The research was aimed to enhance growth, production, and seed quality of Jack Bean through pruning, cropping pattern and spacing regulation. The research was carried out from Mei to October 2016 at Puwasari Village, Dramaga, Bogor – Indonesia and be countinued by seed testing (December 2016) at Seed Testing Laboratoty, Bogor Agricultural University. The research was arranged in a Completely Randomyzed Block Design (CRBD) with 6 treatments, consisted of: Without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 100cm x 100cm, Without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm, Without pruning treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm, Pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm, Pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm, Pruning treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm. The experiment was replicated by three replications. The result research showed spacing regulation and pruning has significantly effect to some variables observed. The wider spacing showed the better growth. The treatment of without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm (P2) resulted better growth, while the treatment of pruning treatment using square spacing and spacing 70cm x 70cm (P5) resulted better seed quality, however the highest production was reached by pruning treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm (P6).
Genetic variability and heritability studies on bread wheatNirmal Parde
The study evaluated 30 wheat genotypes over the 2007-2008 Rabi season in Allahabad, India. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between genotypes for all traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were moderate to high for tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, and biological yield per plant. Heritability was highest for plant height, days to flowering, straw yield per plant, grains per spike, test weight, and grain yield per plant. High heritability and genetic advance were observed for plant height, straw yield, and harvest index, suggesting a good amount of additive genetic variability for improving these traits through selection.
Promising parents for grain yield and early maturity in rabi sorghum (sorghum...Nirmal Parde
This study evaluated four male sterile sorghum lines and twelve testers in a line x tester crossing design along with their 48 crosses for days to flowering, maturity, and grain yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among lines, testers, and their interactions for all traits. For general combining ability, line RMS 2010-10A and tester RSV 1941 showed positive and significant effects for increasing grain yield while decreasing days to flowering and maturity. These parents are recommended for use in breeding programs to develop high yielding and early maturing rabi sorghum hybrids that can escape terminal drought stress.
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Analysis of combining ability in blackgram (vigna mungo l.hepper)Nirmal Parde
The document analyzes combining ability in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) varieties. Seven genetically diverse blackgram varieties were selected and crossed in a diallel design. Analysis of variance showed both additive and non-additive gene effects were important for seed yield and its components. The varieties LBG-402, BDU-1 and AKU-9904 showed good general combining ability. The crosses LBG-402 x BDU-1, BDU-1 x Pant-U 31, AKU-9904 x Pant-U 31 and AKU-9904 x NUL-7 exhibited high specific combining ability effects for most traits. These crosses showed potential for isol
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Genetic variability and heritability studies on bread wheatNirmal Parde
The study evaluated 30 wheat genotypes over the 2007-2008 Rabi season in Allahabad, India. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between genotypes for all traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were moderate to high for tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, and biological yield per plant. Heritability was highest for plant height, days to flowering, straw yield per plant, grains per spike, test weight, and grain yield per plant. High heritability and genetic advance were observed for plant height, straw yield, and harvest index, suggesting a good amount of additive genetic variability for improving these traits through selection.
Promising parents for grain yield and early maturity in rabi sorghum (sorghum...Nirmal Parde
This study evaluated four male sterile sorghum lines and twelve testers in a line x tester crossing design along with their 48 crosses for days to flowering, maturity, and grain yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among lines, testers, and their interactions for all traits. For general combining ability, line RMS 2010-10A and tester RSV 1941 showed positive and significant effects for increasing grain yield while decreasing days to flowering and maturity. These parents are recommended for use in breeding programs to develop high yielding and early maturing rabi sorghum hybrids that can escape terminal drought stress.
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Analysis of combining ability in blackgram (vigna mungo l.hepper)Nirmal Parde
The document analyzes combining ability in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) varieties. Seven genetically diverse blackgram varieties were selected and crossed in a diallel design. Analysis of variance showed both additive and non-additive gene effects were important for seed yield and its components. The varieties LBG-402, BDU-1 and AKU-9904 showed good general combining ability. The crosses LBG-402 x BDU-1, BDU-1 x Pant-U 31, AKU-9904 x Pant-U 31 and AKU-9904 x NUL-7 exhibited high specific combining ability effects for most traits. These crosses showed potential for isol
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Selection Criteria for Yield Improvement in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 19 advanced rapeseed lines and one variety for various agronomic traits including yield and yield components. Phenotypic and genotypic variability was highest for seeds per plant and pods per branch. Grain yield per plant was positively correlated with grain yield per unit area and oil yield, indicating it could be used for selection. Grain yield per plant was also positively correlated with pods per plant, pods per branch, biomass, branch angle, and flowering duration. Linear regression showed biomass, seeds per pod, first branch height, number of branches, and pods per branch affected grain yield per plant. Path analysis found branch angle, seeds per middle pods, and grain yield per plant directly affected grain yield per unit area.
VARIABILITY STUDY IN F2 MATERIALS OF INTERVARIETAL CROSS OF BRINJAL (Solanum ...Moniruzzaman Shohag
This study evaluated variability in F2 populations of brinjal (eggplant) crosses. Significant variation was found among genotypes for traits like plant height, fruit circumference, single fruit weight, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, and yield per plant. The best performing genotype was Line-01× Line-25F2, which had the highest single fruit weight and yield per plant. Several other genotypes, including Line-01× Line-25F1 and Line-23× Line-24F2, also performed well for yield. The genotype Line-23× Line-24F2 was the earliest for days to flowering and first harvest. High heritability was observed for most traits, suggesting additive gene effects
Exploitation of Germplasm for Plant Yield Improvement in Cotton (Gossypium hi...Shoaib Ur Rehman
This study assessed genetic diversity among 50 cotton genotypes by evaluating 14 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variability among genotypes. Traits like plant height, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, and plant yield had high heritability, indicating additive gene effects and potential for selection. Principal component analysis identified plant height, number of branches, and bolls per plant as major contributors to variation. Projection of genotypes onto the first two principal components showed population structure. The most genetically diverse genotypes identified were IUB-222, SB-149, CIM-612, CIM-598, CIM-506, RS-1 and VS-1, which could be useful for future cotton breeding programs.
Variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis for grain yield in riceIJERA Editor
Ten diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were crossed in a diallel fashion to study variability , heritability and genetic advance for 12 quantitative characters . A considerable amount of variability (gcv) varied from 5.95 for no. of leaves per tiller to 17.40 for grain yield per plant and the estimates of pcv varied from 7.08 for days to 50% flowering to 17.49 for grain yield per plant. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.721 for total biological yield per plant to 1.000 for plant height . Since the heritability in broad sense was estimated , therefore . other parameters should also be considered for selecting the genotypes. The genetic advance varied from 0.71 for no. of leaves per tiller to 46.23 for no. of spikelets per panicle. High estimates of genetic advance was reported for plant height , days to maturity , days to 50% flowering and total biological yield per plant . However, high heritability estimates was associated with high predicted genetic advance for plant height , days to maturity ,days to 50% flowering and no. of spikelets per panicle. The situation is encouraging since selection based on these characters being of additive in nature , is likely to be more effective for their improvement. As such phenotypic selection for those traits is likely to be more effective for their improvement. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than those of genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits except plant height. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were obtained for plant height , number of spikelets per panicle , days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity . These traits were mostly governed by additive gene action. And these characters are important for the breeder to construct selection indices.
This study investigated the effect of rootstock age on softwood grafting success in jackfruit. Rootstocks aged 2-7 months were used with pre-cured scion sticks. The highest graft success (72.39%) was observed in 7-month old rootstocks. No sprouting occurred in 6-month rootstocks. The lowest success (23.60%) was with 5-month rootstocks. Bud sprouting was fastest in 7-month rootstocks. Seven-month rootstocks also produced the most leaves, buds, longest and thickest shoots, while 4-month rootstocks had the most branches. Graft mortality was lowest for 7-month rootstocks and highest for 6-month rootstocks.
11. physiological maturity studies in phyllanthus amarusVishwanath Koti
The study examined physiological maturity in Phyllanthus amarus, an important medicinal plant. Seeds reached maximum dry weight of 136g at 55 days after anthesis, with a moisture content of 27.65%, germination rate of 88%, and highest vigor index, indicating the crop had reached physiological maturity. Harvesting of P. amarus for seed purposes under Bangalore conditions should occur around 55 days after anthesis to obtain higher seed yield and quality.
Correlation and path coefficients analysis studies among yield and yield rela...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out to estimate correlation coefficients among grain yield and yield related traits and work out direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on grain yield using path- coefficient analysis. Sixty-six F1 crosses and two standard checks were evaluated at Mechara, Ethiopia. The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to entries and crosses were highly significant (p<0.01)><0.05) for most traits studied, indicating the existence of variability among the materials evaluated, which could be exploited for the improvement of respective traits. Grain yield showed positive and highly significant correlations with most traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Ear diameter and number of kernels per row exerted positive direct effect and also had positive association with grain yield. These traits could be used as a reliable indicator in indirect selection for higher grain yield since their direct effect and association with grain yield were positive at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Traits having strong relationship with grain yield can be used for indirect selection to improve grain yield because grain yield can be simultaneously improved along with the traits for which it showed strong relationship.
Genetic analysis of superior doubles haploids rice lines derivated from anthe...Muh Syafii
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the genetic diversity and agronomic characteristics of 18 double haploid rice lines developed through anther culture, compared to two control varieties. Key findings include:
1) The lines showed diversity in traits like plant height, yield, flowering time and grain quality. The highest yielding line KP44223 produced 4.5 tons/ha.
2) Traits like plant height, flowering time, harvest time, panicle length, empty grains, 1000 grain weight and yield had high heritability, indicating they can be effectively selected.
3) Analysis found genetic variability was high for traits like empty grains and yield, but low to moderate for others.
4
Line × tester analysis for yield contributing morphological traits in Triticu...Innspub Net
The present study was carried out for the development of the water stress wheat cultivars with higher grain yield by studying the genetic basis of crucial morphological traits. Nine wheat genotypes were grouped into six lines and three testers and these parents were crossed line x tester fashion. Eighteen crosses including nine parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications. Three drought tolerant varieties Chakwal-50, Chakwal-86 and Kohistan-97 were also sown to compare the results in water stress environment. Highest negative GCA effects were observed in WN-36 for plant height (-6.17) and flag leaf area (-1.53), while for peduncle length it was noted in 8126 lines (-1.15). Highest positive GCA effects were observed in WN-32 for a number of grains per spike (5.21), grain yield per plant (2.08) and for spikelet per spike (0.33), while for 8126 and WN-10 the number of tillers per plant (0.67) and spike length (0.25) was found, respectively. The crosses 9451 × WN-25, WN-36 × 8126, WN-10 × 8126 showed highest negative SCA effects for plant height (-8.06), flag leaf area (-2.89), and peduncle length (-2.05), respectively. Moreover, the cross combinations of WN-36 × WN-25, WN-32 × WN-25 and AARI-7 × 9526 showed positive SCA effects for number of tillers per plant (1.52), spike length (0.72) and number of spikelet per spike (0.84) respectively, while the interaction of WN-35 × 8126 crosses showed highest positive SCA effects for number of grains/spike (5.69) and grain yield/plant (2.75). The parental material used in this study and cross combinations obtained from these parents may be exploited in future breeding endeavors.
1) The mutant lines exhibited higher growth parameters like plant length, tiller number, and panicle length compared to the original cultivars. The mutant lines also had longer durations to reach heading and maturity stages.
2) Yield and its components like panicle number, spikelet number, 1000 grain weight, 1000 brown rice weight, and grain yield were highest in the mutant lines compared to the original cultivars. The greatest grain yield of 11.6 t/ha was found in mutant line K4.
3) Physicochemical properties of the mutant lines showed lower amylose, protein, and lipid contents than the original cultivars. This was correlated with higher taste scores in the mutant lines.
Plant Architectural Engineering in fruit crops: Physiology and Prospects MANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes a presentation on plant architectural engineering in fruit crops. It discusses the components of fruit tree architecture including identifying shoot types and analyzing branching patterns. It also covers manipulating tree architecture through training, pruning, and other methods. Training methods like central leader, modified leader, and dwarf tree systems are described. Pruning impacts physiology by removing apical dominance and improving light penetration and fruit quality. Rootstocks also influence scion architecture and productivity. The optimal architecture allows for high light interception and photosynthesis efficiency while maintaining balanced growth and high yields.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
The Study of Straw Organics Products and JajarLegowo Utilization toward Rice ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.
1) Studies were conducted to evaluate seed germination and vigor in six Bt and non-Bt cotton hybrids using different testing methods.
2) Irrespective of being Bt or non-Bt, the cotton hybrid PRCH 31 consistently showed higher germination percentages and seedling lengths across various testing methods compared to other hybrids.
3) Testing methods like sand and between paper produced higher germination results than top of paper or soil methods, likely due to better moisture retention. Seed vigor was also highest for PRCH 31 based on measurements like seedling length.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN QUINOA (Chenopodium...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the direct and indirect effects of quantitative characters in 30 quinoa genotypes. It found high variability among genotypes for all studied characters. Heritability estimates ranged from 76-95% with highest for days to maturity. Correlation analysis found seed yield had highest positive correlation with plant height, branches per plant, inflorescence per plant, and seed volume weight. Path analysis revealed inflorescence width had the highest direct positive effect on seed yield, followed by plant height, seed volume weight, and inflorescence per plant. Selection based on these characters could help improve quinoa yields.
Varietal differences in seed germination and seedling vigour characteristics ...Open Access Research Paper
An experiment was conducted using twenty-two (accession, local and improved) cowpea genotypes evaluated for their laboratory seed quality attributes. The laboratory experiment was set-up in a complete randomized design with three replicates between February and March, 2023 at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Oyo State. Data collected on seed quality attributes in the laboratory were subjected to analysis of variance. Treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5 % level of probability, correlation, and principal component analysis. Germination percentage ranged from 94.0 % for NGB07614 to 31.33 % for NGB07593. Germination percentage also had highly significant negative correlation with germination index, abnormal seedling, dead seed and seedling dry weight. Germination percentage also had positive and significant correlation with root length and seedling vigour index. Principal component analysis revealed that the seed quality attributes such as germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index, shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight contribute significantly to the variation within the 22 genotypes of cowpea evaluated. The cluster analysis for seed quality attributes included in this study placed cowpea genotypes into four clusters with sub clusters for each, except cluster four with only three genotypes of one accession, one local and one improved, respectively. The mean performance of laboratory seed quality attributes revealed that NGB07614, Abewere, 150-Ex and Modupe were outstanding in some of seed quality attributes. This shows that selection for superior seed quality traits is possible among these cowpea accessions.
Selection Criteria for Yield Improvement in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 19 advanced rapeseed lines and one variety for various agronomic traits including yield and yield components. Phenotypic and genotypic variability was highest for seeds per plant and pods per branch. Grain yield per plant was positively correlated with grain yield per unit area and oil yield, indicating it could be used for selection. Grain yield per plant was also positively correlated with pods per plant, pods per branch, biomass, branch angle, and flowering duration. Linear regression showed biomass, seeds per pod, first branch height, number of branches, and pods per branch affected grain yield per plant. Path analysis found branch angle, seeds per middle pods, and grain yield per plant directly affected grain yield per unit area.
VARIABILITY STUDY IN F2 MATERIALS OF INTERVARIETAL CROSS OF BRINJAL (Solanum ...Moniruzzaman Shohag
This study evaluated variability in F2 populations of brinjal (eggplant) crosses. Significant variation was found among genotypes for traits like plant height, fruit circumference, single fruit weight, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, and yield per plant. The best performing genotype was Line-01× Line-25F2, which had the highest single fruit weight and yield per plant. Several other genotypes, including Line-01× Line-25F1 and Line-23× Line-24F2, also performed well for yield. The genotype Line-23× Line-24F2 was the earliest for days to flowering and first harvest. High heritability was observed for most traits, suggesting additive gene effects
Exploitation of Germplasm for Plant Yield Improvement in Cotton (Gossypium hi...Shoaib Ur Rehman
This study assessed genetic diversity among 50 cotton genotypes by evaluating 14 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variability among genotypes. Traits like plant height, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, and plant yield had high heritability, indicating additive gene effects and potential for selection. Principal component analysis identified plant height, number of branches, and bolls per plant as major contributors to variation. Projection of genotypes onto the first two principal components showed population structure. The most genetically diverse genotypes identified were IUB-222, SB-149, CIM-612, CIM-598, CIM-506, RS-1 and VS-1, which could be useful for future cotton breeding programs.
Variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis for grain yield in riceIJERA Editor
Ten diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were crossed in a diallel fashion to study variability , heritability and genetic advance for 12 quantitative characters . A considerable amount of variability (gcv) varied from 5.95 for no. of leaves per tiller to 17.40 for grain yield per plant and the estimates of pcv varied from 7.08 for days to 50% flowering to 17.49 for grain yield per plant. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.721 for total biological yield per plant to 1.000 for plant height . Since the heritability in broad sense was estimated , therefore . other parameters should also be considered for selecting the genotypes. The genetic advance varied from 0.71 for no. of leaves per tiller to 46.23 for no. of spikelets per panicle. High estimates of genetic advance was reported for plant height , days to maturity , days to 50% flowering and total biological yield per plant . However, high heritability estimates was associated with high predicted genetic advance for plant height , days to maturity ,days to 50% flowering and no. of spikelets per panicle. The situation is encouraging since selection based on these characters being of additive in nature , is likely to be more effective for their improvement. As such phenotypic selection for those traits is likely to be more effective for their improvement. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than those of genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits except plant height. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were obtained for plant height , number of spikelets per panicle , days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity . These traits were mostly governed by additive gene action. And these characters are important for the breeder to construct selection indices.
This study investigated the effect of rootstock age on softwood grafting success in jackfruit. Rootstocks aged 2-7 months were used with pre-cured scion sticks. The highest graft success (72.39%) was observed in 7-month old rootstocks. No sprouting occurred in 6-month rootstocks. The lowest success (23.60%) was with 5-month rootstocks. Bud sprouting was fastest in 7-month rootstocks. Seven-month rootstocks also produced the most leaves, buds, longest and thickest shoots, while 4-month rootstocks had the most branches. Graft mortality was lowest for 7-month rootstocks and highest for 6-month rootstocks.
11. physiological maturity studies in phyllanthus amarusVishwanath Koti
The study examined physiological maturity in Phyllanthus amarus, an important medicinal plant. Seeds reached maximum dry weight of 136g at 55 days after anthesis, with a moisture content of 27.65%, germination rate of 88%, and highest vigor index, indicating the crop had reached physiological maturity. Harvesting of P. amarus for seed purposes under Bangalore conditions should occur around 55 days after anthesis to obtain higher seed yield and quality.
Correlation and path coefficients analysis studies among yield and yield rela...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out to estimate correlation coefficients among grain yield and yield related traits and work out direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on grain yield using path- coefficient analysis. Sixty-six F1 crosses and two standard checks were evaluated at Mechara, Ethiopia. The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to entries and crosses were highly significant (p<0.01)><0.05) for most traits studied, indicating the existence of variability among the materials evaluated, which could be exploited for the improvement of respective traits. Grain yield showed positive and highly significant correlations with most traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Ear diameter and number of kernels per row exerted positive direct effect and also had positive association with grain yield. These traits could be used as a reliable indicator in indirect selection for higher grain yield since their direct effect and association with grain yield were positive at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Traits having strong relationship with grain yield can be used for indirect selection to improve grain yield because grain yield can be simultaneously improved along with the traits for which it showed strong relationship.
Genetic analysis of superior doubles haploids rice lines derivated from anthe...Muh Syafii
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the genetic diversity and agronomic characteristics of 18 double haploid rice lines developed through anther culture, compared to two control varieties. Key findings include:
1) The lines showed diversity in traits like plant height, yield, flowering time and grain quality. The highest yielding line KP44223 produced 4.5 tons/ha.
2) Traits like plant height, flowering time, harvest time, panicle length, empty grains, 1000 grain weight and yield had high heritability, indicating they can be effectively selected.
3) Analysis found genetic variability was high for traits like empty grains and yield, but low to moderate for others.
4
Line × tester analysis for yield contributing morphological traits in Triticu...Innspub Net
The present study was carried out for the development of the water stress wheat cultivars with higher grain yield by studying the genetic basis of crucial morphological traits. Nine wheat genotypes were grouped into six lines and three testers and these parents were crossed line x tester fashion. Eighteen crosses including nine parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications. Three drought tolerant varieties Chakwal-50, Chakwal-86 and Kohistan-97 were also sown to compare the results in water stress environment. Highest negative GCA effects were observed in WN-36 for plant height (-6.17) and flag leaf area (-1.53), while for peduncle length it was noted in 8126 lines (-1.15). Highest positive GCA effects were observed in WN-32 for a number of grains per spike (5.21), grain yield per plant (2.08) and for spikelet per spike (0.33), while for 8126 and WN-10 the number of tillers per plant (0.67) and spike length (0.25) was found, respectively. The crosses 9451 × WN-25, WN-36 × 8126, WN-10 × 8126 showed highest negative SCA effects for plant height (-8.06), flag leaf area (-2.89), and peduncle length (-2.05), respectively. Moreover, the cross combinations of WN-36 × WN-25, WN-32 × WN-25 and AARI-7 × 9526 showed positive SCA effects for number of tillers per plant (1.52), spike length (0.72) and number of spikelet per spike (0.84) respectively, while the interaction of WN-35 × 8126 crosses showed highest positive SCA effects for number of grains/spike (5.69) and grain yield/plant (2.75). The parental material used in this study and cross combinations obtained from these parents may be exploited in future breeding endeavors.
1) The mutant lines exhibited higher growth parameters like plant length, tiller number, and panicle length compared to the original cultivars. The mutant lines also had longer durations to reach heading and maturity stages.
2) Yield and its components like panicle number, spikelet number, 1000 grain weight, 1000 brown rice weight, and grain yield were highest in the mutant lines compared to the original cultivars. The greatest grain yield of 11.6 t/ha was found in mutant line K4.
3) Physicochemical properties of the mutant lines showed lower amylose, protein, and lipid contents than the original cultivars. This was correlated with higher taste scores in the mutant lines.
Plant Architectural Engineering in fruit crops: Physiology and Prospects MANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes a presentation on plant architectural engineering in fruit crops. It discusses the components of fruit tree architecture including identifying shoot types and analyzing branching patterns. It also covers manipulating tree architecture through training, pruning, and other methods. Training methods like central leader, modified leader, and dwarf tree systems are described. Pruning impacts physiology by removing apical dominance and improving light penetration and fruit quality. Rootstocks also influence scion architecture and productivity. The optimal architecture allows for high light interception and photosynthesis efficiency while maintaining balanced growth and high yields.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
The Study of Straw Organics Products and JajarLegowo Utilization toward Rice ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.
1) Studies were conducted to evaluate seed germination and vigor in six Bt and non-Bt cotton hybrids using different testing methods.
2) Irrespective of being Bt or non-Bt, the cotton hybrid PRCH 31 consistently showed higher germination percentages and seedling lengths across various testing methods compared to other hybrids.
3) Testing methods like sand and between paper produced higher germination results than top of paper or soil methods, likely due to better moisture retention. Seed vigor was also highest for PRCH 31 based on measurements like seedling length.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN QUINOA (Chenopodium...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the direct and indirect effects of quantitative characters in 30 quinoa genotypes. It found high variability among genotypes for all studied characters. Heritability estimates ranged from 76-95% with highest for days to maturity. Correlation analysis found seed yield had highest positive correlation with plant height, branches per plant, inflorescence per plant, and seed volume weight. Path analysis revealed inflorescence width had the highest direct positive effect on seed yield, followed by plant height, seed volume weight, and inflorescence per plant. Selection based on these characters could help improve quinoa yields.
Varietal differences in seed germination and seedling vigour characteristics ...Open Access Research Paper
An experiment was conducted using twenty-two (accession, local and improved) cowpea genotypes evaluated for their laboratory seed quality attributes. The laboratory experiment was set-up in a complete randomized design with three replicates between February and March, 2023 at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Oyo State. Data collected on seed quality attributes in the laboratory were subjected to analysis of variance. Treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5 % level of probability, correlation, and principal component analysis. Germination percentage ranged from 94.0 % for NGB07614 to 31.33 % for NGB07593. Germination percentage also had highly significant negative correlation with germination index, abnormal seedling, dead seed and seedling dry weight. Germination percentage also had positive and significant correlation with root length and seedling vigour index. Principal component analysis revealed that the seed quality attributes such as germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index, shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight contribute significantly to the variation within the 22 genotypes of cowpea evaluated. The cluster analysis for seed quality attributes included in this study placed cowpea genotypes into four clusters with sub clusters for each, except cluster four with only three genotypes of one accession, one local and one improved, respectively. The mean performance of laboratory seed quality attributes revealed that NGB07614, Abewere, 150-Ex and Modupe were outstanding in some of seed quality attributes. This shows that selection for superior seed quality traits is possible among these cowpea accessions.
Effect of Seedling Density on Growth Attributes of Cauliflower variety Kathma...AI Publications
Nursery management including optimum seedling density is an important factor for better crop performance. A study was carried out to examine the effect of seedling density on growth attributes of cauliflower seedlings cv. Kathmandu local in the field of Lamjung Campus in Oct., 2018. Experiment consists of four treatments which were replicated five times and laid out in RCBD. Seed spacing treatments viz. 0.5cm x 1.0cm, 1.0cm x 1.0cm, 1.5cm x 1.5cm and 2.0cm x 2.0cm were maintained in a raised nursery beds. Field germination percentage was recorded up to 60% at fourth day after sowing (DAS) whereas in lab it was up to 74%. Above and below ground seedling biomass, unfold leaves area, number of true leaves, plant height and root length were recorded at 23 DAS by destructive method. ImageJ package was used for leaf area measurement. Data were tabulated in MS Excel and analyzed by GenStat. Root length (4.85cm) was significantly higher in spacing of 2cm x 2cm which was at par with 1.5cm x 1.5cm whereas lower in 0.5cm x 1.0cm. Significantly maximum value for fresh weight of root (0.045gm), fresh weight of shoot (0.91gm), dry weight of shoot (0.11gm) and dry matter percentage (12%) was observed in 1.5cm x 1.5cm spacing. Seedlings greater than 1.5cm to 2cm spacing performed better than closer spacing in most of the variable of interests, however, there was no significant differences observed in number of true leaves, leaf area and plant height. A trial with wider spacing considering seedling health is recommended.
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp). "Berangan Cv. Intan-...paperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp.) Berangan Cv. Intan-AAApaperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different grafting methods for watermelon seedlings and their impact on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Three grafting methods were compared: splice grafting, hole insertion grafting, and tongue approach grafting. Splice grafting resulted in the highest survival rates of grafted seedlings and led to significant increases in plant growth, early and total yield, and fruit characteristics compared to non-grafted plants and plants grafted using other methods. Histological analysis of the graft unions supported the findings that splice grafting was the most effective grafting technique.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the association between agronomic traits and grain yield, protein content, and oil content in soybean genotypes. The study analyzed data from 49 soybean genotypes grown in two locations in Ethiopia. It found that seed yield was strongly correlated with seeds per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, days to maturity, and grain filling period. Protein content was strongly correlated with plant height, branches per plant, and days to maturity. Oil content was not associated with any traits except protein content, which had a strong negative association. Path analysis revealed that number of seeds per pod was more important than other traits for indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes.
STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATRIBUTING CHARACTERS IN INDIGENOUS RICE (OR...Vipin Pandey
The present study was carried out to study ninety four rice accessions, along with checks, on the basis of sixteen
qualitative and twenty quantitative characters. Analysis of variance for quantitative characters showed differences for
different characters. High coefficient of variation in the entire genotypes was observed for grain yield per plant (27.4 %),
number of effective tillers per plant (22.37 %), test weight (21.14 %) and kernel length breadth ratio (20.59 %).
Correlation analysis revealed positive and highly significant correlation of total number of filled grains per panicle, total
number of grains per panicle, plant height and number of effective tiller per plant; harvest index, test weight, flag leaf
length and days to maturity had positive highly significant correlation with grain yield per plant. Principal Component
Analysis revealed, out of 20, only seven principal components (PCs) exhibited more than 1.00 eigen value, and showed
about 77.42 % variability among the traits studied. So, these 7 PCs were given due importance for further explanation.
Component matrix revealed that the PC1 was mostly related to quality characters while PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6 and
PC7 mostly associated with yield related traits. Cluster analysis performed by UPGMA method using Euclidean distance
as dissimilarity measure divided the 97 genotypes of rice into ten clusters. The cluster III constituted of 48 genotypes,
forming the largest cluster followed by cluster VI (22 genotypes), cluster V (10 genotypes), cluster II (5 genotypes) and
cluster VIII (4 genotypes), cluster I, IV and VII (two genotypes each), cluster IX and X had (only one genotypes each).
Quality analysis performed for 97 rice genotypes revealed wide range of genetic variability for most of the quality traits.
Conversion of crop waste in to pink oyster mushroom pleurotus eous.Dr. siddhant
This study evaluated 10 locally available crop wastes for their suitability as substrates for growing the pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous. The time required for spawn running, pinhead initiation and fruit body maturation was shortest on paddy straw and it produced the highest yield (330g) and biological efficiency (66%). Paddy straw was found to be a better substrate than the control wheat straw for cultivating P. eous mushrooms based on yield and growth parameters. The study demonstrated that agricultural waste materials can be effectively utilized for mushroom cultivation.
Growth characteristics and yield of jute mallow when intercropped with common...Innspub Net
In Tanzania, farmers harvest Jute mallow for granted when it grows without being cultivated. This limits its potential production and possibilities for exploiting its fully benefit in nutrition and market. This study was conducted to find a better intercropping combination which is agronomically viable with higher yield advantages by integrating Jute mallow in commonly grown cereals in Tanzania. Field experiment was conducted at Hombolo Agricultural Research Centre in Dodoma and the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) farm in Arusha to assess the growth and yield performance of jute mallow when intercropped with either maize, sorghum or finger millet. The experiment was set in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that growth parameters of Jute mallow with sorghum and jute mallow with finger millet intercrops such as plant height, number of branches and number of leaves were not affected by intercropping. Jute mallow intercropped with maize suppressed growth and yield performance of Jute mallow. Among intercropped stands, Jute mallow intercropped with sorghum and with finger millet was not affected by intercropping on fresh leaf yield. However, all intercropped stands had yield advantages over mono-cropped stands, jute mallow-sorghum intercrop had the highest yield advantage with a LER of 1.7 and 1.53 in Dodoma and Arusha respectively. If farmers opt for intercropping and maximizing land use, this study recommends jute mallow to be intercropped with sorghum and with finger millet for better yields and sustainable growth.
This document provides an introduction, objectives, and methodology for a study on the effect of hormonal seed treatments on growth, yield, quality, health, and enzyme activity in chickpeas after accelerated aging. The study will consist of field and laboratory experiments with 111 plots using a randomized block design to evaluate 37 treatment combinations of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid applied to seeds stored at different temperatures and relative humidity for varying time periods. Measurements will include growth, yield, quality parameters, seed health status, and enzymatic activity to determine the impacts of hormonal treatments and accelerated aging. The research aims to develop techniques to improve seed vigor and storage potential under climate change conditions.
Productivity of Soybean on Different AgroecosystemsIJEABJ
This study aims to see the growth and productivity of soybeans in different agroecosystems. The study was conducted on paddy field located in Bumi Setia village, Seputih Mataram sub-district, Central Lampung district, and on dryland located in Mandah village, Natar sub-district, South Lampung district, Lampung Province, Indonesia, from April to July 2015. Soybean varieties grown at each location were Grobogan varieties. The variables observed were crop emergence, plant height at harvest, number of plant harvested, number of pods per plant, empty pods, weight of 100 grains, pod pests and productivity. Data were analyzed by t test. The results showed that soybean productivity in dryland was 64.25% lower than productivity in paddy fields. The low yield of soybean varieties of Grobogan in dryland was caused due to drought factor when forming and filling pods. This can be seen from the decrease of weight of 100 grains of soybean seed in dryland up to 51.82% than in paddy field. The status of Grobogan varieties soybean vigor may change from large seed to medium seed if the water requirement is not optimum during the growing season.
Indonesian Peanut Cultivar Difference in Yield Performance Based on Source an...Repository Ipb
This document summarizes a study on yield performance differences among 20 Indonesian peanut cultivars based on source and sink characteristics. The study found that cultivar Biawak achieved the highest yield due to relatively higher vegetative growth (source) and pod production (sink). Cultivar Jepara had the lowest yield due to lower pod filling percentage and pod production, despite average vegetative growth. Yield was influenced by the relationship between vegetative growth, pod production, and pod filling percentage. Cultivars differed in how efficiently they utilized available sources and sinks. The study provides insight into yield formation in peanuts to help increase productivity in Indonesia.
Topic- Genetic Variability and Stability Analysis in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
PRESENTED
BY
CHIRANJEEV
Id. No. – 4213, M. Sc. (Ag.)
In the presence of External examiner and Members of Advisory Committee
Venue: Seminar class room
On date: 27/10/2020
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY MEERUT-250110 (U.P.) India
This study screened 90 castor genotypes to identify early maturing varieties. A wide range of variability was found across 13 measured traits. 26 genotypes matured within 150 days while 64 matured after 151 days. Significant positive correlations were found between days to maturity and plant height and number of internodes. However, days to maturity was negatively correlated with number of racemes and seed yield per plant. Several promising early maturing and high yielding genotypes were identified that could be further selected to develop varieties that are both early maturing and high yielding.
Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame in Ethiopia is below the world average due to lack of high yielding improved varieties. Understanding of genetic variability of characters becomes essential. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the
extent of genetic variation among yield and 19 yield components. One hundred sesame genotypes were evaluated in 10x10 triple lattice design at Werer during 2017 and 2018. The combined analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly. Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for shattering resistance, whereas plant height, number of capsules per plant, harvest index and seed yield showed medium values. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance were observed for shattering resistance, plant height, capsule per plant, harvest
index and seed yield. The present study revealed that to increase sesame seed yield, the genotypes should possess a
greater number of capsules, shattering resistance and high harvest index, which known to be important yield contributing
characters and selection based on these characters would be most effective. The D2 analysis exhibited the group of
genotypes into seven clusters. Assessment of sesame genetic resources with molecular markers assisted breeding should be
considered in the future.
report on in vitro seed production and seed immobilizationPreeti Beniwal
This document describes a student's project report on in vitro seed production and seed immobilization. It includes an introduction describing the importance of seed viability testing and in vitro techniques. It also describes the objectives of the project which are: 1) determining mung bean seed viability, 2) preparing MS medium stock solutions, 3) in vitro mung bean seed germination, and 4) artificial seed production using sodium alginate immobilization. The document includes sections on review of literature, materials and methods, results and discussion, and references.
Poster presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Nurul Hidayati, Triadiati, and Iswandi Anas
Title: Physiological and morphological changes in rice plants under SRI
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
1. The document contains 7 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 1(3) from 2012. The abstracts discuss research on topics related to agroforestry, seed germination of fruit crops, effects of organic amendments on ashwagandha growth and yield, path analysis of tomato yield components, effects of chemicals on guava shelf life and quality, effects of ethrel on post-harvest papaya, and effects of zinc application on peach yield and quality.
2. The abstracts provide overviews of studies that analyzed the microclimate changes under trees in agroforestry systems, reviewed developments in seed germination of various fruit crops, examined the impact of organic amendments and bio
Similar to Pruning, cropping pattern and spacing regulation to enhance growth, production and seed quality of Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis L) (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study surveyed amphibian diversity in the 200 ha Biodiversity Conservation Area of the Soubré hydroelectric dam in southwest Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 14 amphibian species from 6 families and 8 genera were recorded. Most species were associated with savannah and degraded forest habitats. The assemblage was dominated by species tolerant of disturbed habitats. All species recorded are of least concern according to the IUCN. Monitoring of species ecology and habitat protection are recommended to conserve this area's amphibian diversity.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
This document describes a study that evaluated the effect of incorporating duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) into diets for male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Three experimental diets were tested: T0 (0% duckweed), T1 (5% dried duckweed powder), and T2 (70% T0 feed and 30% fresh duckweed). The results showed that fry fed diet T1 achieved the highest average weight, daily growth rate, and specific growth rate, though differences among treatments were not statistically significant. Diet T1 also resulted in the highest gross profit margin, demonstrating the potential of incorporating a modest amount of dried duckweed into tilap
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The document describes research evaluating 13 maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer infestation in Kassala State, Sudan over two growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design. Data was collected on various agronomic traits and yield. Results showed that genotypes STB.G11, STB.G10, STB.G4, STB.G6 and STB.G8 produced the highest yields ranging from 3,302 to 4,132 kg/ha and had promising yield component traits, indicating greater tolerance to stem borer infestation compared to other genotypes tested. Yield was identified as the most promising indicator of tolerance.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of climate change on wheat yield in three districts of Pakistan from 1999-2014 using remote sensing techniques. The study found wheat production fluctuated over this time period in all three districts. Some years had higher rainfall and temperatures led to lower yields, while other years with more optimal rainfall and temperatures produced higher yields. Overall, the data showed increasing rainfall trends but unstable wheat production in the districts. The study concluded that satellite remote sensing could help predict crop yields and manage food crises given changing climate conditions.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production in Kinondoni District, Tanzania. The study found that farmers perceived increased occurrences of floods, extreme temperatures, and drought. These events negatively affected crop production by damaging crops, causing low yields, outbreaks of pests and diseases, and drying of water sources. Farmers employed adaptation strategies like crop diversification, pesticide use, changing cropping patterns, irrigation, and replanting crops. The study recommends adopting new farming systems like vertical farming to improve output with limited land and water resources under climate change.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of different liming rates on maize and bean yields in strongly acidic tea-growing soils in Kenya. The soils had pH values below 5, indicating aluminum toxicity and deficiencies in important nutrients. Liming raised the soil pH and increased both maize and bean yields significantly compared to the unlimed control. The maximum yields for both crops were achieved at a liming rate of 6 t/ha, which raised the soil pH to around 5.5. Higher liming rates did not further increase yields and started to decrease them, possibly due to nutrient imbalances. The results show that liming is an effective and inexpensive way to reclaim strongly acidic tea soils and improve food crop production.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pruning, cropping pattern and spacing regulation to enhance growth, production and seed quality of Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis L)
1. Int. J. Agri. Agron. R.
Sarijan et al. Page 46
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Pruning, cropping pattern and spacing regulation to
enhance growth, production and seed quality of Jackbean
(Canavalia ensiformis L)
Abdullah Sarijan*1
, Memen Surahman2
, Asep Setiawan2
, Giyanto2
1
University of Musamus, Jl. Kamizaun, Merauke, Indonesia
2
Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Meranti, Bogor, Indonesia
Article published on January 30, 2018
Key words: Double row, Germination, Jack bean, White koro.
Abstract
The research was aimed to enhance growth, production, and seed quality of Jack Bean through pruning, cropping
pattern and spacing regulation. The research was carried out from Mei to October 2016 at Puwasari Village,
Dramaga, Bogor - Indonesia and be countinued by seed testing (December 2016) at Seed Testing Laboratoty, Bogor
Agricultural University. The research was arranged in a Completely Randomyzed Block Design (CRBD) with 6
treatments, consisted of: Without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 100cm x 100cm,
Without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm, Without pruning treatment
using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm, Pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and
spacing 50cm x 50cm, Pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm, Pruning
treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm. The experiment was replicated by three
replications. The result research showed spacing regulation and pruning has significantly effect to some variables
observed. The wider spacing showed the better growth. The treatment of without pruning treatment using square
spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm (P2) resulted better growth, while the treatment of pruning treatment
using square spacing and spacing 70cm x 70cm (P5) resulted better seed quality, however the highest production
was reached by pruning treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm (P6).
* Corresponding Author: Abdullah Sarijan abijan64@gmail.com
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 46-52, 2018
2. Int. J. Agri. Agron. R.
Sarijan et al. Page 47
Introduction
Jack bean is a leguminose species that has high
nutrition compositions and can be used as
subsitutuion of soybean in necessity of food industry.
The Jack bean contains 23,8-27,6g protein, 45,2-
56,9g carbohydrate/100g material (Eke et al., 2007).
The antioxidant contained by Soybean i.e 3.442g/
grain, and the antioxidant contain of Jackbean i.e.
2.581g/100 gram seed, and this antioxidant can
prevent free radical (Istianti, 2010). The Jack bean
production about 3,9-4,6ton/ha (Usman et al., 2013)
and more high than soybean production about 0,6-
2,0 ton/ha (Istiqomah and Krismawati, 2015).
The problem faced in Jack bean cultivation is high
loss flowers and pod that direclty will cause the low
production. Egli (2015) stated that flower, young
pods, and growing pods on soybean would use the
simultaneously as similate, where growing pods will
use more assimilate than flower, and this conditions
cause loss flower occured. According to Nazir (2016),
number of pod loss/plant on Jack bean was affected
by stem and branch pruning that relate with
fotosintate insufficiency for embryo development. The
high flower and pod loss directly will affect the
production quantity and possibly also affect the
quality of seed produced. Oskovie and Divsalar (2011)
stated that physiology quality (seed viability and
vigour) can be affected by plant growth, where the
growing plant in suitable environmental will be
produced the high quality of seed.
Forming and development of reproductive phase
relates with grain filling process and food reserves
accumulation during seed development and maturity.
The high flower and pod loss of Jack bean related
with unbalancing of sinc and source, as well as the
completion of among plant or parts of the plant to
utilize the nutrition, water, light, and growth space.
In order to overcome the problems faced, then
pruning, cropping pattern, and spacing regulation
were expected to be solution for reducing of flower
fall and pod loss. Pruning, cropping pattern and
spacing regulation were expected will increase the
efficiency of light use by plant in photosyntesis process,
more photosintate product that allocated to generative
organ development. Pruning will render more space;
offer the opportunity to the flower and pod
development, and insect that support the pollination
process. More and more light come in to plant, can
augment the photosintate product and utilized by plant
to metabolism and growth (Zuchri, 2007).
Generally, this research aims to get the proper
cropping pattern and spacing to enhance the growth,
production, and seed quality of Jack bean, and the
study of pruning to optimally the growth and
production of Jack bean.
Materials and methods
Time, Place and Experiment Design
The research was carried out from May to October
2016 in Purwasari Village, Dramaga, Bogor–
Indonesia, and to be continued by seed quality testing
on December 2016 at Seed Testing Laboratory, Bogor
Agricultural University. The research was arranged in
Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with 6
treatments and three replications, so obtained 18
experiment units. The treatment applied consists of,
P1= without pruning, using square spacing pattern,
spacing 100cm x 100cm, two seed/hole (18
planting holes)
P2= without pruning, using square spacing pattern,
spacing 70cm x 70cm, one seed/hole (40
planting holes)
P3= without pruning, using double row pattern,
spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm, one seed/hole
(56 planting holes)
P4= pruning, using square spacing pattern, spacing
50cm x 50cm, one seed/hole (84 planting holes)
P5= pruning, using square spacing pattern, spacing
70cm x 70cm, one seed/hole (40 planting holes)
P6= pruning, using double row pattern, spacing 50cm x
50cm x 100cm, one seed/hole (56 planting holes)
Seed production
The experiment plot size was 6,0m x 3,5m, and with
the various population according to cropping pattern
and spacing. The population of planting hole for each
treatment respectively, 18 for P2, 40 for P1 and P5, 84
3. Int. J. Agri. Agron. R.
Sarijan et al. Page 48
for P4, and 56 for P3 and P6. Organic fertilizer was
given at early planting, i.e 250g/ planting hole, and
the seed collected from Bogor Agricultural University
were planted at two weeks after organic fertilizer
application. Fertilization was done once on two weeks
after planting (WAP), i.e. 50kg Urea ha-1, 100kg SP36
ha-1 and 112,5kg KCl ha-1. Pruning was applied on the
plant which has more 11 stem segments and 6 branch
segment by cutting knife.
The observation covered, generative growth (time to
flowering, time to first harvest, and harvest period),
yield components (number of inflorescence/plant,
number of pithy pod/inflorescence, number of pithy
pod/plant, number of loss and empty pod, number of
total pod/plant, number of seed/pod, production/
plant, and production/plot).
Testing of seed quality
The seed that were harvested then were tested in the
Seed Testing Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural
University. The testing of seed quality was consisted
of physic and physiology quality. The testing of physic
quality conducted was 1000 seed weight, and the
testing of physiology quality i.e. Maximum growth
potential (MGP), Germination percentage (GP),
Germination speed (GP), Germination uniformity
(GU) and Vigour index (VI).
Physic quality test
1000 seed weight was determined based on the
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) 2015,
i.e. eight (8) pure seed replicates of 100 seeds were
drawn randomly from the submitted sample. Each
replicate weight is recorded in grams to three desimal
place and the mean weight determined from these
replicates. The mean weight of 100 is the used to
calculate the 1000 seed weight.
Physiology quality test
Physiology quality test was conducted by germination
test. 25 seeds were germinated in sand medium for
each replicate, with planting depth about ± 1cm. The
observation of paramaters was conducted based on
ISTA (2015). Maximum growth potential (MGP) was
observed on seventh day, germination percentage on
fifth day and seventh day, germination uniformity on
sixth day and vigour index on fifth day. Germination
speed was observed daily from early germinating to final
day. The normal seedling criteria used were seedling
height about ± 10cm and the leaves opened perfectly.
Data Analysis
The data collected were analyzed by Fisher test (α,
0.05) using Statistical Tools Agricultural Research
(STAR), and If showed significant effect will be
continued to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Results and discussion
Plant Growth
The observation of vegetative growth wasn’t done caused
by the treatment applied was pruning treatment. The
observation of generative growth was done to time to
flowering (DAP), time to first harvest (WAP), and
harvest period. The statistical analys result of generative
growth variables were presented on Table 1.
Table 1. Time to flowering, time to first harvest, and
harvest period of Jack bean.
Treatment Time to
flowering
(DAP)
Time to first
harvets
(WAP)
Harvest
period
(Day)
P1 55 b 19 28 a
P2 53 a 19 30 a
P3 55 b 19 28 a
P4 58 c 20 25b
P5 55 b 19 27 ab
P6 55 b 19 28 a
The numbers followed by the same letters in the same
column showed no significant different.
The result was presented on Table 1 showed the
treatment applied has significantly effect to time to
flowering and harvest period, however hasn’t
significantly effect to time to first harvest. The
treatment on plant wasn’t pruned, spacing 70cm x
70cm (P2) has faster time to flowering and the longer
harvest periode; while the treatment on plant wasn’t
pruned and spacing 50cm x 50cm has slower time to
flowering and shorter harvest period. The average
time to flowering in plant wasn’t pruned (P1, P2, P3)
are 54,3 DAP and plant pruned (P4, P5, P6) are 56
DAP. The average time to first harvest in plant wasn’t
pruned were 19 WAP and 19,3 WAP for plant pruned,
while the harvest period of plant wasn’t pruned were
4. Int. J. Agri. Agron. R.
Sarijan et al. Page 49
28,7 WAP and 26,7 WAP for plant pruned. Cropping
pattern by square spacing pattern and spacing 50cm x
50cm (P4) resulted the slower time to flowering (50
DAP) and time to first harvest (20 WAP), and shorter
harvest periode (25 day) than other treatments.
Other than genetic factor, environmental factor very
important in growth of Jack bean. One of the most
important environmental factors is climate factors
(temperature, rainfall, and Relative Humidity (RH)).
According to The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural
Research and Development (2016) Jack bean plant
grows optimum in the air temperature range, 20-32oC
at the trophic area. Asandhi (2008) stated that
generally planting of Jack bean in Indonesia more
suitable in the areas that has air temperature between
25oC to 30oC, the average of RH about 65%, light
period about 12 hour/day or 10 hour/day minimally,
and the optimum rainfall between 100 to
200mm/month. In this research, the temperature
range was optimum conditions about 26,0-27,1oC,
rainfall and RH classified very high respectively 293-
439mm/month and 82-86%/month. The high rainfall
and RH at the research was held that was alleged as
trigger the occurrence of disease attacks (Sclerotium
sp fungus) in root, stem, and pod.
The domination of plant genetic characters was
reflected by observation of time to first harvest.
Pruning and/or spacing hasn’t significantly effect to
harvest time. Pruning and wider spacing will give more
space to the incoming light, nevertheless not better
than without pruning or closer spacing. This research
result more showed that the plant wasn’t pruned (P1,
P2, and P3) tend to give the better yield, and the closer
spacing (50cm x 50cm) tend to give the worse yield.
Yields Component
The observation of yield components covered,
number of inflorescence/plant, number of pithy
pod/inflorescence, number of pithy pod/plant,
number of loss and empty pod, number of total
pod/plant, number of seed/pod, production/plant,
production/plot, and production/hectare were
presented on Table 2 and Table 3.
Without pruning treatment using square spacing
pattern on spacing 70cm x 70cm (P2) resulted the
highest number of inflorescence, number of pithy
pod/inflorescence and number of pithy pod/plant,
while the pruning treatment using square spacing
pattern on spacing 50cm x 50cm (P4) resulted the
lowest number of inflorescence, number of pithy
pod/inflorescence, number of pithy pod and number
of total pod/plant (Table 2).
Table 2 also showed that the highest loss and empty
pod occurred in pruning treatment using square
spacing pattern on spacing 50cm x 50cm (P4) and the
lowest loss and empty pod in without pruning
treatment using square spacing on spacing 100cm x
100cm (P1), while the highest number of total
pod/plant was resulted by without pruning treatment
using square spacing and spacing 100cm x 100cm (P1).
Table 2. Number of inflorescence/plant (NIP), number of pithy pod/inflorescence (PPI), number of pithy
pod/plant (PPP), number of loss and empty pod (LEP), and number of total pod/plant (TPP).
Treatment NIP (Inflorescence) PPI (Pod) PPP (Pod) LEP (Pod) TPP (Pod)
P1 44,4 b 0,1 a 5,7 ab 11,2 b 26,2
P2 49,4 a 0,2 a 8,8 a 14,3 a 23,7
P3 43,3 b 0,2 a 7,3 ab 14,2 a 23,3
P4 37,8 c 0,0 b 1,6 c 15,8 a 21,0
P5 42,3 b 0,1 a 4,9 b 14,2 a 23,7
P6 43,0 b 0,2 a 7,0 ab 12,1 b 22,3
The numbers followed by the same letters in the same column showed no significant different.
The average of inflorescence number/plant (NIP=44,73
vs 41,03), number of pithy pod/inflorescense (PPI=0,17
vs 0,10), pithy pod/plant (PPP=4,93 vs 4,50), and total
pod/plant (TPP=24,40 vs 22,33) were higher on plant
wasn’t pruned than plant pruned, except in number of
loss and empty pod (LEP=13,23 vs 14,03). Based on
planting pattern treatment, square spacing pattern on
spacing 50cm x 50cm resulted the lowest number of
5. Int. J. Agri. Agron. R.
Sarijan et al. Page 50
inflorescence/plant, pithy pod/inflorescence and plant,
and total pod/plant, however the highest loss and empty
pod. Planting by double row pattern and spacing 50cm x
50cm x 100cm (P3 and P6) tend to show the stable yield
for five variables observed, although wasn’t the best
treatment (Table 2). Without pruning treatment using
square spacing on spacing 100cm x 100cm (P1) resulted
the highest total pod/plant, number of harvest
pod/plant and seed/pod, nevertheless the lowest
production/plot (Table 2 and 3).
Table 3 also showed that without pruning treatment
using square spacing pattern and spacing 100cm x
100cm (P1) resulted the highest harvest pod/plant
and number of seed/pod, nevertheless the lowest
production/plot, while the highest production/sample
plants was resulted by without pruning treatment
using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x
100cm (P3), and the highest production/plot was
resulted by pruning treatment using double row pattern
and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm (P6). The low
production/plot on without pruning treatment and
spacing 100cm x 100cm was caused by fewer plant
population (planting holes) i.e. 18 planting holes, or 36
plants. Square spacing pattern and spacing 50cm x
50cm is treatment that has the largest population, but its
production is still relatively low. This is indicated by low
number of inflorescence, number of pithy
pod/inflorescence, number of pithy pod/plant, and
production/sample plants, and high loss and empty pod.
Table 3. Harvest pod/plant (HPP), seed/pod (SP), production/sample plants (PPS), production/plot (PP) and
production/hectare (PH).
Treatment
HPP (Pod) SP (Seed)
Production
PPS (g) PP (g) PH (ton)
P1 16,0 a 10,6 70,7 a 3501,1 d 1,7
P2 9,4 b 10,3 67,8 a 4908,3 c 2,3
P3 9,1 b 10,2 93,9 a 6700,1 b 3,2
P4 5,2 b 9,6 27,7 b 5368,6 c 2,6
P5 8,2 b 9,7 74,8 a 4107,8 d 2,0
P6 10,2 b 10,1 72,5 a 7452,5 a 3,5
The numbers followed by the same letters in the same column showed no significant different.
Climate conditions (rainfall and Relative Humidity) at
the research was held that are considered less
suitable, so the growth and production resulted hasn’t
optimal. According to Asandhi (2008) the optimum
growth of Jack Bean required monthly rainfall about
100-200mm and Relative Humidity about 65%, and
in this research, the monthly rainfall about 293-
439mm and Relative Humidity about 82-86%. This
rainfall and Relative Humidity are classified high, and
suspected to be causing many losses and rotting pods,
so it directly reduces production dan quality of seed.
In the pods, was also found the seed that has
germinated, so cann’t be used as the seeds.
Not all of numbers of inflorescence would resulted the
flower and forming pod, that was shown by the least
total pod/plant than number of inflorescence, where
the inflorescence resulted many flowers that will
develop to pod and seed. Generally, each inflorecence
sequence has 8-16 interest, but the generated pod
about 0-4 pods. The high loss and empty pod of the
number of total pod produced also decreased the
number of harvested pod and production, directly.
Planting regulation by square spacing pattern and
spacing 50cm x 50cm (P4) resulted the more plant
population, nevertheless evidently low growth and
production. It was caused by plant competition to
nutrition and water uptake, light, and growth space.
The vegetative growth of Jack bean keep growing,
although has towards to generative phase, and that
cause the dense canopy, moreover the branch part of
plant develop to other plant that there was side (the
track among plants was covered).
The research result of Erawati and Awaludin (2016)
reported that closer spacing of Zea mays was resulted
the higher plants, the shorter cob, and the lower 100
seed weight and dry seed yield.
The research result of Hidayat (2008) also showed
that peanuts planted in closer spacing resulted the
decreasing of number of pod/plant, while the soybean
6. Int. J. Agri. Agron. R.
Sarijan et al. Page 51
planted by closely spacing resulted the lower
pod/plant, pithy pod/plant, and weight of seed/plant
than wider spacing (Marliah et al., 2012).
Physic and physiology quality of seed harvested
The observation of physic and physiology quality
covered 1000 seed weight, germination percentage,
maximum growth potential, germination speed,
uniformity of germination, and vigour index of seed.
The observation result showed the treatment hasn’t
significantly effect to 1000 seed weight (TSW) and
maximum growth potential (MGP), and has
significantly effect to germination percentage (GP),
germination speed (GS), germination uniformity (GU),
and vigour index (VI) of seed harvested (Table 4).
Physic quality was shown by seed weight. The seed
weight show seed contents that relates to food reserve
accumulated, where the optimum food reserve would
resulted the high viability and vigor of seed. Pruning
and planting pattern regulation hasn’t significantly
effect to 1000 seed weight, however based on Table 4
showed planting by more closely spacing tend
resulted the higher weight of 1000 seed. Pruning
treatment showed the average of 1000 seed weight for
the plant wasn’t pruned (P1,P2, P3) resulted the
higher 1000 seed weight (1285,7g) than plant pruned
(1279,5g). The lower 1000 seed weight on plant
pruned is caused by food reserves allocation at grain
filling was directed for pruning injury recovery and
new shoots establishment.
Table 4. 1000 seed weight (TSW), maximum growth potential (MGP), germination percentage (GP),
germination speed (GS), germination uniformity (GU), and vigour index (VI) of Jack bean seed.
Treatment TSW (g) MGP (%) GP (%) GS (%/etmal) GU (%) VI (%)
P1 1293,1 84,0 69,3 bc 12,5 cde 32,0 c 21,3 b
P2 1276,0 89,3 76,0 ab 12,7 bcd 46,7 ab 28,0 a
P3 1288,0 88,0 74,7 ab 13,7 abc 36,0 bc 24,0 b
P4 1270,3 84,0 65,3 c 9,6 e 41,3 abc 17,3 c
P5 1284,4 92,0 84,0 a 16,7 a 48,0 a 24,0 b
P6 1283,8 85,3 70,7 bc 10,0 de 41,3 abc 29,3 a
The numbers followed by the same letters in the same coloumn showed no significant different.
According to Crop Plant Directorate (2011), 1000 seed
weight of Jack bean was classified into three size
groups, i.e. small size (<1000 g/1000 seed), medium
(1000-1300g/1000 seed), and big size (>1300g/1000
seed). Based on the research result, the seed size
mostly medium size.
Physiology quality of seed can be known by some
indicators, i.e. maximum growth potential (MGP),
germination percentage (GP), germination speed and
uniformitas, and vigour index of seed. The higher
weight of seed (P1) didn’t ensure the better physiology
quality. That were presented on Table 4, the pruning
treatment using square spacing pattern, and spacing
70cm x 70cm (P5) resulted the better physiology
quality. Quality of seed is affected by seed condition
at the mother plant, besides is affected by internal
and external factor.
The good quality of seed will be resulted by the good
growth and healthy plant, and was harvested at
physiology maturity. According to Suharsi et al.
(2013), seed viability and vigour was affected by plant
conditions in field. The plant development and grain
filling process aren’t optimal, will cause the low
viability of seed harvested. The high rainfall at since
planting and increased toward harvest and at harvest
(September-October) is allegedly affected to quality of
seed harvested.
Conclusion
The plant wasn’t pruned tend to has the better
growth, and the closer spacing showed the worse
growth. The highest production was resulted by
pruning treatment using double row, and spacing
50cm x 50cm x 100cm, which is 3,5 ton/ha.
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