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Evaluation Of A Research Study
Berg and Lune (2012) reiterate David Matta's philosophy that it is crucial that a researcher enter a
study setting with an appreciative, or neutral, attitude (Matta, 1969). This denotes that the researcher
has no agenda in mind, i.e., he/she does not allow support or oppose what is happening in the study
environment. As I have stated in previous discussions, I believe this is of great importance for the
study to be impartial and well balanced.
There are four categories or sets of skills that Berg and Lune (2012) list being essential to
ethnographic studies: (1) Taking in the physical setting, (2) Develop relationships with inhabitants,
(3) Tracking, observing, eavesdropping and asking questions, and (4) Locating subgroups and stars
(Berg and Lune, p. 226). Within each of these sets, a number of skills are used such as observation,
note taking, establishing relationships and networking. I personally believe there are skills used in
each of these that are not specifically notated in the readings. Social perceptiveness, or being aware
of the reactions of others as well as the reasons they reacted the way they did is an important skill
throughout the study. Communication skills are important for several reasons. First, the researcher
needs to be able to communicate effectively in the beginning to find an informant and then explain
to the informant what type of research you will be completing. Next, during the interview process of
the study, the investigator must be able to
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Study on Backward Business Research
While 'Backward' market research' may sound oxymoronic it has to be one of the most useful things
that I learnt throughout my time at University and I must thank my old lecturer Ben Healey for
introducing it to me.
Why is 'Backward' market research so good? – It is good because is it delivers results, and if market
research cannot deliver results it really is a waste of time and money.
'Backward' market research was first postulated by Alan R. Andreasen in the 1980′s. 'Backward'
market research turns the traditional approach to research design on its head and increases the
likelihood that the research findings are not only interesting but will lead to actionable conclusions.
Alan R. Andreasen in his article published in the Harvard ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
* Sample sizes will be large enough to allow for more precise analysis. * Questions will be worded
as management really wants them. * Management, being closely involved in research design is more
likely to support the implementation phases and take quick action on the research results when they
finally become available.
The 'Backward' market research approach takes time for both managers and researchers. But
determining where you want to go then working backwards to figure out how to get there is likely to
yield more valuable data. This then leads to more fruitful decisions – something that we all have a
vested interest in.
I suggest a proven procedure that turns the traditional approach to research design on its head. This
procedure, which stresses close collaboration between researcher and corporate decision makers,
markedly raises the odds that the company will come up with findings that are not only interesting
but will lead to actionable conclusions.
There are only two cases in which research is not expected to be immediately actionable. The first is
when the research is intended to be basic–that is, to lay the groundwork for later investigation or
action rather than have any near–term impact. The second occasion is when the research is
methodological–that is, designed to improve the organization's ability to ask questions in the future.
Except for these two instances, research should be designed to lead to a decision.
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A Research Study On Human Genetics
While some outside of the university setting think researchers within academia do not work, that
could not be farther from the truth. After following Ryan Hernandez, PhD, weekly duties, we saw
that his responsibilities are anything but few.
From family man to professor to researcher, he somehow manages to lead his laboratory of seven
people in their study of genetic variation. He also takes on additional tasks that are outside his job
responsibilities, like serving on several committees.
The population geneticist is an Associate Professor in the UC San Francisco School of Pharmacy,
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and serves as a core member in the
Quantitative Biosciences Institute and the Institute for Human ... Show more content on
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"By understanding what has been done and the holes in our knowledge, we can make steps to
identify ways to fill in those gaps."
The rest of Hernandez's week is filled with joint lab meetings with two other labs that have similar
lines of research that feature a presentation of one researcher's work and a discussion of possible
next steps. These meetings take place on Mondays and last 1.5 hours. Additionally, each year
Hernandez teaches for one quarter. This year he is teaching during the winter quarter and is in the
classroom for twice a week, for a total of three hours per week.
"The most enjoyable part of teaching is interacting with students," Hernandez said. "I also mentor
some students and post–doctoral researchers by helping them develop scientific maturity in their
career development."
Two of the past students that Hernandez taught have completed their PhD's. One now works in the
industry for a startup, and the other is completing their post–doctoral fellowship at Stanford
University.
Hernandez is also graduate advisor for the Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program
(BMI) and a co–primary investigator for the Initiative for Maximizing Student Development
(IMSD) Grant.
"The IMSD Grant is an initiative for maximizing student development through a minority oriented
training grant where we seek to develop and foster underrepresented minorities at the graduate level
at UCSF to ensure that they are given the resources they need to be successful
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Research : A Case Study Approach Essay
Introduction to Research – A Case Study Approach
Introduction to research creates a blueprint of psychological research intended for undergraduates at
a fundamental level. Moreover, it explains the foundation of psychological research, which is aimed
at achieving four key objectives, which if applied to our career goals, will provide self–improvement
and increase our marketability. The first three of these four objectives; describe, explain and predict,
fall under basic research, while the last of the four; manipulation of emotions and mental
constitution, fall under applied research (Crawford, 2016, p. 53). However, these objectives are
accomplished through experimental and nonexperimental approaches, classified under two principal
research methodologies; qualitative and quantitative. This paper describes the various concepts
associated with research discussed in my Psychology class, Introduction to research. Nonetheless,
unlike an argumentative paper, this paper is an expository which integrates the terms affiliated with
basic and applied research to create one logical ensemble demonstrating my learning experience in
this course.
Detailed Evaluation
Introduction to research teaches detailed evaluation by illustrating basic comprehension of research
terms used in psychological research. Through persuasive research techniques, it demonstrates
inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific theory, which in turn taught me the significance of
detailed evaluation, or
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Evaluation Of A Research Study
Procedures
First research question – interview. The interview for the first research question occurs after the pre–
screening call, at a time set by the researcher and the participant. It will start with an overview
explaining the purpose of the research, affirming the time commitment, answering questions the
participants have, assuring the participants that their input will be kept confidential and confirming
to them that they can leave at any point without repercussions.
The researcher and the participant will review and discuss the list, with the researcher recording and
taking notes. The approach will be collaborative and fluid. The intention is to have the participant
suggest changes to the list that they think could aid in the research, while the interviewer affirms
that all suggestions will be given due consideration but ultimately may or may not be included, at
the discretion of the research team. At the end of the interview, the researcher will summarize the
suggested changes, gain confirmation, affirm confidentiality, thank the participants for their time
and ask if they wish to continue with the next phase of the research.
The recording will not be transcribed. It will be kept as a reference to be listened to should
clarification be needed during data analysis. The notes from the interview will be summarized, typed
and grouped by the item on the list that they refer to.
Second research question – intake and questionnaire. The intake discussion for the second
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A Research Study On School Improvement Plans
The problem or research goal was not explicitly stated, nor was clear in intention and purpose. On
page 494, the text states, "This research provides educators across the nation with information about
the effectiveness of Title I School Improvement Plans, and could be used to offer improved
assistance to School–wide Title I schools and their students." Under the "Purpose of Study" heading,
the text states, "The purpose of this study was to examine administrative, teacher, and parent
perceptions about their schools' Title I School Improvement Plans." However, the mixed–method
research study focused on seven themes of school improvement rather than on School Improvement
Plans specifically. The research did not focus in–depth regarding ... Show more content on
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Hypotheses or questions are aligned with the problem or research goal, clearly measurable in the
context of the study's intentions and scope, and well stated. The hypothesis is not in declarative
form. There is not a null, directional, or non–directional hypothesis stated clearly. There is not a
written hypothesis that states expected relationships or differences. The inferred hypothesis is not
quantitatively testable, nor clearly measurable.
The survey of the literature is appropriate to the problem or research goal and is comprehensive
enough to indicate the competence of the researcher to conduct the study. The review is up–to–date
although we do not know when this article was written. However, by looking at the dates of the
citations, we can assume it was written within the last five years. The review hinted at establishing a
theoretical framework for this study. The review addresses leadership, environment, data collection,
teacher evaluations, and the desire to create a positive difference. Although the review is well
organized, and the literature is analyzed in detail with an organized and thoughtful flow, it does not
immediately relate to the research goal. It does discuss how to improve schools, but does not go into
detail or share current research regarding Title I Improvement Plans. In fact, there is no detail or
information regarding
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A Research Study On Business Education
Running head: LEVERAGING RESEARCH TOENHANCE UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS
EDUCATION 1
Leveraging research to enhance undergraduate business education
Luke Maass
Northwest Missouri State University
Authors note
This paper was prepared for
Student involvement in research activities in U.S. business schools used to be primarily offered to
graduate students. However, many universities are now offering undergraduate research
opportunities that can provide students with a deep understanding of the academic environment.
Research allows the exploration and questioning of significant issues in today's world.
This type of learning can provide students with more understanding than can be taught in a
classroom or read in a textbook. Research challenges students to engage in the process of identifying
and evaluating major issues and trends impacting businesses and society. Students also explore
potential business implications that can drive innovation (The Boyer Commission). One goal of
business school research is to enhance the prestige of the business school where the research is
done. There is evidence that research does achieve that goal, as "research has, historically, been
regarded as the primary determinant of a school 's prestige" (Armstrong, 1995: 103). For example,
Business Week magazine has added a research influence measure in its ratings of business schools.
If a school scores highly on that measure, it enhances the overall prestige ranking.
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A Research Study On Investigating Housing
The planning topic I'm planning on investigating is housing. This research will strive to find out
what groups are segregated and which individuals have less access to housing. This research will
also aim to figure out challenges associated with securing permanent housing and the role city
planner's play in providing affordable housing. What I'm really curious about in relation to this
topic, is what factors come into play, when it comes determining a person's yearly income and how
much they spend on shelter costs? I believe it's important to research this topic because housing is a
basic necessity that all should equal access to, but that is not often the case. In fact, in some
instances, some people are forced to pay more than they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This way households are selected by random selection. My sample size, that is the number of
subjects in my study, will be around five hundred people. The type of sample that is best suited to
answer my research question is
Data collection I will collect my data through previous study's conducted, online research, and
through the use of a questionnaire. My data will come from questionnaires we create, that will
eventually be mailed out to random households, from the list of neighborhoods we choose to
interview. If we also have access to emails, we will send the questionnaire to non–profit
organizations who specialize in housing. For this research, I will conduct a list of questions in the
form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire will contain a variety of open ended and closed ended
questions, to better understand the housing issue in the City of Toronto and the Greater Toronto
Area. The data source I will use is Statistics Canada. I will use this source, to better get an
understanding of household incomes per neighborhood and then from there I will work towards
building my questionnaire. I will gain access to the groups of individuals I selected by focusing on
specific neighborhoods and building my analysis from there. I will obtain existing statistical data by
looking on the Statistics Canada website and by interviewing non–profit organizations on the issue
at hand. I will also seek to review past research
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A Research Study On Quantitative Research
A Quantitative Research Study Overview
Sheila E. Brooks
Stanbridge College
Introduction As we continue our discussion in comparing qualitative versus quantitative research,
we now focus our attention on quantitative research. In my personal opinion, I feel that quantitative
research is harder to understand but breaking the article into sections allows me to understand the
basic concepts. This week we will examine and in discuss a quantitative research article. The name
of the article is "First–time mothers: social support, maternal parental self–efficacy and postnatal
depression" written by authors Leahy–Warren, McCarthy, Corcoran in 2011. First, I take a look at
the abstract to get a general overview of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there is little research that provides a clear definition of what is meant by social support
(Leahy–Warren et el, 2009). In other words, there is no research which has measured the
relationship between social support and maternal parental self–efficacy using a domain–specific
instrument developed and supported by self–efficacy model and post–natal depression with first
time mothers at six weeks post–delivery
(Leahy–Warren et el, 2009)
Maternal Parental Self Efficacy and Depression By now, some of you may be asking the same
question that I had when I first started reading this article. What is meant by maternal parental self–
efficacy and post–natal depression? It is important to understand these two definitions in order to
understand the article. Maternal parental self–efficacy is a belief that a parent holds about
themselves in terms of being able to care for and parent a child (Leahy–Warren et el, 2009). These
includes the ability to plan, organize, and execute actions in order to produce the desire results with
the belief that there is a strong correlation between the age of the mother and the number of children
(Leah–Warren et el, 2009).
I can't help to think about my own experience as a mother as I read this article. I am a single mother
of six children and I can say that my confidence grew more as I
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A Research Study On Research
Saunders et al. (2009) has provided a comprehensive model to investigate and evaluate any given
research work, research onion. This model helps in exploring the various available research
approached and methods and selecting the most suitable for the research work. This research work
will adopt the following research methodology. 3.1 Research Philosophy Research philosophy is
based on the assumptions which define research strategy and explains the relationship between a
research study and the data collection process (Zikmund, 2012). The research philosophy is
categorised into positivism and interpretivism. Positivism only adheres the knowledge based on
factual information through observations (data collection methods) which are mostly quantifiable
and measurable (Saunders et al., 2009). Whereas in interpretivism, research variables can be
interpreted through socially constructed measures (language, consciousness and instruments). On
the basis of above discussion, this research work will adopt positivism research philosophy by
keeping in view research aim and objectives as an independent study. Research variables cannot be
interpreted, and the relationship between research variables can demonstrate the causality like the
impact of adoption information systems on QM practices. Positivism allows quantifiable
observations through statistical analysis with the help of large sample. 3.2 Research Approach The
research approach is determining the interplay of logic and
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A Research Study On Tools
B3c. Tools Each researchers study was either quantitative, qualitative or both also if there are a
subtype being used such as descriptive. Therefore, depending on the method used the researchers
may have used the same or different tools. The tools utilized by a researcher for the aforementioned
methods may include but are not limited to the following: in–depth interviews, dairies, rating scales,
questionnaires, audio equipment, physiological measurements, observation scoring, and software to
measure variables/statistical data as well as data bases to find sources for the research being
conducted (Houser, 2008f).
B3d. Effect on Results Some of the studies used as a basis for research in this paper used a
qualitative method this was the case in the study conducted by Bennett et al. (2006) a focus group
gathered on six separate occasions each time one investigator would facilitate discussions while
others audiotaped the dialogue and general observations. This is a qualitative method and researcher
attempt to understand the importance of what the participants have stated all while looking for
themes or patterns in experience then analyze the data ways that preserve the percipients meaning of
words, phrases, and actions (Houser, 2008c). Hall et al. (2010) and Verweij, Smeulers, Maaskant
and Vermeulen (2014) each used focus groups one of which utilizing specific questions whiles other
allowed discussion topics derived from the direct observations. Other studies used as
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A Research Study On Research
Introduction
The objective of qualitative research is to gain a deeper meaning and understanding of a
phenomenon by conducting research in the forms of case studies, interviews and observations
(Cohen & Crabtree, 2008; Family health international, 2006; Holloway & Wheeler, 2009). Semi–
structured interviews are required in qualitative research, as it allows the researcher to ask questions,
which can probe and are spontaneous with the intention to gain more meaning. It also enables the
researcher to study the participant in their natural setting (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2015; Hansen,
2006; Corbin & Morse, 2003) .The intent of a reflection, is to analyse the experience of a novice
qualitative researcher by highlighting positive and negative aspects of the research process. By
clearly understanding the research method and investigating the integral sections, a novice
qualitative researcher will be able to reflect but not only improve their methods. Reflection is
imperative so that a researcher is able to advance and perfect their research methods (Seidman,
2013). The study aimed to look at the student experiences of working part–time and studying.
Accessing an Appropriate Setting
For any researcher, gaining access to an appropriate setting is a fundamental part of the research
process (Berg, 1988; Creswell, 2008). This aspect usually presents many challenges to a researcher,
such as gaining the trust of the participants, being allowed to conduct the research in the community
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A Research Study On Research
The research topic is selected, the testable research question is developed, research on the topic is
found, the literature review is completed, and a decision is made on the research design. Now, one
of the most important steps in the research process to accomplish is the collection of data.
Notwithstanding the research project and whether the method of research is whether qualitative or
quantitative, data must be collected. Data collection is essential whether the method of choice is a
mail survey, a telephone survey, an interview, an experiment, field research, or secondary data
analysis. Data collection is an important aspect of any research study. Inaccurate data can impact the
results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. During the data collection step, a significant
amount of time, energy and attention are required. In order to ensure the data collection process is
valid and successful, one should adhere to the four steps involved: (1) the construction of a
collection data form which is used to organize all data that is collected; (2) the designation of the
coding strategy used to represent data on a data collection form; (3) the collection of the actual data;
and (4) entry into the data collection form (Salkind, 2012). Once the researcher knows what
information to collect and where to find it, the first step in the data collection process is to organize
the data on a constructed collection data form. This process allows the researcher to make
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A Research Study On Data Collection
The research topic has been selected, the testable research question is developed, research on the
topic has been found, a literature review is completed, and a decision has been made on the research
design. Now, one of the most important steps in the research process needs to be accomplished and
that is the collection of data. Notwithstanding the research project and whether the method of
research is whether qualitative or quantitative, data must be collected. Data collection is essential
whether the method of choice is a mail survey, a telephone survey, an interview, an experiment, field
research, or secondary data analysis. Data collection is an important aspect of any type of research
study. Inaccurate data can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. During
the data collection step, a significant amount of time, energy and attention is required. In order to
ensure the data collection process is valid and successful, one should adhere to the four steps
involved: (1) the construction of a data collection form which is used to organize all data that is
collected; (2) the designation of the coding strategy used to represent data on a data collection form;
(3) the collection of the actual data; and (4) entry into the data collection form (Salkind, 2012). Once
the researcher knows what information to collect and where to find it, the first step in the data
collection process is to organize the data on a constructed data collection form.
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A Research Study On Quantitative Analysis
2.0 Research Critique 2.1.1 Clarity Clarity refers to the clear view of things, and clear head that goes
with it. The clarity of the research can be defined through journal replication and finding
presentation.
2.1.1.1 Journal replication
Replication involves the process of repeating a study using the same methods, different subjects, and
different experimenters. I personally believe that this journal cannot be replicated due to argument
below.
King (1994) explain that in order for a journal to be replicate, it must provide sufficient information
which to understand, evaluate and build upon a prior work if a third party could replicate the results
without any additional information from the author. This research did not provide ... Show more
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More discussion on finding is stated in part 2.4 of this assignment. 2.2 Theory and hypothesis 2.2.1
Plausibility Wiebe (2010) state that plausibility will bring different meaning as regard to the purpose
of study. In some cases, it has to do with determining whether a case study is worth conducting; in
others, it might mean determining whether the theory derived from the case makes sense, or whether
the case rings true.
In application for this research, the element of plausibility is obtained. First of all, whether the case
study is worth conducting will lead to different judgement. For instance, the researchers were too
depending on the usage of low response rate of EECS data sometimes make readers think that it is
not worth conducting. In other part, we try to suit the researcher's condition as the usage of EECS
data is needed due to limitation of resource: money, time, language and etc. By using the EECS
data, at least there is some data obtained to prove the study.
This research able to provide clear hypothesis and it is plausible as their hypothesis able to give
meaning to their research question. The researchers stated clearly on 3 hypotheses they try to
achieve even it lead to result that need improvement in their hypothesis. For instance, the hypothesis
result is not too strong. H1 give positive relation but only in small scale, H2 is not met and H3 only
applicable to certain cases.
2.3
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A Research Study On Psychological Research
Psychological Research can range from being simple to very complex. Psychological research deals
with the research that psychologist have conducted to research and analyze the behavior of
individuals. When conducting these researches there are special guidelines which need to be taken.
If the researcher fails to meet these guidelines the research may be classified as unethical. When
conducting psychological research there are many important ethnical guidelines which need to be
followed. The researcher should inform consent. It is not enough for researchers to get a "yes" or
"no" from their participants; the participants need to know exactly what they are agreeing to. Before
beginning research, the researcher must make sure they outline what exactly the research is about,
and ask their consent before the research begins. Individuals who are 18 older are able to give their
own consent, but if the participant is younger than 18 they must have the consent of a parent or legal
involves observing individuals at a basketball game, each person does not need consent because
guardian to allow their child to participate. In rare cases, inform consent may not be needed but this
is only allowed if what is happening could happen to the participant in everyday life. For example, if
the research conducted anyone could observe them while they are at the game. Consent forms must
have an information sheet attached for participants. This information sheet will explain about the
study along
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Formal Observations : An Observational Study Of Research
Formal observations is an observational study of research. There's usually no need to ask questions
which are obvious like "are you male or female?" Instead of asking questions the observer notes
whether the participant is a man or woman. One difference between a normal survey and formal
observation is that observers often watch a number of people at once and then assess the difference
and similarities between the people. For example, Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll experiment,
Albert bandura had a group of kids in a room with a video of kids abusing a doll and observed to see
if the kids in the room would act the same way.
Formal observations are effective and tend to be better than other specified methods as the observers
are able to observe the environment and people when they are themselves which will make the
results more accurate and valid. If participants knew they were being observed they may be less
likely to act natural this is why this type of research will be accurate and valid.
Informal observation
Informal observations are the opposite of formal observations. This observation will be less
structured and the participants being observed will be aware that they are being observed. This
involves a group of participants knowing that they are taking part in an observation and they will
just be told to carry on as normal.
Informal observations is an observational study of research and doesn't include much involvement
between observer and participants.
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A Research Study On Experimental Research
Experimental research is sometimes done with risk of harming the subjects under study. In a
research study, participants could be physically and emotionally harmed. As nurses, we are
advocates for our patients. Therefore, our goal is to protect them from any harm and discomfort
when they participate in experimental treatment. Many dilemmas arise when trying to determine the
level where an experimental treatment becomes harmful. In the past, researchers conducted
unethical experiments without the subjects' informed consent. They conducted experiments on
human subjects knowing the high potential for harm. Participants received harmful substances
without their knowledge and did not receive treatment (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015). Researchers
coerced, misinformed, and forced human subjects to participate in experimental research. Groves et
al. (2015) reported few events from the past that displayed a breach of the participants' privacy,
confidentiality, and freedom. Rodriguez and Garcia (2013) also reported a study where American
scientists infected a specific population in Guatemala with sexually transmitted diseases such as
syphilis and gonorrhea. American researchers conducted unethical experiments on human subjects
without proper informed consent and clearly caused harm to mentally and socially vulnerable
participants. The American researchers carefully selected a segment of the Guatemalan population
based on poverty level and mental capacity. They did not inform the
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A Research Study On Ubc Marketing Department
My name is Kyobeom (or K.B.) Koo, and I am pursuing a PhD in marketing to become an expert
researcher in consumer behaviour. My goal is to generate research insights to help consumers,
managers, and institutions make better decisions. Given my career goal, pursuing a PhD at UBC
represents the next logical step. UBC is a highly–regarded institution that can provide me with the
skills and environment I need to become a productive researcher. Upon earning my degree, I will
contribute to the UBC marketing department brand as an active researcher publishing in top
academic journals and as an inspiring educator on the faculty of a leading global business school.
Present At Queen's University, I am currently working on my master's thesis, with the working title
of "Paying to Jump the Queue: Consumer Perceptions of Fairness in Various Social Contexts", under
the supervision of Prof. Laurence Ashworth. My interest in the topic stems from observing social
phenomena where increasingly more firms and governments employ product versioning to
maximize profits or to increase efficiency. One type of product versioning, the queue–jumping
option, was of particular interest to me because it often caused an uproar from the customers, mostly
criticizing the firms on fairness grounds. I became curious as to why such an option resulted in
negative reactions under certain circumstances when a similar option in concept has always been
available in freight and courier industry. An initial literature
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Research Misconduct Case Study
Here's your chance to show me all that you are learning, and my chance to make sure that we are on
track to meet the course learning goals. This assignment is designed to get you familiar with policies
at CU Denver, and gain experience navigating academic and government websites to locate this type
of information.
Read the CU Denver policy for research misconduct and either the Department of Health and
Human Services or National Science Foundation's policy for research misconduct and answer the
following questions:
1. What is the definition of research misconduct under each policy?
1. The University of Colorado Denver lists four different sections within its definition of research
misconduct. First, it lists research misconduct as any fabrication, ... Show more content on
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The National Science Foundation goes through the same definition as The University of Colorado
Denver by stating research misconduct includes falsification, fabrication and plagiarism when
proposing, performing, reviewing or reporting any research funded by the NSF. Also, it states
research misconduct does not include honest error of differences in opinion.
2. What is one key difference between the policies?
A very important key difference between these two definitions of research misconduct is the
National Science Foundation never mentions anything about protecting whistleblowers from
retaliation.
3. Do you feel this difference is important? Why or why not?
Yes, fell like this is a very important difference, because protecting whistleblowers should be
explicitly mentioned in the definition of research misconduct. Protecting retaliation against a
whistleblower confirms researchers are being kept honest and validates research is being done
ethically. If protection is not provided for whistleblowers, then individuals who are witnessing
research misconduct will be less likely to report an incidence in fear of retaliation. I do not think
properly defining research misconduct can be possible without including provisions to protect
individuals who are reporting these acts of falsification, fabrication and
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Research Study On Research And Research
3.1 Introduction The chapter focuses on to identify the research approach, research onion and the
research philosophy to conduct the research in proper manner. The research design based on which
the entire research will be conducted is identified in the chapter in details. Robson and McCartan
(2016) argued that the specific research process requires to be identified by the researcher to conduct
the research efficiently. The research methodology identified in the chapter will help the researcher
to formulate the outcomes of the study. 3.2 Method Outline This section deals with the research
procedures of the study. In the research, the research the descriptive research is chosen to analyse
the collected data from various trustable sources. The section will help the researcher to understand
the research study in appropriate manner. Mackey and Gass (2015) stated that the quantitative
analysis is done based on the collected data from various sources. The quantitative analysis is done
by collecting the data from the company's website, statistical sites and the published journals over
the internet. The qualitative analysis is done by taking the interview of the stakeholders of the
company. 3.3 Research Philosophy The first layer of the research onion is the research philosophy.
The research philosophy deals with the concepts of epistemology. The epistemology of the research
philosophy includes the realism, positivism, interpretivism, objectivism, ontology of the research.
The
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A Research Study On The Vaccination Schedule
The study is significant because certain types of HPV can lead to venereal warts, which can
ultimately lead to cancer in male and female patients. This disease is preventable, but uptake of the
vaccine has been below the expected level since its introduction. One of the goals of Healthy People
2020 is to reduce the proportion of females with HPV infection. The primary means of preventing
cervical, anal, penile and oropharyngeal cancer resulting from HPV is completing the vaccination
series. Adherence to the vaccination schedule is an important health initiative, so nursing research
that helps to increase adherence is essential.
This research study will attempt to increase compliance through interviewing patients, providing
education, reducing barriers, offering the vaccination and following up using phone calls. The
methods used in this study could be applied in other populations because an understanding on
reasons for hesitancy and non–compliance will be better understood. The reasons will differ
between population types, so interventions would have to be individualized to meet the needs of the
specific group. The goal is to increase vaccine compliance and reduce the incidence of HPV and the
complications that may result from this virus.
Research Aim The aim of the research is to help identify the health beliefs that adolescents age 11–
20 and their parents have regarding the risk of becoming infected with HPV. Since the compliance in
males is especially low, the
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A Research Study On Nursing School
Though she could not finish nursing school because she had her second child, her love for science
and medicine did not fade. She worked in a hospital for several years while taking care of 3 children
on her own. She then got her master's in Healthcare management where she then pursued a career in
clinical research. Within 4 years she became a level 3 clinical research associate where she will
potentially become a Clinical research director of all CRA's. My mother knew that helping people
with illnesses was her passion and though she did not finish nursing school, she was not about to let
that stop her from helping people. "Surgeons, doctors, nurses, PA'S, and health administrators are
not the only people that help the ill, clinical researcher's do as well", she said. "We are a branch
within the health field that regulates the safety and efficacy of treatment, medications, and
diagnostic products intended for people to use." Throughout my life, my mother taught me to follow
my dreams and whatever I did to always find a way to help the world for the better. Ever since then,
my dream was to follow in my mother's footsteps and potentially be in charge of a hospital or clinic.
My philosophy is a mere tool trying to fix every loose screw! One example of my philosophy is the
desire to heal fractured bones with the use of stem cells. About 4 years ago I fractured my sacrum
iliac joint running hurdles in summer track and ever since that day I have never, mechanically, been
the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Sample Nursing Research Studies
This graduate project course has offered the opportunity to expand on the knowledge obtained in the
previous nursing research course and to begin with a concept or idea and follow a process to
develop a research project through the dissemination process. Research is defined as a systematic
process for inquiring information and this process is applied to the development of evidence–based
practice. Evidence–based practice is defined as the use of scientific evidence, patient preference and
clinician expertise which is applied to implement practice changes to improve the quality of care
and patient outcomes (Hain, 2017). With the graduate project the process began with the
development of a topic of interest in which research could be applied ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There was one idea that was consistent throughout the research and it included the extended lengths
of stay individuals seeking psychiatric care in the ED experienced. Other critical information
obtained throughout the search included resources which may improve the care of the population.
The most practical resource presented was the use of telepsychiatry. After narrowing the data and
research to selection of telepsychiatry the PICOT question was formulated. In patients seeking
mental health services in the emergency department how does access and utilization of
telepsychiatry compared to no access or use of telepsychiatry decrease psychiatric boarding in the
ED over a period of one year? Another extensive search for information began with a search of
databases including PubMed, CINAHL, National Guidelines Clearinghouse, TRIP and Cochrane.
This was an extensive search which required the use of limitations and searching through each
database to locate the most relevant articles for the use of telepsychiatry in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Clinical Research
1. Describe the type(s) of internship(s) you are seeking this summer.
This summer, I have been seeking clinical research internships. These include any research that is
conducted in a hospital setting and correlates to patients. I would be developing my research skills
in a laboratory setting while also developing intrapersonal skills working with patients. The research
that I have conducted at the University of Richmond has been invaluable; however, I plan on
applying to an MD/PhD program and I feel that clinical research would be a more valuable
experience for this upcoming summer.
I have applied to a clinical research internship at Stanford University that focuses on training
undergraduate students who are perusing a MD/PhD. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The internship will provide me with a challenging opportunity to develop skills pertaining to clinical
research that will further benefit me on my career path.
I have also looked into clinical research at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania through an
inquiry form outlining my interests. This has the ability to match me to various laboratories. This
was not an official application, but my information has been passed along to faculty mentors at the
Hospital.
2. Why do you want to intern this summer?
I believe the summer is the perfect opportunity to jump into something new and challenging in order
to develop one's intellect and character. My ultimate career goal is to become a physician scientist
and I feel using the summer to gain clinical skills earlier on will positively impact my career
trajectory. During my undergraduate experience, I have not had many opportunities to conduct
clinical research, but I am eager to learn new skills immerse myself in learning opportunities.
Furthermore, an internship can provide me with unique networking opportunities to learn not only
from my internship mentor, but other physician–scientists and interns as well. Currently, I do not
have the place to gain such connections but I am eager to form them.
My experience at Richmond has allowed me to hone basic research skills, volunteer in a clinical
setting, and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Learning Experience
Deciding on the research question was one of the hardest parts about the research process. 2 or 3
weeks were spent filling out lotus diagrams, doing small research, and discussing possible topics
with Research Project teachers. The question was decided upon after a discussion with a teacher
about their personal experiences of working with multilingual students and how that impacted on
their learning experience. According to her, multilingual students seemed to perform better in their
education and had higher mathematical ability. I wanted to investigate this claim further; I was also
completing Russian Stage 2 at that moment, and found that the topic was relevant to my personal
experiences.
The question was narrowed down into a more specific topic over the next few weeks by beginning
the research and seeing what the current existing research shows about the question. This was
effective as it allowed me to make the question sensible and realistic to complete in the time
allocated, and allowed me to develop a deeper understanding of the topic as the weeks went along.
At the beginning of the project, I decided to use 3 main research methods: experiment, interview and
literature analysis. Although interview was never completed, the other methods proved to be highly
effective in completing the outcome.
It was decided that an experiment would be done to find data for the Research Project, in order to
explore different research methods and to add a primary source. Conducting this
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Business Research
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Introduction
Business research is considered as a truth seeking function that collects, analyses and reports
information which enables decision makers to become more effective in their decision making
(Alvesson and Deetz, 2000). Conducting primary research is inevitable as far as the aim of this
research is concerned. However it is vital that the right kind of methodology be adopted which helps
the researcher to achieve the research aim properly. In the selection of right methodology, this study
seeks to identify the possible ways by which a research of this nature can be conducted and the
reasons behind the selection of particular philosophy, methods, data collection, sampling and
analysis techniques.
1.2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This in fact enabled the researcher to select the philosophy which best suits to achieve the research
aim. Saunders et al. (2000) state that two views pertaining to philosophy dominate the literature.
They are positivism and phenomenology. They add that both of the philosophies are important as far
as business and management research is concerned. It can be found that Saunders et al. (2009)
divided the research philosophy into different clusters. They are positivism, interpretivism,
pragmatism and realism.
1.2.1 Positivism
The positivistic approach is the traditional approach of the natural scientist. This approach is
considered as independent and also objective where research is undertaken in a value freeway and
only the observable phenomena provide credible data (Saunders et al. 2009). Therefore in
positivistic research the influence of the researcher on research is kept at the minimum possible way
and the instruments and methods used for this should be enabling the researcher in this regard. The
methodological underpinning of survey research and experimental studies is positivism. Scientific
rigour of doing research is thus one of the characteristics of positivistic research (Jupp, 2006).
Easterby– Smith et al. (2012) state that positivist methods is usually based on the assumption that
there is the presence of true
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On The Social Sciences
The Social Sciences consist of a variety of disciplines that aim to understand the behaviour,
interactions and relationships between individuals and society. Social scientists conduct research in
order to gain a deeper insight into the factors that affect individuals. They do so by using systematic
methods of investigation that allow them to analyse and interpret their findings, and thus create a
new theory of knowledge or expand upon the existing knowledge of a theory (Giddens & Sutton,
2013). Researchers may use a variety of processes that provide a solid and coherent structure to their
research that ensures its validity and reliability. Choosing the right process will aid the researcher in
better understanding the area of research and thus may allow them to apply their findings to the
workings of the wider social world.
Irwin & Elley's (2011) "Concerted Cultivation? Parenting Values, Education and Class Diversity, is
a study into the effects of class diversity and parental values of the importance of modern child
education, uses a mixed method of investigation. The research takes into account previous studies
into class diversity and parental roles in children's development and socialisation. The research
question of the study is not made clear at the beginning of the article to suggest an aim as to what
the study seeks to explain, though a hypothesis is offered within the findings of the study. The
research also uses quantitative and qualitative data gathering
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Sex Trafficking Study Essay
As far as the reliability was concerned in the study I believe there should be no concern. The
individuals in the study were all young women of whom were adjudicated from 1990 to 2011l. If
there was any reason to believe that their information was not reliable one could check into police
records and other background checks that were available. The presence of the court files helps with
the research study being reliable. If those files did not exist, one would question the reliability of the
stories from younger ladies. To adjust for the credibility, the researcher obtained information from
official criminal histories, interviews from offenders and law enforcement records (Hargreaves–
Cormany & Patterson, 2016, p. 34).
Sample
When looking for a sample for a research project one must be sure that it is going to provide us with
the answers to the questions we are looking to answer and it represents the sample that was in mind
(Yegidis et al., 2012, p. 210). In the sex trafficking study, the researchers had obtained their
participants by selecting 179 survivors of young ladies who had performed the act of sex trafficking.
The ladies were selected from a pool of women who had been adjudicated between 1990–2011
(Hargreaves–Cormany & Patterson, 2016, p. 34). After reading the who research study I do feel that
the sample size was effective and it gave the results that the researchers were looking for. The
authors did not offer any justification for the sample size that was selected.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Communication And Language Development
1. The search terms that I used were "parent implemented interventions." I used the One Search
database on the UNF website. I selected this article to analyze as opposed to other articles in the
research results because it met the requirements for the assignment. The researchers whom
conducted the study wrote this article. Many of the other articles listed in the results were research
reviews of other studies. Also, many articles were written by authors who were not conducting the
research discussed in the articles. The reference for this article is:
Brown, J. A. & Woods, J. J. (2015). Effects of a triadic parent–implemented home–based
communication intervention for toddlers. Journal of Early Intervention, 37, 44–68. doi:
10.1177/1053815115589350.
2. Authors Brown and Woods thoroughly explained their background for the research study. Most of
the background research focused on communication and language development. Numerous parent–
implemented interventions were mentioned such as the Early Start Denver Model (P–ESDM),
Hanen's More Than Words (HMTW), KidTalk–TaCTICS Project (KTTP), and Enhanced Milieu
Teaching (EMT). These intervention strategies were discussed by Brown and Woods in the article in
order to support their claim that parent–implemented interventions can have a beneficial impact on
their children's language development and communication. Brown and Woods (2015) cited the work
of Roberts and Kaiser (2011), which found that children with disabilities who had
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Research Study On American Sign Language
1) How did you select this research study to analyze? That is, what search terms did you use? What
database did you use? What was your rationale for selecting this particular study to analyze over the
others identified in the search results? What is the full reference for the study in APA format? When
I searched for this article I first started by going to UNF's "One Search" from the Library home
page. I selected the options "full text only, peer reviewed only, and journal articles only" This
limited my search but I felt only gave me the things worth reading that I know would be more
credible than anything else. Since I had already found two articles that focused on Bi–Bi I was
hoping to find an article that focused on ASL so I typed in the search "American Sign Language". At
first I only saw articles that focused on hearing people learning ASL but as I scrolled down I saw the
word "Family" which caught my eye first. I decided to use this article because it gives the
perspectives of the families on how ASL affects their lives. 2) What was the background for the
study? That is, what previous knowledge did the author describe as a foundation for the study in the
"review of related literature?" The background for this study that the authors mention is Dunst's,
Trivetter's and Deal's practices in family–centered practices, which explains an appropriate and
effective way to inform family members of the options they have for their family member who is
Deaf or hard of hearing.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Literature Review
One of the stages in writing a research paper is the literature review. Since there is very little that has
not been studied in some form, good researchers find out all they can about their subjects before
they commence their own study. Not only is it imperative to acquire what is already know about the
subject, but a literature review enables the researcher to identify what is not known or well
understood (Lanier & Briggs, 2014). By conducting a literature review, one verifies what else needs
to be done. A literature review is an important aspect of any research paper. Additionally, reviews
indicate what already exists, what has been learned and what has not been learned. By conducting a
review, researchers are able to consider what can be modified on past studies that will develop the
research question better. A review can provide ideas for changing some of the conditions or
variables of previous studies, which may result in different outcomes. Not only do researchers
become more educated about a subject, but can essentially aid in designing their own studies. Good
researchers understand there are three primary categories to utilize when conducting a literature
review. The first category to review is general sources, which offer hints on the locations of
references, a general overview, and introduction to a topic (Salkind, 2012). The second category is
secondary sources which are "once removed" from actual research (Salkind, 2012). Secondary
sources can include
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Business Schools
Leveraging research to enhance undergraduate business education
Luke Maass
Northwest Missouri State University
Student involvement in research activities in U.S. business schools used to be primarily offered to
graduate students. However, many universities are now offering undergraduate research
opportunities that can provide students with a deep understanding of the academic environment.
Research allows the exploration and questioning of significant issues in today's world.
This type of learning can provide students with more understanding than can be taught in a
classroom or read in a textbook. Research challenges students to engage in the process of identifying
and evaluating major issues and trends impacting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many examples of where this is already being implemented. MIT's business school has an
application for their Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). This program has
students involved in many different research topics such as the competition in telecommunications,
the impact of direct foreign investment on developing economies, and effects of taxes on corporate
decisions. Through these types of research they can connect what is learned in the classroom with
real business challenges. Perhaps making them a bit closer to the "real world" (Lewis). Teachers are
modifying their traditional ways of textbook teaching in the classroom to make available the ability
for students to develop and research their ideas and or topics. This can be summarized with 3 key
features. The first is context. Learning is efficient when the student has an interest in the topic. It
may be their background or culture that help them determine their subject of research. For example
a student studying International Business may choose a topic like 'business technology growth in
India'. Next is the nature of the student. The student researches and filters information. They actively
form and articulate their
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Research Study : Phenomenology Research
Methods The qualitative method that will undergird the development of this research study is
phenomenology research. This research approach seeks to examine the mutual experiences of a
specific group of people (Creswell, 2013). The goal of this approach is to examine the "data
thematically to extract essences and essentials of participant meanings" (Miles et al., 2014, p. 8).
Using interviews, the researcher seeks to learn what adult with ADHD experienced and how they
experienced a specific phenomenon (Creswell, 2013). While there are two approaches to
phenomenological studies, "hermeneutical" and "transcendental" (Creswell, 2013, p.80) , this study
will utilize transcendental phenomenology as the basis for the conceptual framework. Textual and
structural descriptions will be deduced based on the data gathered and analyzed (Creswell, 2013).
This research approach was selected because it is the desire of the researcher to explore and discover
the experiences of adults with ADHD. This particular research approach will allow the researcher to
gain a deeper understanding of their lived experiences of adults with ADHD and help to determine
whether specific experiences in primary and secondary education affect work productivity and job
performance among adults living with ADHD. Type of design and rationale. The data collection
approach to be utilized for this study is interviews. Interviews will be conducted in two formats (a)
one–on–one and (b) focus groups. All
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Research Study On Quantitative Research
1. Quantitative Research – Research that goes through a specific method to reach a conclusion,
based upon a hypothesis, research problem, gathering of data, analyzing and interpreting the data
using statistical means. One way quantitative research is used in educational practice is looking at
test scores among a specific group of individuals, and comparing data outcomes with other groups to
notice trends.
2. Qualitative Research – Research that is performed in a more holistic way. This type of research
begins with a question or problem, and then many avenues are taken to gather information and data
such as interviews, surveys, narratives, and observations. After sufficient data has been collected and
analyzed, the researcher then decides ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This variable is one I faced while working in a Waldorf–Inspired charter school, and I am interested
to see whether results improve next year when students will have more access to the computer for
practice and keyboarding class.
4.Peer Review – Research that has been vetted by experts and credible sources of the research
community. Articles and journals which have been peer reviewed are considered viable sources of
information. While looking for articles on ERIC regarding my topic of choice for review, I ticked
the box titled "Peer Review Only" to ensure the research I was finding was credible and respected
among the research community.
5. Ethics – In the research world, the importance of conducting ethical research is paramount. Ethics
in research includes having transparency, which is achieved by ensuring participants in the study are
voluntary and can opt out at any time, are informed of any risks or benefits associated with
participation in the study, that the data collected is confidential and secured, and that those who
participate in the research study are not exposed to physical or psychological harm. When research
studies are conducted, they must be approved by an Institutional Research Board whom votes to
whether the study is ethical and can be completed, or not.
6. Primary source – A primary
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Serial Killers
Summary of the research question and outcome
My research project topic was slightly motivated by a murder in the family around 20 years ago.
Hearing about this was overwhelming and made me think about murderers themselves, and what
motivated them to commit murder and whether these reasons could be categorised. Preliminary
research identified that serial killers are people who have committed two or more discrete murders,
either acting alone or with another person. A number of secondary sources present information
stating that serial killers usually fall into the following categories: Visionary, Mission–Oriented,
Hedonistic and Power/Control. The outcome is in the form of an essay explaining the most common
serial killers motives. The key finding from my research is that serial killers are not motivated by
one particular reason, but there are many other explanations as to why they commit such a heinous
crime or are motivated to commit murder.
(142 words)
Evaluation:
Topic Selection and Refinement
Deciding on a topic to research was easy, as crime is something I have an interest in. Having known
that a serial killer was once considered ordinary, is now perceived as a dreadful monster. In order to
start refining my research I had to conduct a topic to then later, begin with a variety of preliminary
research on the topic, in order to develop a question. My question was refined numerous times
before I found one that was suitable. The original questions were 'what are the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On The Research Design
The research design was a quantitative with qualitative comparison using a mixed methodology as
previously mentioned. This study is a descriptive correlational study based on describing
associations among variables rather than to conclude cause and effect relationships (Polit & Beck,
2008, p. 556). The study also encompasses a prospective longitudinal component which
demonstrates causality between study variables, which produces improved quality of evidence. The
sample participants consisted of only acute care clinical managers for data analysis. Important to
note The participants were mailed confidential surveys to their home addresses, with notification
letters sent 2 weeks later.
The researchers conducted the study at the NL with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, to pinpointing movements required to influence those intentions and comportment an
examination of the organizations current philosophies (Belias & Koustelios, 2014).
Furthermore, Belias and Koustelios (2014) found that strategic leadership requirements need to
encompass transformational models aimed to serve the organization. In numerous cases, the kind of
leadership essential to modify culture is transformational. In order to change culture considerable
energies and commitment to accomplish outcomes. The author emphasizes that leaders achieve
change through the leader's application of a visualization of the organization over personal
individualities intended to modify internal structural cultural principles. In addition, these leaders
must function from an underpinning of great moral practices and hold a central appreciation of the
multifaceted issues that are conducive in collective exertions within the organization (Belias &
Koustelios, 2014).
Encompassing redesign methodologies with the available population of acute care managers was
moderately small. To attain larger sample similarity, Way et al. (2007) used exclusively clinical
service managers were used for data study. The analyst utilized the Employee Attitude Survey,
which comprised of "5 instruments measuring 7 variables (emotional climate, practice issues,
empowerment, trust in employer, job satisfaction, organizational commitment,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On Research Philosophy
1.0 Research Philosophy
Research Philosophy is described as a belief about principles according to which data about a
phenomenon ought to be gathered, analysed and utilised. There are two main perspectives that will
be discussed: positivism and interpretivism. Remenyi et al. 1998 state that positivists prefer
'working with an observable social reality and that the end product of such research can be law–like
generalisations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists.' In this case, the
researcher does not get involved with the environment. The results of positivist research will most
often result in quantifiable observations. Interpretivists on the other hand, believe that the reality can
only ever be completely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cottrell (2015) as well as many other researchers agree that the choice of the appropriate research
philosophy depends on the field of study and the chosen question. In my area of research, the
positivist approach appears to be more appropriate choice than interpretivist.
2.0 Research approach
Bryman and Bell (2008) suggest that there are two main research approaches to consider before
undertaking a research: deductive and inductive. Deductive approach concentrates on creating a
theory and hypothesis and then testing this hypothesis. Inductive approach on the other hand,
concentrates on testing the data and based on the results, creating a theory. For my area of research,
I feel that it would be the most appropriate to use deductive approach. While this approach puts an
emphasis on the explanation of the relationship between different variables. That would prove to be
useful to answer my research objective to understand what are the motives for people to attend
music festivals. As well as that, deductive approach is more appropriate due to the time limitations
imposed on my research. Inductive approach often involves a long period of data collection and
analysis. Finally, deductive approach is lower in risk than inductive. There is a possibility that
inductive approach will result in failure to develop a theory due to the lack of useful research
findings.
3.0 Research strategies
Cresswell (2009) distinguishes three different research tools:
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Research Study On The Field Of Psychology
The field of psychology is truly fascinating, as the discovery of new and remarkable ideas arise with
every question a researcher chooses to explore. Where questions can develop into a research study,
which can either solidify, contribute, support, inspire, or provide answers in the field of psychology.
In a sense, research is a trial and error approach as researchers are not always cognizant of the
results that a study will provide. However, with sufficient knowledge the researcher can conduct a
study, with less error, should the researcher be aware of a few simple ingredients.
First, as simple as it sounds, knowing whether if a question is sufficient is a good place to start.
Once that has been determined, then the researcher can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In conclusion, this writer will be discussing how the statistical model created in outline form can be
useful, its limitations, along with what this writer learned in the process of creating a unique
statistical model of this writer's liking and understanding.
Decision's Model in Outline Form Is your question adequate and sufficient? This is determined by
figuring out whether if you have put enough thought into your question, if only you can answer the
following 4 questions (Sukal, 2013).
(1). What is your overarching research question? (Sukal, 2013)
Note: According to Sukal (2013), this can be determined by figuring out whether if there are
keywords within the question, such as "effects" to refer to cause and effect (Sukal, 2013). The word
"association", indicates figuring out if there is a relationship amongst the variables (Sukal, 2013).
The word "prediction" can signify regression (Sukal, 2013).
(2). How many Independent Variables (IV), Dependent Variables (DV), and covariate variables are
in the study? (Sukal, 2013).
Note: The dependent variable is thought of as the criterion or consequence variable, while
independent variable is thought to be the predictor or the variable that brings out an effect on the
dependent variable (Sukal, 2013). Further, a variable is something a person plans to observe,
manipulate, test, record, or evaluate
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

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Evaluation Of A Research Study

  • 1. Evaluation Of A Research Study Berg and Lune (2012) reiterate David Matta's philosophy that it is crucial that a researcher enter a study setting with an appreciative, or neutral, attitude (Matta, 1969). This denotes that the researcher has no agenda in mind, i.e., he/she does not allow support or oppose what is happening in the study environment. As I have stated in previous discussions, I believe this is of great importance for the study to be impartial and well balanced. There are four categories or sets of skills that Berg and Lune (2012) list being essential to ethnographic studies: (1) Taking in the physical setting, (2) Develop relationships with inhabitants, (3) Tracking, observing, eavesdropping and asking questions, and (4) Locating subgroups and stars (Berg and Lune, p. 226). Within each of these sets, a number of skills are used such as observation, note taking, establishing relationships and networking. I personally believe there are skills used in each of these that are not specifically notated in the readings. Social perceptiveness, or being aware of the reactions of others as well as the reasons they reacted the way they did is an important skill throughout the study. Communication skills are important for several reasons. First, the researcher needs to be able to communicate effectively in the beginning to find an informant and then explain to the informant what type of research you will be completing. Next, during the interview process of the study, the investigator must be able to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 5. Study on Backward Business Research While 'Backward' market research' may sound oxymoronic it has to be one of the most useful things that I learnt throughout my time at University and I must thank my old lecturer Ben Healey for introducing it to me. Why is 'Backward' market research so good? – It is good because is it delivers results, and if market research cannot deliver results it really is a waste of time and money. 'Backward' market research was first postulated by Alan R. Andreasen in the 1980′s. 'Backward' market research turns the traditional approach to research design on its head and increases the likelihood that the research findings are not only interesting but will lead to actionable conclusions. Alan R. Andreasen in his article published in the Harvard ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... * Sample sizes will be large enough to allow for more precise analysis. * Questions will be worded as management really wants them. * Management, being closely involved in research design is more likely to support the implementation phases and take quick action on the research results when they finally become available. The 'Backward' market research approach takes time for both managers and researchers. But determining where you want to go then working backwards to figure out how to get there is likely to yield more valuable data. This then leads to more fruitful decisions – something that we all have a vested interest in. I suggest a proven procedure that turns the traditional approach to research design on its head. This procedure, which stresses close collaboration between researcher and corporate decision makers, markedly raises the odds that the company will come up with findings that are not only interesting but will lead to actionable conclusions. There are only two cases in which research is not expected to be immediately actionable. The first is when the research is intended to be basic–that is, to lay the groundwork for later investigation or action rather than have any near–term impact. The second occasion is when the research is methodological–that is, designed to improve the organization's ability to ask questions in the future. Except for these two instances, research should be designed to lead to a decision. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 9. A Research Study On Human Genetics While some outside of the university setting think researchers within academia do not work, that could not be farther from the truth. After following Ryan Hernandez, PhD, weekly duties, we saw that his responsibilities are anything but few. From family man to professor to researcher, he somehow manages to lead his laboratory of seven people in their study of genetic variation. He also takes on additional tasks that are outside his job responsibilities, like serving on several committees. The population geneticist is an Associate Professor in the UC San Francisco School of Pharmacy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and serves as a core member in the Quantitative Biosciences Institute and the Institute for Human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... "By understanding what has been done and the holes in our knowledge, we can make steps to identify ways to fill in those gaps." The rest of Hernandez's week is filled with joint lab meetings with two other labs that have similar lines of research that feature a presentation of one researcher's work and a discussion of possible next steps. These meetings take place on Mondays and last 1.5 hours. Additionally, each year Hernandez teaches for one quarter. This year he is teaching during the winter quarter and is in the classroom for twice a week, for a total of three hours per week. "The most enjoyable part of teaching is interacting with students," Hernandez said. "I also mentor some students and post–doctoral researchers by helping them develop scientific maturity in their career development." Two of the past students that Hernandez taught have completed their PhD's. One now works in the industry for a startup, and the other is completing their post–doctoral fellowship at Stanford University. Hernandez is also graduate advisor for the Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program (BMI) and a co–primary investigator for the Initiative for Maximizing Student Development (IMSD) Grant. "The IMSD Grant is an initiative for maximizing student development through a minority oriented training grant where we seek to develop and foster underrepresented minorities at the graduate level at UCSF to ensure that they are given the resources they need to be successful ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 13. Research : A Case Study Approach Essay Introduction to Research – A Case Study Approach Introduction to research creates a blueprint of psychological research intended for undergraduates at a fundamental level. Moreover, it explains the foundation of psychological research, which is aimed at achieving four key objectives, which if applied to our career goals, will provide self–improvement and increase our marketability. The first three of these four objectives; describe, explain and predict, fall under basic research, while the last of the four; manipulation of emotions and mental constitution, fall under applied research (Crawford, 2016, p. 53). However, these objectives are accomplished through experimental and nonexperimental approaches, classified under two principal research methodologies; qualitative and quantitative. This paper describes the various concepts associated with research discussed in my Psychology class, Introduction to research. Nonetheless, unlike an argumentative paper, this paper is an expository which integrates the terms affiliated with basic and applied research to create one logical ensemble demonstrating my learning experience in this course. Detailed Evaluation Introduction to research teaches detailed evaluation by illustrating basic comprehension of research terms used in psychological research. Through persuasive research techniques, it demonstrates inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific theory, which in turn taught me the significance of detailed evaluation, or ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 17. Evaluation Of A Research Study Procedures First research question – interview. The interview for the first research question occurs after the pre– screening call, at a time set by the researcher and the participant. It will start with an overview explaining the purpose of the research, affirming the time commitment, answering questions the participants have, assuring the participants that their input will be kept confidential and confirming to them that they can leave at any point without repercussions. The researcher and the participant will review and discuss the list, with the researcher recording and taking notes. The approach will be collaborative and fluid. The intention is to have the participant suggest changes to the list that they think could aid in the research, while the interviewer affirms that all suggestions will be given due consideration but ultimately may or may not be included, at the discretion of the research team. At the end of the interview, the researcher will summarize the suggested changes, gain confirmation, affirm confidentiality, thank the participants for their time and ask if they wish to continue with the next phase of the research. The recording will not be transcribed. It will be kept as a reference to be listened to should clarification be needed during data analysis. The notes from the interview will be summarized, typed and grouped by the item on the list that they refer to. Second research question – intake and questionnaire. The intake discussion for the second ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 21. A Research Study On School Improvement Plans The problem or research goal was not explicitly stated, nor was clear in intention and purpose. On page 494, the text states, "This research provides educators across the nation with information about the effectiveness of Title I School Improvement Plans, and could be used to offer improved assistance to School–wide Title I schools and their students." Under the "Purpose of Study" heading, the text states, "The purpose of this study was to examine administrative, teacher, and parent perceptions about their schools' Title I School Improvement Plans." However, the mixed–method research study focused on seven themes of school improvement rather than on School Improvement Plans specifically. The research did not focus in–depth regarding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Hypotheses or questions are aligned with the problem or research goal, clearly measurable in the context of the study's intentions and scope, and well stated. The hypothesis is not in declarative form. There is not a null, directional, or non–directional hypothesis stated clearly. There is not a written hypothesis that states expected relationships or differences. The inferred hypothesis is not quantitatively testable, nor clearly measurable. The survey of the literature is appropriate to the problem or research goal and is comprehensive enough to indicate the competence of the researcher to conduct the study. The review is up–to–date although we do not know when this article was written. However, by looking at the dates of the citations, we can assume it was written within the last five years. The review hinted at establishing a theoretical framework for this study. The review addresses leadership, environment, data collection, teacher evaluations, and the desire to create a positive difference. Although the review is well organized, and the literature is analyzed in detail with an organized and thoughtful flow, it does not immediately relate to the research goal. It does discuss how to improve schools, but does not go into detail or share current research regarding Title I Improvement Plans. In fact, there is no detail or information regarding ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 25. A Research Study On Business Education Running head: LEVERAGING RESEARCH TOENHANCE UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS EDUCATION 1 Leveraging research to enhance undergraduate business education Luke Maass Northwest Missouri State University Authors note This paper was prepared for Student involvement in research activities in U.S. business schools used to be primarily offered to graduate students. However, many universities are now offering undergraduate research opportunities that can provide students with a deep understanding of the academic environment. Research allows the exploration and questioning of significant issues in today's world. This type of learning can provide students with more understanding than can be taught in a classroom or read in a textbook. Research challenges students to engage in the process of identifying and evaluating major issues and trends impacting businesses and society. Students also explore potential business implications that can drive innovation (The Boyer Commission). One goal of business school research is to enhance the prestige of the business school where the research is done. There is evidence that research does achieve that goal, as "research has, historically, been regarded as the primary determinant of a school 's prestige" (Armstrong, 1995: 103). For example, Business Week magazine has added a research influence measure in its ratings of business schools. If a school scores highly on that measure, it enhances the overall prestige ranking. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 29. A Research Study On Investigating Housing The planning topic I'm planning on investigating is housing. This research will strive to find out what groups are segregated and which individuals have less access to housing. This research will also aim to figure out challenges associated with securing permanent housing and the role city planner's play in providing affordable housing. What I'm really curious about in relation to this topic, is what factors come into play, when it comes determining a person's yearly income and how much they spend on shelter costs? I believe it's important to research this topic because housing is a basic necessity that all should equal access to, but that is not often the case. In fact, in some instances, some people are forced to pay more than they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This way households are selected by random selection. My sample size, that is the number of subjects in my study, will be around five hundred people. The type of sample that is best suited to answer my research question is Data collection I will collect my data through previous study's conducted, online research, and through the use of a questionnaire. My data will come from questionnaires we create, that will eventually be mailed out to random households, from the list of neighborhoods we choose to interview. If we also have access to emails, we will send the questionnaire to non–profit organizations who specialize in housing. For this research, I will conduct a list of questions in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire will contain a variety of open ended and closed ended questions, to better understand the housing issue in the City of Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. The data source I will use is Statistics Canada. I will use this source, to better get an understanding of household incomes per neighborhood and then from there I will work towards building my questionnaire. I will gain access to the groups of individuals I selected by focusing on specific neighborhoods and building my analysis from there. I will obtain existing statistical data by looking on the Statistics Canada website and by interviewing non–profit organizations on the issue at hand. I will also seek to review past research ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 33. A Research Study On Quantitative Research A Quantitative Research Study Overview Sheila E. Brooks Stanbridge College Introduction As we continue our discussion in comparing qualitative versus quantitative research, we now focus our attention on quantitative research. In my personal opinion, I feel that quantitative research is harder to understand but breaking the article into sections allows me to understand the basic concepts. This week we will examine and in discuss a quantitative research article. The name of the article is "First–time mothers: social support, maternal parental self–efficacy and postnatal depression" written by authors Leahy–Warren, McCarthy, Corcoran in 2011. First, I take a look at the abstract to get a general overview of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... However, there is little research that provides a clear definition of what is meant by social support (Leahy–Warren et el, 2009). In other words, there is no research which has measured the relationship between social support and maternal parental self–efficacy using a domain–specific instrument developed and supported by self–efficacy model and post–natal depression with first time mothers at six weeks post–delivery (Leahy–Warren et el, 2009) Maternal Parental Self Efficacy and Depression By now, some of you may be asking the same question that I had when I first started reading this article. What is meant by maternal parental self– efficacy and post–natal depression? It is important to understand these two definitions in order to understand the article. Maternal parental self–efficacy is a belief that a parent holds about themselves in terms of being able to care for and parent a child (Leahy–Warren et el, 2009). These includes the ability to plan, organize, and execute actions in order to produce the desire results with the belief that there is a strong correlation between the age of the mother and the number of children (Leah–Warren et el, 2009). I can't help to think about my own experience as a mother as I read this article. I am a single mother of six children and I can say that my confidence grew more as I ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 37. A Research Study On Research Saunders et al. (2009) has provided a comprehensive model to investigate and evaluate any given research work, research onion. This model helps in exploring the various available research approached and methods and selecting the most suitable for the research work. This research work will adopt the following research methodology. 3.1 Research Philosophy Research philosophy is based on the assumptions which define research strategy and explains the relationship between a research study and the data collection process (Zikmund, 2012). The research philosophy is categorised into positivism and interpretivism. Positivism only adheres the knowledge based on factual information through observations (data collection methods) which are mostly quantifiable and measurable (Saunders et al., 2009). Whereas in interpretivism, research variables can be interpreted through socially constructed measures (language, consciousness and instruments). On the basis of above discussion, this research work will adopt positivism research philosophy by keeping in view research aim and objectives as an independent study. Research variables cannot be interpreted, and the relationship between research variables can demonstrate the causality like the impact of adoption information systems on QM practices. Positivism allows quantifiable observations through statistical analysis with the help of large sample. 3.2 Research Approach The research approach is determining the interplay of logic and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 41. A Research Study On Tools B3c. Tools Each researchers study was either quantitative, qualitative or both also if there are a subtype being used such as descriptive. Therefore, depending on the method used the researchers may have used the same or different tools. The tools utilized by a researcher for the aforementioned methods may include but are not limited to the following: in–depth interviews, dairies, rating scales, questionnaires, audio equipment, physiological measurements, observation scoring, and software to measure variables/statistical data as well as data bases to find sources for the research being conducted (Houser, 2008f). B3d. Effect on Results Some of the studies used as a basis for research in this paper used a qualitative method this was the case in the study conducted by Bennett et al. (2006) a focus group gathered on six separate occasions each time one investigator would facilitate discussions while others audiotaped the dialogue and general observations. This is a qualitative method and researcher attempt to understand the importance of what the participants have stated all while looking for themes or patterns in experience then analyze the data ways that preserve the percipients meaning of words, phrases, and actions (Houser, 2008c). Hall et al. (2010) and Verweij, Smeulers, Maaskant and Vermeulen (2014) each used focus groups one of which utilizing specific questions whiles other allowed discussion topics derived from the direct observations. Other studies used as ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 45. A Research Study On Research Introduction The objective of qualitative research is to gain a deeper meaning and understanding of a phenomenon by conducting research in the forms of case studies, interviews and observations (Cohen & Crabtree, 2008; Family health international, 2006; Holloway & Wheeler, 2009). Semi– structured interviews are required in qualitative research, as it allows the researcher to ask questions, which can probe and are spontaneous with the intention to gain more meaning. It also enables the researcher to study the participant in their natural setting (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2015; Hansen, 2006; Corbin & Morse, 2003) .The intent of a reflection, is to analyse the experience of a novice qualitative researcher by highlighting positive and negative aspects of the research process. By clearly understanding the research method and investigating the integral sections, a novice qualitative researcher will be able to reflect but not only improve their methods. Reflection is imperative so that a researcher is able to advance and perfect their research methods (Seidman, 2013). The study aimed to look at the student experiences of working part–time and studying. Accessing an Appropriate Setting For any researcher, gaining access to an appropriate setting is a fundamental part of the research process (Berg, 1988; Creswell, 2008). This aspect usually presents many challenges to a researcher, such as gaining the trust of the participants, being allowed to conduct the research in the community ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 49. A Research Study On Research The research topic is selected, the testable research question is developed, research on the topic is found, the literature review is completed, and a decision is made on the research design. Now, one of the most important steps in the research process to accomplish is the collection of data. Notwithstanding the research project and whether the method of research is whether qualitative or quantitative, data must be collected. Data collection is essential whether the method of choice is a mail survey, a telephone survey, an interview, an experiment, field research, or secondary data analysis. Data collection is an important aspect of any research study. Inaccurate data can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. During the data collection step, a significant amount of time, energy and attention are required. In order to ensure the data collection process is valid and successful, one should adhere to the four steps involved: (1) the construction of a collection data form which is used to organize all data that is collected; (2) the designation of the coding strategy used to represent data on a data collection form; (3) the collection of the actual data; and (4) entry into the data collection form (Salkind, 2012). Once the researcher knows what information to collect and where to find it, the first step in the data collection process is to organize the data on a constructed collection data form. This process allows the researcher to make ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 53. A Research Study On Data Collection The research topic has been selected, the testable research question is developed, research on the topic has been found, a literature review is completed, and a decision has been made on the research design. Now, one of the most important steps in the research process needs to be accomplished and that is the collection of data. Notwithstanding the research project and whether the method of research is whether qualitative or quantitative, data must be collected. Data collection is essential whether the method of choice is a mail survey, a telephone survey, an interview, an experiment, field research, or secondary data analysis. Data collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. During the data collection step, a significant amount of time, energy and attention is required. In order to ensure the data collection process is valid and successful, one should adhere to the four steps involved: (1) the construction of a data collection form which is used to organize all data that is collected; (2) the designation of the coding strategy used to represent data on a data collection form; (3) the collection of the actual data; and (4) entry into the data collection form (Salkind, 2012). Once the researcher knows what information to collect and where to find it, the first step in the data collection process is to organize the data on a constructed data collection form. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 57. A Research Study On Quantitative Analysis 2.0 Research Critique 2.1.1 Clarity Clarity refers to the clear view of things, and clear head that goes with it. The clarity of the research can be defined through journal replication and finding presentation. 2.1.1.1 Journal replication Replication involves the process of repeating a study using the same methods, different subjects, and different experimenters. I personally believe that this journal cannot be replicated due to argument below. King (1994) explain that in order for a journal to be replicate, it must provide sufficient information which to understand, evaluate and build upon a prior work if a third party could replicate the results without any additional information from the author. This research did not provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... More discussion on finding is stated in part 2.4 of this assignment. 2.2 Theory and hypothesis 2.2.1 Plausibility Wiebe (2010) state that plausibility will bring different meaning as regard to the purpose of study. In some cases, it has to do with determining whether a case study is worth conducting; in others, it might mean determining whether the theory derived from the case makes sense, or whether the case rings true. In application for this research, the element of plausibility is obtained. First of all, whether the case study is worth conducting will lead to different judgement. For instance, the researchers were too depending on the usage of low response rate of EECS data sometimes make readers think that it is not worth conducting. In other part, we try to suit the researcher's condition as the usage of EECS data is needed due to limitation of resource: money, time, language and etc. By using the EECS data, at least there is some data obtained to prove the study. This research able to provide clear hypothesis and it is plausible as their hypothesis able to give meaning to their research question. The researchers stated clearly on 3 hypotheses they try to achieve even it lead to result that need improvement in their hypothesis. For instance, the hypothesis result is not too strong. H1 give positive relation but only in small scale, H2 is not met and H3 only applicable to certain cases. 2.3 ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 61. A Research Study On Psychological Research Psychological Research can range from being simple to very complex. Psychological research deals with the research that psychologist have conducted to research and analyze the behavior of individuals. When conducting these researches there are special guidelines which need to be taken. If the researcher fails to meet these guidelines the research may be classified as unethical. When conducting psychological research there are many important ethnical guidelines which need to be followed. The researcher should inform consent. It is not enough for researchers to get a "yes" or "no" from their participants; the participants need to know exactly what they are agreeing to. Before beginning research, the researcher must make sure they outline what exactly the research is about, and ask their consent before the research begins. Individuals who are 18 older are able to give their own consent, but if the participant is younger than 18 they must have the consent of a parent or legal involves observing individuals at a basketball game, each person does not need consent because guardian to allow their child to participate. In rare cases, inform consent may not be needed but this is only allowed if what is happening could happen to the participant in everyday life. For example, if the research conducted anyone could observe them while they are at the game. Consent forms must have an information sheet attached for participants. This information sheet will explain about the study along ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 65. Formal Observations : An Observational Study Of Research Formal observations is an observational study of research. There's usually no need to ask questions which are obvious like "are you male or female?" Instead of asking questions the observer notes whether the participant is a man or woman. One difference between a normal survey and formal observation is that observers often watch a number of people at once and then assess the difference and similarities between the people. For example, Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll experiment, Albert bandura had a group of kids in a room with a video of kids abusing a doll and observed to see if the kids in the room would act the same way. Formal observations are effective and tend to be better than other specified methods as the observers are able to observe the environment and people when they are themselves which will make the results more accurate and valid. If participants knew they were being observed they may be less likely to act natural this is why this type of research will be accurate and valid. Informal observation Informal observations are the opposite of formal observations. This observation will be less structured and the participants being observed will be aware that they are being observed. This involves a group of participants knowing that they are taking part in an observation and they will just be told to carry on as normal. Informal observations is an observational study of research and doesn't include much involvement between observer and participants. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 69. A Research Study On Experimental Research Experimental research is sometimes done with risk of harming the subjects under study. In a research study, participants could be physically and emotionally harmed. As nurses, we are advocates for our patients. Therefore, our goal is to protect them from any harm and discomfort when they participate in experimental treatment. Many dilemmas arise when trying to determine the level where an experimental treatment becomes harmful. In the past, researchers conducted unethical experiments without the subjects' informed consent. They conducted experiments on human subjects knowing the high potential for harm. Participants received harmful substances without their knowledge and did not receive treatment (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015). Researchers coerced, misinformed, and forced human subjects to participate in experimental research. Groves et al. (2015) reported few events from the past that displayed a breach of the participants' privacy, confidentiality, and freedom. Rodriguez and Garcia (2013) also reported a study where American scientists infected a specific population in Guatemala with sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea. American researchers conducted unethical experiments on human subjects without proper informed consent and clearly caused harm to mentally and socially vulnerable participants. The American researchers carefully selected a segment of the Guatemalan population based on poverty level and mental capacity. They did not inform the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 73. A Research Study On Ubc Marketing Department My name is Kyobeom (or K.B.) Koo, and I am pursuing a PhD in marketing to become an expert researcher in consumer behaviour. My goal is to generate research insights to help consumers, managers, and institutions make better decisions. Given my career goal, pursuing a PhD at UBC represents the next logical step. UBC is a highly–regarded institution that can provide me with the skills and environment I need to become a productive researcher. Upon earning my degree, I will contribute to the UBC marketing department brand as an active researcher publishing in top academic journals and as an inspiring educator on the faculty of a leading global business school. Present At Queen's University, I am currently working on my master's thesis, with the working title of "Paying to Jump the Queue: Consumer Perceptions of Fairness in Various Social Contexts", under the supervision of Prof. Laurence Ashworth. My interest in the topic stems from observing social phenomena where increasingly more firms and governments employ product versioning to maximize profits or to increase efficiency. One type of product versioning, the queue–jumping option, was of particular interest to me because it often caused an uproar from the customers, mostly criticizing the firms on fairness grounds. I became curious as to why such an option resulted in negative reactions under certain circumstances when a similar option in concept has always been available in freight and courier industry. An initial literature ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 77. Research Misconduct Case Study Here's your chance to show me all that you are learning, and my chance to make sure that we are on track to meet the course learning goals. This assignment is designed to get you familiar with policies at CU Denver, and gain experience navigating academic and government websites to locate this type of information. Read the CU Denver policy for research misconduct and either the Department of Health and Human Services or National Science Foundation's policy for research misconduct and answer the following questions: 1. What is the definition of research misconduct under each policy? 1. The University of Colorado Denver lists four different sections within its definition of research misconduct. First, it lists research misconduct as any fabrication, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The National Science Foundation goes through the same definition as The University of Colorado Denver by stating research misconduct includes falsification, fabrication and plagiarism when proposing, performing, reviewing or reporting any research funded by the NSF. Also, it states research misconduct does not include honest error of differences in opinion. 2. What is one key difference between the policies? A very important key difference between these two definitions of research misconduct is the National Science Foundation never mentions anything about protecting whistleblowers from retaliation. 3. Do you feel this difference is important? Why or why not? Yes, fell like this is a very important difference, because protecting whistleblowers should be explicitly mentioned in the definition of research misconduct. Protecting retaliation against a whistleblower confirms researchers are being kept honest and validates research is being done ethically. If protection is not provided for whistleblowers, then individuals who are witnessing research misconduct will be less likely to report an incidence in fear of retaliation. I do not think properly defining research misconduct can be possible without including provisions to protect individuals who are reporting these acts of falsification, fabrication and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 81. Research Study On Research And Research 3.1 Introduction The chapter focuses on to identify the research approach, research onion and the research philosophy to conduct the research in proper manner. The research design based on which the entire research will be conducted is identified in the chapter in details. Robson and McCartan (2016) argued that the specific research process requires to be identified by the researcher to conduct the research efficiently. The research methodology identified in the chapter will help the researcher to formulate the outcomes of the study. 3.2 Method Outline This section deals with the research procedures of the study. In the research, the research the descriptive research is chosen to analyse the collected data from various trustable sources. The section will help the researcher to understand the research study in appropriate manner. Mackey and Gass (2015) stated that the quantitative analysis is done based on the collected data from various sources. The quantitative analysis is done by collecting the data from the company's website, statistical sites and the published journals over the internet. The qualitative analysis is done by taking the interview of the stakeholders of the company. 3.3 Research Philosophy The first layer of the research onion is the research philosophy. The research philosophy deals with the concepts of epistemology. The epistemology of the research philosophy includes the realism, positivism, interpretivism, objectivism, ontology of the research. The ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 85. A Research Study On The Vaccination Schedule The study is significant because certain types of HPV can lead to venereal warts, which can ultimately lead to cancer in male and female patients. This disease is preventable, but uptake of the vaccine has been below the expected level since its introduction. One of the goals of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce the proportion of females with HPV infection. The primary means of preventing cervical, anal, penile and oropharyngeal cancer resulting from HPV is completing the vaccination series. Adherence to the vaccination schedule is an important health initiative, so nursing research that helps to increase adherence is essential. This research study will attempt to increase compliance through interviewing patients, providing education, reducing barriers, offering the vaccination and following up using phone calls. The methods used in this study could be applied in other populations because an understanding on reasons for hesitancy and non–compliance will be better understood. The reasons will differ between population types, so interventions would have to be individualized to meet the needs of the specific group. The goal is to increase vaccine compliance and reduce the incidence of HPV and the complications that may result from this virus. Research Aim The aim of the research is to help identify the health beliefs that adolescents age 11– 20 and their parents have regarding the risk of becoming infected with HPV. Since the compliance in males is especially low, the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 89. A Research Study On Nursing School Though she could not finish nursing school because she had her second child, her love for science and medicine did not fade. She worked in a hospital for several years while taking care of 3 children on her own. She then got her master's in Healthcare management where she then pursued a career in clinical research. Within 4 years she became a level 3 clinical research associate where she will potentially become a Clinical research director of all CRA's. My mother knew that helping people with illnesses was her passion and though she did not finish nursing school, she was not about to let that stop her from helping people. "Surgeons, doctors, nurses, PA'S, and health administrators are not the only people that help the ill, clinical researcher's do as well", she said. "We are a branch within the health field that regulates the safety and efficacy of treatment, medications, and diagnostic products intended for people to use." Throughout my life, my mother taught me to follow my dreams and whatever I did to always find a way to help the world for the better. Ever since then, my dream was to follow in my mother's footsteps and potentially be in charge of a hospital or clinic. My philosophy is a mere tool trying to fix every loose screw! One example of my philosophy is the desire to heal fractured bones with the use of stem cells. About 4 years ago I fractured my sacrum iliac joint running hurdles in summer track and ever since that day I have never, mechanically, been the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 93. Sample Nursing Research Studies This graduate project course has offered the opportunity to expand on the knowledge obtained in the previous nursing research course and to begin with a concept or idea and follow a process to develop a research project through the dissemination process. Research is defined as a systematic process for inquiring information and this process is applied to the development of evidence–based practice. Evidence–based practice is defined as the use of scientific evidence, patient preference and clinician expertise which is applied to implement practice changes to improve the quality of care and patient outcomes (Hain, 2017). With the graduate project the process began with the development of a topic of interest in which research could be applied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... There was one idea that was consistent throughout the research and it included the extended lengths of stay individuals seeking psychiatric care in the ED experienced. Other critical information obtained throughout the search included resources which may improve the care of the population. The most practical resource presented was the use of telepsychiatry. After narrowing the data and research to selection of telepsychiatry the PICOT question was formulated. In patients seeking mental health services in the emergency department how does access and utilization of telepsychiatry compared to no access or use of telepsychiatry decrease psychiatric boarding in the ED over a period of one year? Another extensive search for information began with a search of databases including PubMed, CINAHL, National Guidelines Clearinghouse, TRIP and Cochrane. This was an extensive search which required the use of limitations and searching through each database to locate the most relevant articles for the use of telepsychiatry in the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 97. A Research Study On Clinical Research 1. Describe the type(s) of internship(s) you are seeking this summer. This summer, I have been seeking clinical research internships. These include any research that is conducted in a hospital setting and correlates to patients. I would be developing my research skills in a laboratory setting while also developing intrapersonal skills working with patients. The research that I have conducted at the University of Richmond has been invaluable; however, I plan on applying to an MD/PhD program and I feel that clinical research would be a more valuable experience for this upcoming summer. I have applied to a clinical research internship at Stanford University that focuses on training undergraduate students who are perusing a MD/PhD. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The internship will provide me with a challenging opportunity to develop skills pertaining to clinical research that will further benefit me on my career path. I have also looked into clinical research at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania through an inquiry form outlining my interests. This has the ability to match me to various laboratories. This was not an official application, but my information has been passed along to faculty mentors at the Hospital. 2. Why do you want to intern this summer? I believe the summer is the perfect opportunity to jump into something new and challenging in order to develop one's intellect and character. My ultimate career goal is to become a physician scientist and I feel using the summer to gain clinical skills earlier on will positively impact my career trajectory. During my undergraduate experience, I have not had many opportunities to conduct clinical research, but I am eager to learn new skills immerse myself in learning opportunities. Furthermore, an internship can provide me with unique networking opportunities to learn not only from my internship mentor, but other physician–scientists and interns as well. Currently, I do not have the place to gain such connections but I am eager to form them. My experience at Richmond has allowed me to hone basic research skills, volunteer in a clinical setting, and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 101. A Research Study On Learning Experience Deciding on the research question was one of the hardest parts about the research process. 2 or 3 weeks were spent filling out lotus diagrams, doing small research, and discussing possible topics with Research Project teachers. The question was decided upon after a discussion with a teacher about their personal experiences of working with multilingual students and how that impacted on their learning experience. According to her, multilingual students seemed to perform better in their education and had higher mathematical ability. I wanted to investigate this claim further; I was also completing Russian Stage 2 at that moment, and found that the topic was relevant to my personal experiences. The question was narrowed down into a more specific topic over the next few weeks by beginning the research and seeing what the current existing research shows about the question. This was effective as it allowed me to make the question sensible and realistic to complete in the time allocated, and allowed me to develop a deeper understanding of the topic as the weeks went along. At the beginning of the project, I decided to use 3 main research methods: experiment, interview and literature analysis. Although interview was never completed, the other methods proved to be highly effective in completing the outcome. It was decided that an experiment would be done to find data for the Research Project, in order to explore different research methods and to add a primary source. Conducting this ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 105. A Research Study On Business Research CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. Introduction Business research is considered as a truth seeking function that collects, analyses and reports information which enables decision makers to become more effective in their decision making (Alvesson and Deetz, 2000). Conducting primary research is inevitable as far as the aim of this research is concerned. However it is vital that the right kind of methodology be adopted which helps the researcher to achieve the research aim properly. In the selection of right methodology, this study seeks to identify the possible ways by which a research of this nature can be conducted and the reasons behind the selection of particular philosophy, methods, data collection, sampling and analysis techniques. 1.2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This in fact enabled the researcher to select the philosophy which best suits to achieve the research aim. Saunders et al. (2000) state that two views pertaining to philosophy dominate the literature. They are positivism and phenomenology. They add that both of the philosophies are important as far as business and management research is concerned. It can be found that Saunders et al. (2009) divided the research philosophy into different clusters. They are positivism, interpretivism, pragmatism and realism. 1.2.1 Positivism The positivistic approach is the traditional approach of the natural scientist. This approach is considered as independent and also objective where research is undertaken in a value freeway and only the observable phenomena provide credible data (Saunders et al. 2009). Therefore in positivistic research the influence of the researcher on research is kept at the minimum possible way and the instruments and methods used for this should be enabling the researcher in this regard. The methodological underpinning of survey research and experimental studies is positivism. Scientific rigour of doing research is thus one of the characteristics of positivistic research (Jupp, 2006). Easterby– Smith et al. (2012) state that positivist methods is usually based on the assumption that there is the presence of true ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 109. A Research Study On The Social Sciences The Social Sciences consist of a variety of disciplines that aim to understand the behaviour, interactions and relationships between individuals and society. Social scientists conduct research in order to gain a deeper insight into the factors that affect individuals. They do so by using systematic methods of investigation that allow them to analyse and interpret their findings, and thus create a new theory of knowledge or expand upon the existing knowledge of a theory (Giddens & Sutton, 2013). Researchers may use a variety of processes that provide a solid and coherent structure to their research that ensures its validity and reliability. Choosing the right process will aid the researcher in better understanding the area of research and thus may allow them to apply their findings to the workings of the wider social world. Irwin & Elley's (2011) "Concerted Cultivation? Parenting Values, Education and Class Diversity, is a study into the effects of class diversity and parental values of the importance of modern child education, uses a mixed method of investigation. The research takes into account previous studies into class diversity and parental roles in children's development and socialisation. The research question of the study is not made clear at the beginning of the article to suggest an aim as to what the study seeks to explain, though a hypothesis is offered within the findings of the study. The research also uses quantitative and qualitative data gathering ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 113. A Research Study On Sex Trafficking Study Essay As far as the reliability was concerned in the study I believe there should be no concern. The individuals in the study were all young women of whom were adjudicated from 1990 to 2011l. If there was any reason to believe that their information was not reliable one could check into police records and other background checks that were available. The presence of the court files helps with the research study being reliable. If those files did not exist, one would question the reliability of the stories from younger ladies. To adjust for the credibility, the researcher obtained information from official criminal histories, interviews from offenders and law enforcement records (Hargreaves– Cormany & Patterson, 2016, p. 34). Sample When looking for a sample for a research project one must be sure that it is going to provide us with the answers to the questions we are looking to answer and it represents the sample that was in mind (Yegidis et al., 2012, p. 210). In the sex trafficking study, the researchers had obtained their participants by selecting 179 survivors of young ladies who had performed the act of sex trafficking. The ladies were selected from a pool of women who had been adjudicated between 1990–2011 (Hargreaves–Cormany & Patterson, 2016, p. 34). After reading the who research study I do feel that the sample size was effective and it gave the results that the researchers were looking for. The authors did not offer any justification for the sample size that was selected. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 117. A Research Study On Communication And Language Development 1. The search terms that I used were "parent implemented interventions." I used the One Search database on the UNF website. I selected this article to analyze as opposed to other articles in the research results because it met the requirements for the assignment. The researchers whom conducted the study wrote this article. Many of the other articles listed in the results were research reviews of other studies. Also, many articles were written by authors who were not conducting the research discussed in the articles. The reference for this article is: Brown, J. A. & Woods, J. J. (2015). Effects of a triadic parent–implemented home–based communication intervention for toddlers. Journal of Early Intervention, 37, 44–68. doi: 10.1177/1053815115589350. 2. Authors Brown and Woods thoroughly explained their background for the research study. Most of the background research focused on communication and language development. Numerous parent– implemented interventions were mentioned such as the Early Start Denver Model (P–ESDM), Hanen's More Than Words (HMTW), KidTalk–TaCTICS Project (KTTP), and Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT). These intervention strategies were discussed by Brown and Woods in the article in order to support their claim that parent–implemented interventions can have a beneficial impact on their children's language development and communication. Brown and Woods (2015) cited the work of Roberts and Kaiser (2011), which found that children with disabilities who had ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 121. Research Study On American Sign Language 1) How did you select this research study to analyze? That is, what search terms did you use? What database did you use? What was your rationale for selecting this particular study to analyze over the others identified in the search results? What is the full reference for the study in APA format? When I searched for this article I first started by going to UNF's "One Search" from the Library home page. I selected the options "full text only, peer reviewed only, and journal articles only" This limited my search but I felt only gave me the things worth reading that I know would be more credible than anything else. Since I had already found two articles that focused on Bi–Bi I was hoping to find an article that focused on ASL so I typed in the search "American Sign Language". At first I only saw articles that focused on hearing people learning ASL but as I scrolled down I saw the word "Family" which caught my eye first. I decided to use this article because it gives the perspectives of the families on how ASL affects their lives. 2) What was the background for the study? That is, what previous knowledge did the author describe as a foundation for the study in the "review of related literature?" The background for this study that the authors mention is Dunst's, Trivetter's and Deal's practices in family–centered practices, which explains an appropriate and effective way to inform family members of the options they have for their family member who is Deaf or hard of hearing. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 125. A Research Study On Literature Review One of the stages in writing a research paper is the literature review. Since there is very little that has not been studied in some form, good researchers find out all they can about their subjects before they commence their own study. Not only is it imperative to acquire what is already know about the subject, but a literature review enables the researcher to identify what is not known or well understood (Lanier & Briggs, 2014). By conducting a literature review, one verifies what else needs to be done. A literature review is an important aspect of any research paper. Additionally, reviews indicate what already exists, what has been learned and what has not been learned. By conducting a review, researchers are able to consider what can be modified on past studies that will develop the research question better. A review can provide ideas for changing some of the conditions or variables of previous studies, which may result in different outcomes. Not only do researchers become more educated about a subject, but can essentially aid in designing their own studies. Good researchers understand there are three primary categories to utilize when conducting a literature review. The first category to review is general sources, which offer hints on the locations of references, a general overview, and introduction to a topic (Salkind, 2012). The second category is secondary sources which are "once removed" from actual research (Salkind, 2012). Secondary sources can include ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 129. A Research Study On Business Schools Leveraging research to enhance undergraduate business education Luke Maass Northwest Missouri State University Student involvement in research activities in U.S. business schools used to be primarily offered to graduate students. However, many universities are now offering undergraduate research opportunities that can provide students with a deep understanding of the academic environment. Research allows the exploration and questioning of significant issues in today's world. This type of learning can provide students with more understanding than can be taught in a classroom or read in a textbook. Research challenges students to engage in the process of identifying and evaluating major issues and trends impacting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... There are many examples of where this is already being implemented. MIT's business school has an application for their Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). This program has students involved in many different research topics such as the competition in telecommunications, the impact of direct foreign investment on developing economies, and effects of taxes on corporate decisions. Through these types of research they can connect what is learned in the classroom with real business challenges. Perhaps making them a bit closer to the "real world" (Lewis). Teachers are modifying their traditional ways of textbook teaching in the classroom to make available the ability for students to develop and research their ideas and or topics. This can be summarized with 3 key features. The first is context. Learning is efficient when the student has an interest in the topic. It may be their background or culture that help them determine their subject of research. For example a student studying International Business may choose a topic like 'business technology growth in India'. Next is the nature of the student. The student researches and filters information. They actively form and articulate their ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 133. Research Study : Phenomenology Research Methods The qualitative method that will undergird the development of this research study is phenomenology research. This research approach seeks to examine the mutual experiences of a specific group of people (Creswell, 2013). The goal of this approach is to examine the "data thematically to extract essences and essentials of participant meanings" (Miles et al., 2014, p. 8). Using interviews, the researcher seeks to learn what adult with ADHD experienced and how they experienced a specific phenomenon (Creswell, 2013). While there are two approaches to phenomenological studies, "hermeneutical" and "transcendental" (Creswell, 2013, p.80) , this study will utilize transcendental phenomenology as the basis for the conceptual framework. Textual and structural descriptions will be deduced based on the data gathered and analyzed (Creswell, 2013). This research approach was selected because it is the desire of the researcher to explore and discover the experiences of adults with ADHD. This particular research approach will allow the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of their lived experiences of adults with ADHD and help to determine whether specific experiences in primary and secondary education affect work productivity and job performance among adults living with ADHD. Type of design and rationale. The data collection approach to be utilized for this study is interviews. Interviews will be conducted in two formats (a) one–on–one and (b) focus groups. All ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 137. Research Study On Quantitative Research 1. Quantitative Research – Research that goes through a specific method to reach a conclusion, based upon a hypothesis, research problem, gathering of data, analyzing and interpreting the data using statistical means. One way quantitative research is used in educational practice is looking at test scores among a specific group of individuals, and comparing data outcomes with other groups to notice trends. 2. Qualitative Research – Research that is performed in a more holistic way. This type of research begins with a question or problem, and then many avenues are taken to gather information and data such as interviews, surveys, narratives, and observations. After sufficient data has been collected and analyzed, the researcher then decides ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This variable is one I faced while working in a Waldorf–Inspired charter school, and I am interested to see whether results improve next year when students will have more access to the computer for practice and keyboarding class. 4.Peer Review – Research that has been vetted by experts and credible sources of the research community. Articles and journals which have been peer reviewed are considered viable sources of information. While looking for articles on ERIC regarding my topic of choice for review, I ticked the box titled "Peer Review Only" to ensure the research I was finding was credible and respected among the research community. 5. Ethics – In the research world, the importance of conducting ethical research is paramount. Ethics in research includes having transparency, which is achieved by ensuring participants in the study are voluntary and can opt out at any time, are informed of any risks or benefits associated with participation in the study, that the data collected is confidential and secured, and that those who participate in the research study are not exposed to physical or psychological harm. When research studies are conducted, they must be approved by an Institutional Research Board whom votes to whether the study is ethical and can be completed, or not. 6. Primary source – A primary ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 141. A Research Study On Serial Killers Summary of the research question and outcome My research project topic was slightly motivated by a murder in the family around 20 years ago. Hearing about this was overwhelming and made me think about murderers themselves, and what motivated them to commit murder and whether these reasons could be categorised. Preliminary research identified that serial killers are people who have committed two or more discrete murders, either acting alone or with another person. A number of secondary sources present information stating that serial killers usually fall into the following categories: Visionary, Mission–Oriented, Hedonistic and Power/Control. The outcome is in the form of an essay explaining the most common serial killers motives. The key finding from my research is that serial killers are not motivated by one particular reason, but there are many other explanations as to why they commit such a heinous crime or are motivated to commit murder. (142 words) Evaluation: Topic Selection and Refinement Deciding on a topic to research was easy, as crime is something I have an interest in. Having known that a serial killer was once considered ordinary, is now perceived as a dreadful monster. In order to start refining my research I had to conduct a topic to then later, begin with a variety of preliminary research on the topic, in order to develop a question. My question was refined numerous times before I found one that was suitable. The original questions were 'what are the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 145. A Research Study On The Research Design The research design was a quantitative with qualitative comparison using a mixed methodology as previously mentioned. This study is a descriptive correlational study based on describing associations among variables rather than to conclude cause and effect relationships (Polit & Beck, 2008, p. 556). The study also encompasses a prospective longitudinal component which demonstrates causality between study variables, which produces improved quality of evidence. The sample participants consisted of only acute care clinical managers for data analysis. Important to note The participants were mailed confidential surveys to their home addresses, with notification letters sent 2 weeks later. The researchers conducted the study at the NL with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In addition, to pinpointing movements required to influence those intentions and comportment an examination of the organizations current philosophies (Belias & Koustelios, 2014). Furthermore, Belias and Koustelios (2014) found that strategic leadership requirements need to encompass transformational models aimed to serve the organization. In numerous cases, the kind of leadership essential to modify culture is transformational. In order to change culture considerable energies and commitment to accomplish outcomes. The author emphasizes that leaders achieve change through the leader's application of a visualization of the organization over personal individualities intended to modify internal structural cultural principles. In addition, these leaders must function from an underpinning of great moral practices and hold a central appreciation of the multifaceted issues that are conducive in collective exertions within the organization (Belias & Koustelios, 2014). Encompassing redesign methodologies with the available population of acute care managers was moderately small. To attain larger sample similarity, Way et al. (2007) used exclusively clinical service managers were used for data study. The analyst utilized the Employee Attitude Survey, which comprised of "5 instruments measuring 7 variables (emotional climate, practice issues, empowerment, trust in employer, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 149. A Research Study On Research Philosophy 1.0 Research Philosophy Research Philosophy is described as a belief about principles according to which data about a phenomenon ought to be gathered, analysed and utilised. There are two main perspectives that will be discussed: positivism and interpretivism. Remenyi et al. 1998 state that positivists prefer 'working with an observable social reality and that the end product of such research can be law–like generalisations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists.' In this case, the researcher does not get involved with the environment. The results of positivist research will most often result in quantifiable observations. Interpretivists on the other hand, believe that the reality can only ever be completely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Cottrell (2015) as well as many other researchers agree that the choice of the appropriate research philosophy depends on the field of study and the chosen question. In my area of research, the positivist approach appears to be more appropriate choice than interpretivist. 2.0 Research approach Bryman and Bell (2008) suggest that there are two main research approaches to consider before undertaking a research: deductive and inductive. Deductive approach concentrates on creating a theory and hypothesis and then testing this hypothesis. Inductive approach on the other hand, concentrates on testing the data and based on the results, creating a theory. For my area of research, I feel that it would be the most appropriate to use deductive approach. While this approach puts an emphasis on the explanation of the relationship between different variables. That would prove to be useful to answer my research objective to understand what are the motives for people to attend music festivals. As well as that, deductive approach is more appropriate due to the time limitations imposed on my research. Inductive approach often involves a long period of data collection and analysis. Finally, deductive approach is lower in risk than inductive. There is a possibility that inductive approach will result in failure to develop a theory due to the lack of useful research findings. 3.0 Research strategies Cresswell (2009) distinguishes three different research tools: ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 153. A Research Study On The Field Of Psychology The field of psychology is truly fascinating, as the discovery of new and remarkable ideas arise with every question a researcher chooses to explore. Where questions can develop into a research study, which can either solidify, contribute, support, inspire, or provide answers in the field of psychology. In a sense, research is a trial and error approach as researchers are not always cognizant of the results that a study will provide. However, with sufficient knowledge the researcher can conduct a study, with less error, should the researcher be aware of a few simple ingredients. First, as simple as it sounds, knowing whether if a question is sufficient is a good place to start. Once that has been determined, then the researcher can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In conclusion, this writer will be discussing how the statistical model created in outline form can be useful, its limitations, along with what this writer learned in the process of creating a unique statistical model of this writer's liking and understanding. Decision's Model in Outline Form Is your question adequate and sufficient? This is determined by figuring out whether if you have put enough thought into your question, if only you can answer the following 4 questions (Sukal, 2013). (1). What is your overarching research question? (Sukal, 2013) Note: According to Sukal (2013), this can be determined by figuring out whether if there are keywords within the question, such as "effects" to refer to cause and effect (Sukal, 2013). The word "association", indicates figuring out if there is a relationship amongst the variables (Sukal, 2013). The word "prediction" can signify regression (Sukal, 2013). (2). How many Independent Variables (IV), Dependent Variables (DV), and covariate variables are in the study? (Sukal, 2013). Note: The dependent variable is thought of as the criterion or consequence variable, while independent variable is thought to be the predictor or the variable that brings out an effect on the dependent variable (Sukal, 2013). Further, a variable is something a person plans to observe, manipulate, test, record, or evaluate ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...