Elements of Modern Computers, Architectural
Evolution in computer architecture ,System Attributes to Performance,Clock Rate and CPI,MIPS Rate,Throughput Rate,Implicit Parallelism,Explicit Parallelism, State of computing,
System Interconnect Architectures,Network Properties and Routing,Linear Array,
Ring and Chordal Ring,
Barrel Shifter,
Tree and Star,
Fat Tree,
Mesh and Torus,Dynamic InterConnection Networks,Dynamic bus ,Switch Modules
,Multistage Networks,Omega Network,Baseline Network,Crossbar Networks
program partitioning and scheduling IN Advanced Computer ArchitecturePankaj Kumar Jain
Advanced Computer Architecture,Program Partitioning and Scheduling,Program Partitioning & Scheduling,Latency,Levels of Parallelism,Loop-level Parallelism,Subprogram-level Parallelism,Job or Program-Level Parallelism,Communication Latency,Grain Packing and Scheduling,Program Graphs and Packing
advanced computer architesture-conditions of parallelismPankaj Kumar Jain
This PPT contains Data and Resource Dependencies,Control Dependence,Resource Dependence,Bernstein’s Conditions ,Hardware And Software Parallelism,Types of Software Parallelism
System Interconnect Architectures,Network Properties and Routing,Linear Array,
Ring and Chordal Ring,
Barrel Shifter,
Tree and Star,
Fat Tree,
Mesh and Torus,Dynamic InterConnection Networks,Dynamic bus ,Switch Modules
,Multistage Networks,Omega Network,Baseline Network,Crossbar Networks
program partitioning and scheduling IN Advanced Computer ArchitecturePankaj Kumar Jain
Advanced Computer Architecture,Program Partitioning and Scheduling,Program Partitioning & Scheduling,Latency,Levels of Parallelism,Loop-level Parallelism,Subprogram-level Parallelism,Job or Program-Level Parallelism,Communication Latency,Grain Packing and Scheduling,Program Graphs and Packing
advanced computer architesture-conditions of parallelismPankaj Kumar Jain
This PPT contains Data and Resource Dependencies,Control Dependence,Resource Dependence,Bernstein’s Conditions ,Hardware And Software Parallelism,Types of Software Parallelism
Discussed different types of dynamic interconnection networks. Graphically demonstrated single and multiple bus interconnection networks. Discussed different types of switch based interconnection networks. Graphically shown the mechanisms of crossbar, single and multistage interconnection networks. Graphically explained the working principle of omega network, Benes network, and baseline networks.
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
Interconnection Network
in this presentation there are some explain to Interconnection Network , and espically in computer architecture and parallel processing.
Parallel programming platforms are introduced here. For more information about parallel programming and distributed computing visit,
https://sites.google.com/view/vajira-thambawita/leaning-materials
Discussed different types of dynamic interconnection networks. Graphically demonstrated single and multiple bus interconnection networks. Discussed different types of switch based interconnection networks. Graphically shown the mechanisms of crossbar, single and multistage interconnection networks. Graphically explained the working principle of omega network, Benes network, and baseline networks.
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
Interconnection Network
in this presentation there are some explain to Interconnection Network , and espically in computer architecture and parallel processing.
Parallel programming platforms are introduced here. For more information about parallel programming and distributed computing visit,
https://sites.google.com/view/vajira-thambawita/leaning-materials
EFFECTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE DESIGN METHODOLOGIEScscpconf
This paper gives Universities needs to improve their curriculum for Technology students to meet
the industry standards which will be helpful for their career .In the current improving
technologies studying of embedded system is required to understand the Electronic circuits .
They should include the new emerging technology such as multiprocessor system on chip where it is used in all the real time applications. In this paper design based tutorials will be discussed to understand Multiprocessor system on chip .The understanding of multiprocessor system on chip is difficult for a student and should be taught to meet the expectation from the industry. Since it is vast area, this paper proposes the most efficient tutoring method on multiprocessor system on chip.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
2. Modem computers arc equipped with power fill hardware
facilities driven by extensive software packages.
Elements of Modern Computers
3. Elements of Modern Computers
The hardware, software, and programming
elements of modern computer systems can be
characterized by looking at a variety of factors,
including:
Computing problems
Algorithms and data structures
Hardware resources
Operating systems
System software support
Compiler support
4.
5. Computing Problems
A modern computer is an integrated system
consisting of machine hardware, an instruction set,
system software, application programs, and user
interfaces.
The use of a computer is driven by real-life problems
demanding cost effective solutions.
For numerical problems in science and technology,
the solutions demand complex mathematical
formulations and intensive integer or floating-point
computations.
For artificial intelligence [Al] problems, the solutions
demand logic inferences and symbolic
manipulations.
6. Algorithms and Data Structures
Traditional algorithms and data structures are
designed for sequential machines.
New, specialized algorithms and data structures
are needed to exploit the capabilities of parallel
architectures.
These often require interdisciplinary interactions
among theoreticians, experimentalists, and
programmers.
7. Hardware Resources
Processors, memory, and peripheral devices form
the hardware core of a computer system.
A modem computer system demonstrates its power
through coordinated efforts by hardware
recourses , an operating system, and application
software.
Special hardware interfaces are often built into l-O
devices such as display terminals, workstations.
In addition, software interface programs are
needed. These software interfaces include file
transfer systems, editors, word processors, device
drivers, interrupt handlers, network communication
programs, etc.
8. Operating System
Operating systems manage the allocation and
deallocation of resources during user program
execution.
UNIX, Mach, and OSF/1 provide support for
multiprocessors and multicomputers
multithreaded kernel functions
virtual memory management
file subsystems
network communication services
An OS plays a significant role in mapping hardware
resources to algorithmic and data structures.
9. System Software Support
Compilers, assemblers, and loaders are traditional
tools for developing programs in high-level
languages. With the operating system, these tools
determine the bind of resources to applications,
and the effectiveness of this determines the
efficiency of hardware utilization and the system’s
programmability.
Most programmers still employ a sequential mind
set, abetted by a lack of popular parallel software
support.
Software support is needed for the development of
10. System Software Support
Parallel software can be developed using entirely
new languages designed specifically with parallel
support as its goal, or by using extensions to
existing sequential languages.
New languages have obvious advantages (like
new constructs specifically for parallelism), but
require additional programmer education and
system software.
The most common approach is to extend an
existing language.
11. Compiler Support
Preprocessors
use existing sequential compilers and specialized
libraries to implement parallel constructs
Precompilers
perform some program flow analysis, dependence
checking, and limited parallel optimzations
Parallelizing Compilers
requires full detection of parallelism in source code, and
transformation of sequential code into parallel constructs
Compiler directives are often inserted into source
code to aid compiler parallelizing efforts
12. Evolution of Computer Architecture
Over the past decades, Architecture has gone
through evolutional, rather than revolutional
change.
Sustaining features are those that are proven to
improve performance.
Starting with the von Neumann architecture (strictly
sequential), architectures have evolved to include
processing lookahead, parallelism, and pipelining.
14. System Attributes to Performance
The ideal performance of a computer system demands a
perfect match between machine capability and program
behavior.
Performance depends on
hardware technology
architectural features
efficient resource management
algorithm design
data structures
language efficiency
programmer skill
compiler technology
15. Performance Indicators
The simplest measure of program performance is
the turnaround time , which includes :
disk and memory accesses
input and output
compilation time
operating system overhead
CPU time
Since I/O and system overhead frequently overlaps
processing by other programs, it is fair to consider
only the CPU time used by a program, and the
user CPU time is the most important factor.
16. Clock Rate and CPI
CPU is driven by a clock with a constant cycle time
τ (usually measured in nanoseconds).
The inverse of the cycle time is the clock rate (f
= 1/τ, measured in megahertz).
The size of a program is determined by its
instruction count, Ic , the number of machine
instructions to be executed by the program.
Different machine instructions require different
numbers of clock cycles to execute. CPI (cycles
per instruction) is thus an important parameter.
17. Average CPI
It is easy to determine the average number of
cycles per instruction for a particular processor if
we know the frequency of occurrence of each
instruction type.
Of course, any estimate is valid only for a specific
set of programs (which defines the instruction mix),
and then only if there are sufficiently large number
of instructions.
In general, the term CPI is used with respect to a
particular instruction set and a given program mix.
18. Performance Factors (1)
The time required to execute a program containing
Ic instructions is just T = Ic × CPI × τ.
Each instruction must be fetched from memory,
decoded, then operands fetched from memory, the
instruction executed, and the results stored.
The time required to access memory is called the
memory cycle time, which is usually k times the
processor cycle time τ. The value of k depends on
the memory technology and the processor-memory
interconnection scheme.
19. Performance Factors (2)
The processor cycles required for each instruction
(CPI) can be attributed to
cycles needed for instruction decode and execution (p),
and
cycles needed for memory references (m × k).
The total time needed to execute a program can
then be rewritten as T = Ic × (p + m × k)× τ.
20. System Attributes
The five performance factors (Ic , p, m, k, τ) are
influenced by four system attributes:
instruction-set architecture (affects Ic and p)
compiler technology (affects Ic and p and m)
CPU implementation and control (affects p × τ)
cache and memory hierarchy (affects memory access
latency, k × τ)
Total CPU time can be used as a basis in
estimating the execution rate of a processor.
21. MIPS Rate
If C is the total number of clock cycles needed to
execute a given program, then total CPU time can
be estimated as T = C × τ = C / f.
Other relationships are easily observed:
CPI = C / Ic
T =Ic × CPI × τ
T =Ic × CPI / f
Processor speed is often measured in terms of
millions of instructions per second, frequently
called the MIPS rate of the processor.
22. MIPS Rate
101010 66
×
×
=
×
=
×
=
C
If
CPI
f
T
I
rateMIPS cc
The MIPS rate is directly proportional to the clock
rate and inversely proportion to the CPI.
All four system attributes (instruction set, compiler,
processor, and memory technologies) affect the
MIPS rate, which varies also from program to
program.
23. Throughput Rate
The number of programs a system can execute per
unit time, Ws , in programs per second.
CPU throughput, Wp, is defined as
CPII
f
W
c
p
×
=
In a multiprogrammed system, the system
throughput is often less than the CPU throughput.
24. Example 1. VAX/780 and IBM RS/6000
The instruction count on the RS/6000 is 1.5 times
that of the code on the VAX.
Average CPI on the VAX is assumed to be 5.
Average CPI on the RS/6000 is assumed to 1.39.
VAX has typical CISC architecture.
RS/6000 has typical RISC architecture.
Machine Clock Performance CPU Time
VAX 11/780 5 MHz 1 MIPS 12x seconds
IBM RS/6000 25 MHz 18 MIPS x seconds
25. Programming Environments
Programmability depends on the programming
environment provided to the users.
Conventional computers are used in a sequential
programming environment with tools developed for
a uniprocessor computer.
Parallel computers need parallel tools that allow
specification or easy detection of parallelism and
operating systems that can perform parallel
scheduling of concurrent events, shared memory
allocation, and shared peripheral and
communication links.
26. Implicit Parallelism
Use a conventional language (like C, Fortran, Lisp,
or Pascal) to write the program.
Use a parallelizing compiler to translate the source
code into parallel code.
The compiler must detect parallelism and assign
target machine resources.
Success relies heavily on the quality of the
compiler.
Kuck (U. of Illinois) and Kennedy (Rice U.) used
this approach.
27. Explicit Parallelism
Programmer write explicit parallel code using
parallel dialects of common languages.
Compiler has reduced need to detect parallelism,
but must still preserve existing parallelism and
assign target machine resources.
Seitz (Cal Tech) and Daly (MIT) used this
approach.
28. Needed Software Tools
Parallel extensions of conventional high-level
languages.
Integrated environments to provide
different levels of program abstraction
validation, testing and debugging
performance prediction and monitoring
visualization support to aid program development,
performance measurement
graphics display and animation of computational results