(0.277-) this value is considered within the natural range (∓3) referring to the homogeneity of the items.
The means of sport injuries effect on anxiety state of athletes playing different types of games score was (0.746 ± 2.449)
the rating value was weak. The highest score was (4.42) and the lowest score was (1.08), skewness coefficient score was
(0.345-) this value is considered within the natural range (∓3) referring to the homogeneity of the items.
The means of sport injuries effect on the psychological confidence of athletes playing different types of games score was
(0.551±2.494), and the rating value was weak. The highest score was (3.85) and the lowest score was (1.30), skewness
coefficient score was (0.263-) this value is considered within the natural range (∓3) referring to the homogeneity of the
items.
To answer the second question of “Is there a relationship at (α ≥ 0.05) of the effect of sport injury on athlete’s self-
confidence, anxiety and physical ability in various games?” the study utilized the Pearson correlation coefficient to find
the correlation between the study dimensions as seen in table 4.
Table 4: Pearson correlation coefficient results between of study dimensions
Psychological
confidence
Anxiety state
Anxiety trait
Physical
abilities
Dimension
180..
*
1811
1802.
*
1811
18022
*
1811
-
Physical abilities
18.21
*
1811
18.00
*
1811
-
-
Anxiety trait
18.02
*
1811
-
-
-
Anxiety state
-
-
-
-
Psychological
confidence
* significant at (0.05)
We notice in table 4 that there is a direct significant relationship between the study dimensions (physical abilities, anxiety
state, anxiety trait, and psychological confidence), the correlation coefficients between physical abilities and anxiety trait
score was (0.366, (sign. = 0.00)), physical abilities and anxiety state the score was (0.368, (sign. = 0.00)), physical
abilities and psychological confidence the score was (0.578, (sign. =0.00)), the correlation coefficient value between
anxiety state and anxiety trait score was (0.835, (sign. = 0.00)), between anxiety trait and psychological confidence the
score was (0.740, (sign. = 0.00)), and between anxiety state and psychological confidence the score was (0.934, (sign. =
0.00)).
To answer the third question of “Are there significant differences at (α ≥ 0.05) of the sport injury effect on athlete’s self-
confidence, anxiety and physical ability based on gender, age group, type of the game, and years of experience playing the
game?” the researchers implemented a t-test for the gender variable, f-value to find the differences by using One Way
ANOVA for the rest of the variables as seen in the following tables.
Table 5: t–value test of differences based on gender difference
Dimension Gender No. M. Std. t-value Sign.
Physical
abilities
Males 81 2.695 0.528
18202 18062
Females 40 2.633 0.467
Anxiety trait Males 81 2.347 0.743 68062
* 18102

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Females 40 2.038 0.776
Anxiety state
Males 81 2.528 0.679
08220 181..
Females 40 2.29 0.852
Psychological
confidence
Males 81 2.544 0.536
08262 18002
Females 40 2.393 0.574
Total
Males 81 2.539 0.524
08.22 181.2
Females 40 2.359 0.553
* Significant (α≤0.05)
As seen in table 5 sport injuries effect on the psychological variable attributed to gender was not significant at (α≤0.05),
sport injuries effect on the anxiety trait between males and females was significant, t-value score was (2.126, (sign. =
0.036)) in favor of females. But sport injuries effect on the anxiety state, physical abilities and psychological confidence
at (α≤0.05) attributed to gender was not significant. Table 6. One Way ANOVA test of differences based on athlete age.
Table 6: One Way ANOVA test of differences based on athlete age
Dimension Age No. M. Std. f-value Sign.
Physical abilities
Less than 20ys 00 2.582 0.535
2.901 .0591
20-29ys 01 2.678 0.472
30ys and more 61 2.9 0.475
Anxiety trait
Less than 20ys 00 2.174 0.781
.8041 .4501
20-29ys 01 2.35 0.78
30ys and more 61 2.163 0.685
Anxiety state
Less than 20ys 00 2.454 0.81
.3141 .7311
20-29ys 01 2.49 0.726
30ys and more 61 2.333 0.64
Psychological
confidence
Less than 20ys 00 2.452 0.577
.3681 .6931
20-29ys 01 2.504 0.526
30ys and more 61 2.575 0.566
Total
Less than 20ys 00 2.434 0.568
.3091 .7351
20-29ys 01 2.511 0.516
30ys and more 61 2.516 0.531
As observed in table 6 no significant differences at (α≤0.05) in sports injuries effect on the psychological variables
attributed to different age groups are found, other variables differences attributed to age groups were not significant as
well.
Table 7: One Way ANOVA test of the years of experience playing the game
Dimension Age No. M. Std. f-value Sign.
Physical abilities
(1-5) years 43 2.707 .3760
.4060 .6670
(6-9) years 40 2.615 .5550
10 years and more 38 2.700 .5870
Anxiety trait
(1-5) years 43 2.273 .7860
.1840 .8320
(6-9) years 40 2.184 .7460
10 years and more 38 2.276 .7780
Anxiety state
(1-5) years 43 2.510 .7960
.4950 .6110
(6-9) years 40 2.354 .7100
10 years and more 38 2.480 .7340
Psychological
confidence
(1-5) years 43 2.523 .5540
.1620 .8510
(6-9) years 40 2.455 .5810
10 years and more 38 2.501 .5290
Total
(1-5) years 43 2.517 .5290
.3760 .6880
(6-9) years 40 2.420 .5500
10 years and more 38 2.500 .5440
As table 7 illustrate differences of sport injuries effect on the psychological variables at (α≤0.05) attributed to the years of
experience playing the game was not significant.

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Table 8: One Way ANOVA test of differences based on the type of the game
Dimension Type of the game No. M. Std. f-value Sign.
Physical abilities
Football 49 2.714 .5330
4.444* .0050
Basketball 28 2.900 .4240
Tennis 23 2.439 .5220
Swimming 21 2.538 .4040
Anxiety trait
Football 49 2.056 .7970
2.861* .0400
Tennis 23 2.419 .8380
Swimming 21 2.131 .7260
Anxiety state
Football 49 2.390 .8610
1.002 .3940
Tennis 23 2.576 .7240
Swimming 21 2.274 .7090
Football 49 2.420 .5850
1.067 .3660
Tennis 23 2.515 .5150
Swimming 21 2.441 .6010
Total
Football 49 2.414 .5820
1.620 .1890
Tennis 23 2.499 .5450
Swimming 21 2.371 .5440
As seen in table 8 there were no significant differences at (α≤0.05) of the sport injuries on the psychological variables
attributed to the type of the game. But the type of the game played had significant differences at (α≤0.05) in physical
abilities, f-value score was (4.444, (sign. =0.005)), anxiety trait was influenced by the type of the game; f-value score was
(2.861, (sign. = 0.04)). While differences at (α≤0.05) in anxiety state and psychological confidence attributed to the type
of the game were not significant.
To find the differences attributed to the types of the game in the physical abilities and anxiety trait variables the
researchers conducted a Scheffé test as table 9 illustrates.
Table (9) Scheffe test on the effect of sports injuries on physical abilities according to the game variable
Swimming
Tennis
Basketball
Football
game
Dimension
1.176
180.1
1.275
180..
1.186
18220
-
Football
Physical abilities
1.362
181.0
1.461*
18100
-
-
Basketball
1.099
1802.
-
-
-
Tennis
-
-
-
-
Swimming
As table 9 showed significant differences at (α≤0.05) of sport injuries effect on the physical abilities attributed to the type
of the game, the differences are apparent between basketball players and tennis players the score was (0.461, (sign.
=0.013)) in favor of the basketball players.

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Table (10) Scheffe test on the effect of sports injuries on the trait of anxiety according to the game variable
Swimming
Tennis
Basketball
Football
game
Dimension
1.075
18..2
1.362
18012
1.462*
1811.
-
Football
Anxiety trait
1.387
18022
1.099
18..2
-
-
Basketball
1.288
18662
-
-
-
Tennis
-
-
-
-
Swimming
Table 10 showed significant differences at (α≤0.05) of sport injuries effect on anxiety trait attributed to the type of the
game, the differences were apparent between football and basketball, the difference score was (0.462, (sign. = 0.008)) in
favor of playing basketball.
6. DISCUSSION
Physical abilities have an effect in increasing or reducing injury rates, anxiety trait and anxiety state did have an effect in
increasing or reducing injury rates, and the most influential domain was physical abilities.
Results revealed that inappropriate physical abilities may cause injury, while having appropriate physical abilities
supports athletes to face fears of going back to sport after being injured, and coping with difficulties. Results also showed
that practicing wrong skills may lead to injury. Athlete persistence to practice proper training increases self-confidence for
physical competitions, this is attributed to the fact that athletes of high physical abilities after being injured are able to
return to practicing their games immediately, good physical abilities reduces sudden exposure to injury.
Results showed that feeling of confusion before the start of the competition leads to a state of anxiety which in turn
influence his competitive ability level. Athlete lack of calmness affects his physical ability; this is attributed to fear of
possible injury during training or competition, which leads to withdrawal from competition or low opportunity to achieve
advanced positions in the game.
The participant’s responses showed that the effect of sports injuries on the state of anxiety was low, and that athletes are
stressed the moment they think of being injured, an athlete either accepts or rejects his possible injury that might end his
participation in the competition or sometimes permanently stops him from playing. Fear emerges when the athlete thinks
of clashing with the rest of the team while playing which may lead to injury.
Sports injuries effect on confidence was weak. When athletes feel anxious they tend to control themselves more in the
competition. The level of anxiety leads to a state of control to reach the desired level in the competition. Athlete’s
performance is not the same after injury; they need time to regain their psychological state. Fear of possible injury causes
passivity in the competition, because the athlete finds it difficult to convince himself that he has recovered from his injury.
Results revealed that if the athlete is convinced that nothing will hurt him, his performance will be better and can maintain
good performance in all competitions.
A direct relationship is found between physical abilities, anxiety state, anxiety trait, and psychological confidence. This
indicates that higher physical ability levels reduce the level of anxiety and increase self-confidence; this may be explained
by the effect of physical ability on the psychological state and anxiety state. Athletes returning to their games after
rehabilitation may face a set of psychological and social concerns such as inability to perform as their standards were
before injury, emotions of isolation, loss of athlete identity, insufficient social support, and stress of return to play.
The correlation between sport injury effect and psychological confidence, anxiety, and physical abilities attributed to
gender, age, and type of the game and years of experience playing the game is discussed next. Differences were found
between males and females in favor of females in anxiety trait, but physical abilities, psychological confidence, and
anxiety state differences attributed to gender were not found. Females reported higher degrees of anxiety and focus
distortion compared with males. Differences between rehabbed athletes were not found. Anxiety was not influenced by
different age groups. Differences attributed to the years of experience playing the game were not found also that is to say

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anxiety was not influenced by the experience in playing. Sport injuries effect attributed to different types of games were
not found. However, physical abilities effect was different in the type of the game played because each game requires
certain physical abilities, and if an athlete lacks it the state of anxiety increases and self-confidence decreases.
Sport injuries had an effect on athletes’ physical abilities based on the type of the game. Differences were found between
basketball and tennis in favor of basketball because the game is a team game and clashes with the team members while
playing leads to higher injury rates.
7. CONCLUSION
Stronger physical abilities reduce sport injuries, and speeds rehabilitation. Self-confidence and anxiety have a passive
psychological effect on athlete’s reaction to rehabilitation. Sport injuries influence the psychological and physical state of
the athlete.
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