The physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in produced water effluent and receiving Ugborodo river in Escravos of the Niger Delta was evaluated. The sampling technique applied was purposive which was designed in descriptive statistical manner involving means and standard deviations, to ensure that all the parameters analysed were effectively recorded and presented accurately. Samples were collected at three points namely produced water effluent at point of discharge, and Upstream and Downstream of the receiving river for comparisons. Findings revealed that pH 7.37 , temperature 31ºC , total suspended solids 36mg l and biochemical oxygen demand 152mg l are within the permissible limit as regulated by Department of Petroleum Resources DPR . The corresponding results of the upstream and downstream samples are also in line and therefore no considerable environmental concern to the ecosystem. However, salinity 9396mg l , turbidity 50NTU , total dissolved solids 11409mg l , chemical oxygen demand 215mg l and total hydrocarbon content 35mg l analyses results indicate slightly higher values than the permissible limits. These higher values could lead to environmental concerns over time therefore, it is recommended that further treatment of the produced water to meet regulatory standards is necessary before discharging to the environment. There is therefore the need to improve treatment facilities, procedures, enforcing compliance and strict supervision to meet standards before discharging of produced water effluent into the environment. In conclusion, this study has created the awareness of the possible environmental impact that may arise from the continuous discharge of produced water effluent that is less than adequate in treatment and management into the Ugborodo river in Escravos, Delta State in the Niger delta. Igonikon, Abariowua Chidiadi | S. A. Ngah | C. L. Eze "Evaluating Water Quality in the Oil and Gas Exploitation Regions within the Excravos River Catchment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47758.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/47758/evaluating-water-quality-in-the-oil-and-gas-exploitation-regions-within-the-excravos-river-catchment/igonikon-abariowua-chidiadi
Hydrocarbon Concentration Levels in Groundwater in Jesse and Environ, Ethiope...Editor IJCATR
This study investigated Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of groundwater samples from Jesse and environs, Delta State Nigeria to ascertain the level of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the Aliphatic components in the water sample from the study area.10 groundwater samples were collected from ten (10) different water borehole in Urhodo, Okurodo, Ajanasa, Idjedaka. etc in Jesse. The samples collected were analyzed using Gas chromatography method (GC-MS method). The result shows that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.002 to 0.007(mg/l) and the aliphatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.03 to 0.422 mg/l. This concentrations levels when compared with standard limits from World Health Organization (WHO) tables, indicates that the concentrations of the Total petroleum hydrocarbon is relatively low and within the permissible limit. Thus, the contamination of the environment by total petroleum hydrocarbon in the study area pose no harmful threat to the environment. However, Periodic monitoring will serve for the protection of the groundwater supply in the study area. Further oil spillage should be avoided as it may lead to accumulations of hydrocarbons at dangerous level.
Characterizing Automobile Industrial Wastewater and its Impacts on Surroundin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents. It is necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system since lack of adequate treatment of the effluent can cause deterioration of the ecosystem, die off and contamination of the aquatic environment. These adverse effects necessitated the study of wastewater effect on surface water body at Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected, analyzed and compared with the plot of treatment means. The results obtained from the study were compared with WHO and NIS 554 water standards. The wastewater analysis suggested that contaminant at the untreated stage was very high. The results of the treated and river sample were within the WHO and NIS 554 allowable water ranges. Samples at discharge point recorded increased values which suggest high re-contamination along the open channel (from non-point sources) before discharge. This calls for proper monitoring and treatment of the industrial effluent prior to ground water recharge or discharge to surface water.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
A new study by a pair of researchers from Rice University (Houston, TX). The study looks in detail at the chemical compounds found in frack wastewater from shale plays in PA, TX and NM and finds, according to the researchers, that frack water "was not quite as bad as we thought."
The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt How Are Th...ijtsrd
In addition to the consensus of scientists, environmental experts, fisheries and beach research in Egypt about the pollution of the northern lakes in the Egyptian delta and the collapse of its ecosystem as a result of using these lakes as a permanent drain for agricultural, health and industrial wastewater untreated for the delta governorates surrounding the lakes the continuous drying processes in the Manzala lakes Burullus, Mariout and Idku, which the government undertakes on the one hand, and individuals on the other hand, have caused a change in the morphology of the lakes and a reduction in their areas, ranging between 46 and 83 of their original areas. Drying and filling works are still going on for these lakes, without taking into account the new climatic conditions that have hit the world, which in turn will lead to a rise in the global sea level MGSL during this century by an amount that may reach a maximum of one meter. This will result in the invasion of all the northern lakes of the Nile Delta, in addition to the surrounding dry low plains along the northern coast of the delta, and then the invasion of all the areas that were previously deducted and drained from the lakes with their urban, agricultural and industrial projects, as well as the remaining submerged areas of these lakes, which in turn will lose their characteristics to become part of the Mediterranean. This study aims to determine the quantitative and qualitative size of the certain risks that will face the northern lakes and the plains surrounding them in the Nile delta as a result of the global rise in sea level during this century, the coastal threat sources and the traditional defensive policies that must be followed to avoid all these risks. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt: How Are They Now and How Will They Are in Light of Climate Changes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52183.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/52183/the-northern-lakes-and-surrounding-plains-in-the-nile-delta-egypt-how-are-they-now-and-how-will-they-are-in-light-of-climate-changes/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
Hydrocarbon Concentration Levels in Groundwater in Jesse and Environ, Ethiope...Editor IJCATR
This study investigated Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of groundwater samples from Jesse and environs, Delta State Nigeria to ascertain the level of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the Aliphatic components in the water sample from the study area.10 groundwater samples were collected from ten (10) different water borehole in Urhodo, Okurodo, Ajanasa, Idjedaka. etc in Jesse. The samples collected were analyzed using Gas chromatography method (GC-MS method). The result shows that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.002 to 0.007(mg/l) and the aliphatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.03 to 0.422 mg/l. This concentrations levels when compared with standard limits from World Health Organization (WHO) tables, indicates that the concentrations of the Total petroleum hydrocarbon is relatively low and within the permissible limit. Thus, the contamination of the environment by total petroleum hydrocarbon in the study area pose no harmful threat to the environment. However, Periodic monitoring will serve for the protection of the groundwater supply in the study area. Further oil spillage should be avoided as it may lead to accumulations of hydrocarbons at dangerous level.
Characterizing Automobile Industrial Wastewater and its Impacts on Surroundin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents. It is necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system since lack of adequate treatment of the effluent can cause deterioration of the ecosystem, die off and contamination of the aquatic environment. These adverse effects necessitated the study of wastewater effect on surface water body at Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected, analyzed and compared with the plot of treatment means. The results obtained from the study were compared with WHO and NIS 554 water standards. The wastewater analysis suggested that contaminant at the untreated stage was very high. The results of the treated and river sample were within the WHO and NIS 554 allowable water ranges. Samples at discharge point recorded increased values which suggest high re-contamination along the open channel (from non-point sources) before discharge. This calls for proper monitoring and treatment of the industrial effluent prior to ground water recharge or discharge to surface water.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
A new study by a pair of researchers from Rice University (Houston, TX). The study looks in detail at the chemical compounds found in frack wastewater from shale plays in PA, TX and NM and finds, according to the researchers, that frack water "was not quite as bad as we thought."
The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt How Are Th...ijtsrd
In addition to the consensus of scientists, environmental experts, fisheries and beach research in Egypt about the pollution of the northern lakes in the Egyptian delta and the collapse of its ecosystem as a result of using these lakes as a permanent drain for agricultural, health and industrial wastewater untreated for the delta governorates surrounding the lakes the continuous drying processes in the Manzala lakes Burullus, Mariout and Idku, which the government undertakes on the one hand, and individuals on the other hand, have caused a change in the morphology of the lakes and a reduction in their areas, ranging between 46 and 83 of their original areas. Drying and filling works are still going on for these lakes, without taking into account the new climatic conditions that have hit the world, which in turn will lead to a rise in the global sea level MGSL during this century by an amount that may reach a maximum of one meter. This will result in the invasion of all the northern lakes of the Nile Delta, in addition to the surrounding dry low plains along the northern coast of the delta, and then the invasion of all the areas that were previously deducted and drained from the lakes with their urban, agricultural and industrial projects, as well as the remaining submerged areas of these lakes, which in turn will lose their characteristics to become part of the Mediterranean. This study aims to determine the quantitative and qualitative size of the certain risks that will face the northern lakes and the plains surrounding them in the Nile delta as a result of the global rise in sea level during this century, the coastal threat sources and the traditional defensive policies that must be followed to avoid all these risks. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt: How Are They Now and How Will They Are in Light of Climate Changes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52183.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/52183/the-northern-lakes-and-surrounding-plains-in-the-nile-delta-egypt-how-are-they-now-and-how-will-they-are-in-light-of-climate-changes/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
Aquaculture continues to significantly expand its production, making it the
fastest-growing food production sector globally.
However, the sustainability of the sector is at stake due to the predicted effects of climate change that are not only a future but also a present reality.
In this Lecture, we review the potential effects of climate change on aquaculture production and its implications on the sector ’ s sustainability.
Various elements of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, sea-level
rise, diseases and harmful algal blooms, changes in rainfall patterns, the uncertainty of external inputs supplies, changes in sea surface salinity, and
severe climatic events have been discussed. Furthermore, several adaptation options have been presented as well as some gaps in existing knowledge that
require further investigations.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
Crude Oil Fractions in the Environment: A Comparative Study of Agbada Communi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
A so-called study by an anti-drilling Duke University professor, Avner Vengosh, who says frackers have used 250 billion gallons of precious water from 2005-2014. That's less than 1% of water used in industrial activities--essentially an asterisk in water usage. But Vengosh points out the environmental holocaust that teeny tiny bit of water can still create. It's a bogus study.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Aquaculture continues to significantly expand its production, making it the
fastest-growing food production sector globally.
However, the sustainability of the sector is at stake due to the predicted effects of climate change that are not only a future but also a present reality.
In this Lecture, we review the potential effects of climate change on aquaculture production and its implications on the sector ’ s sustainability.
Various elements of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, sea-level
rise, diseases and harmful algal blooms, changes in rainfall patterns, the uncertainty of external inputs supplies, changes in sea surface salinity, and
severe climatic events have been discussed. Furthermore, several adaptation options have been presented as well as some gaps in existing knowledge that
require further investigations.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
Crude Oil Fractions in the Environment: A Comparative Study of Agbada Communi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
A so-called study by an anti-drilling Duke University professor, Avner Vengosh, who says frackers have used 250 billion gallons of precious water from 2005-2014. That's less than 1% of water used in industrial activities--essentially an asterisk in water usage. But Vengosh points out the environmental holocaust that teeny tiny bit of water can still create. It's a bogus study.
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47758 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2021 Page 180
Oil wells sometimes produce large volumes of water
with the oil, while gas wells tend to produce water in
smaller proportion.
Produced Water which is natural water or formation
water is always found together with petroleum in
reservoirs. It is slightly acidic and sits below the
hydrocarbons in porous reservoir media, (Reynolds,
2003). Extraction of oil and gas leads to a reduction
in reservoir pressure, and additional water is usually
injected into the reservoir water layer to maintain
hydraulic pressure and enhance oil recovery.
Produced water has a complex composition, but its
constituents can be broadly classified into organic and
inorganic compounds including dissolved and
dispersed oils, grease, heavy metals, radionuclides,
treating chemicals, formation solids, salts, dissolved
gases, scale products, waxes, microorganisms and
dissolved oxygen, (Hayes and Arthur, 2004).
Globally, ∼250 million barrels of water are produced
daily from both oil and gas fields, and more than 40%
of this is discharged into the environment.
Oilfields are responsible for more than 60% of daily
waste water effluent generated worldwide, (Fakhru'l-
Razi et al., 2009). The rate of oilfield produced water
production is expected to increase as oilfield ages.
Other factors have been reported to affect the quantity
of produced water generated in an oilfield. This is
because, Oil field operators are particularlyinterested
in producing crude oil with little attention paid to the
“necessary evil” (produced water) that comes with it.
This produced water though field-dependent contains
a variety of inorganic and organic compounds such as
emulsified oil, organic compounds including
dissolved hydrocarbons, organic acids, phenols and
traces of chemicals added during production,
inorganic compounds, suspended solids, dissolved
solids and natural low-radioactive elements. As the
reservoir matures injected produced water swipes
through to the producing zone and water production
increases with time which causes abandonment of the
well. Oil field brine or produced water associated
with hydrocarbon production is usuallyremoved from
the petroleum products before they can be transported
and used. In the hydrocarbon producing area of the
Nigerian Niger Delta, produced water volume has
risen, because many of its oil and gas fields have
declined in production with increased water cut.
Ideally, the generated produced waters are usually
pressurized, separated by gravitation, and enhanced
by heat treatment or using de-emulsifiers before being
re-injected down a well, either for disposal or
enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons.
However, in the Niger Delta and some oil producing
fields of the world, the produced water is discharged
into coastal waters (Erakhrumen, 2015), thereby
causing potential impacts on the coastal aquatic
ecosystem.
According to Stephenson (1992), oil field brine or
produced water is the most enormous waste effluent
of the hydrocarbon production processes. It comprises
several compounds such as dispersed oil, dissolved
organic compounds which include aromatic
hydrocarbons, phenols, organic acids, inorganic
compounds, as well as relics of chemical substances
derived during the separation process. The amounts of
these associated compounds vary from one oil well to
another in a field, and during the production span of
the well. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene,
toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene—BTEX) and
high-molecular-weight phenols have been observed to
be the major pollutants from oil field brine. In
addition, the studies of Sturve et al. (2006), Carls et
al. (2008), observed that the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) and high-molecular-weight
phenols could result to incomplete growth cycle in
organisms as they usually have the potential to cause
gene mutation and cancer. The high-molecular-weight
phenols also have the potential to disrupt the
endocrine development in organisms (Arukwe et al.,
2000). Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene,
on the other hand, are highly volatile and relatively
soluble in seawater, thereby increase the degree of
toxicity with increasing molecular weight (Arukwe et
al., 2001).
Among the inorganic constituents, heavy metals are
of environmental concern (OGP 2002). According to
Mac-Donald et al. (1996), heavy metals can have
deleterious effects on the environment and public
health especially if present at levels above toxicity
threshold. For example, the works of Miao et al.
(2005) and Lin et al., (2011) showed that copper (Cu)
and zinc (Zn) (heavy metals) can be transported and
deposited with the sea sediments and organisms.
Greater concentrations of these metals in seawater
according to Flemming and Trevors (1989) and Stohs
and Bagchi (1995) have been known to cause growth
imbalance to aquatic organisms. Such negative effects
include reduction in the rates of reproduction,
oxidation-level reduction, and death of cell, which
eventually cause damage to organisms’ gills, liver,
kidneys, and nervous systems. In addition, at lower
concentrations and greater exposure to sea or
sediments contaminated with these metals, they can
cause stunted growth, lower the rate of photosynthesis
of plants, and change the abundance composition of
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animals (Morrisey et al., 1996). Many other heavy
metals such as chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and
lead (Pb) can cause various acute or chronic
toxicities; and the bioaccumulation potential of these
heavy metals enhances their environmental problems.
This study therefore seeks to determine the
physicochemical properties, heavy metals and
hydrocarbon contents of produced water discharged
into the Escravos River, Delta State.
Material and Methods
The Niger Delta region is situated in the Southern
part of Nigeria and bordered to the South by the
Atlantic Ocean and to the East by Cameroon. It
occupies a surface area of about 112,300 square
kilometers and represents 12% of Nigeria’s total
surface area. Its wetlands of 70,000km2
which are the
largest in Africa form basically sediment depositions.
The Niger Delta has a well-endowed ecosystem
containing one of the highest concentrations of
biodiversity on the planet. Its arable terrain can
sustain a wide variety of crops, lumber of agricultural
trees and many species of fresh water fish than any
ecosystem in Africa.
The Ugborodo River is a tributary of the Escravos
River in southern Nigeria. "Escravos" is a Portuguese
word meaning "slaves" and the area was one of the
main conduits for slave trade between Nigeria and the
United States in the 18th century. The Escravos river
is a distributary of the Niger River, it flows for 57
kilometres (35 mi), ending at the Bight of Benin of
the Gulf of Guinea where it flows into the Atlantic
Ocean, a major US oil company, has its main
Nigerian oil production facility at the mouth of the
Escravos River. It lies within latitude 5°36'24.54"N
and longitude 5°11'38.31"E of the delta.
Fig. 1: Map of Niger Delta showing Escravos River, the Location of the Study Area
The hydrology of the Niger Delta is dependent primarily on the River Niger. The River Niger drains a large part
of the West African sub region and discharges sediment laden water into the Atlantic Ocean through the Niger
Delta. The delta is fan shaped in geometry with an apex located some 250 km from the Ocean at Onitsha. The
River Niger bifurcates into two main distributaries, the Nun and Forcados rivers, some 100 km south of the apex
creating a coastline spanning over 450 km. Water and sediments from the delta empty into the Atlantic Ocean
through 11 major rivers namely: Imo river, Bonny river, San Bathelomeo river, Brass river, Nun river,
Pennington river, Dodo river, Ramos river, Forcados river, Escravos river and the Benin river. Ugborodo river is
a tributary of the Escravos river. These rivers which make up the main drainage outlet have fairly large river
mouths of about 1.3 km to 5 km, opening into the Atlantic Ocean.
As a wave dominated delta, the fluvial influence on the development of the Niger delta is relatively weak.
However, river forces have been responsible for the transport and deposition of sediments especially in areas
where there have been accretion and significant land growth, and other phenomena such as the vegetation of
previously bare land and waterbodies. This situation is quite evident in the section between Dodo and the
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Escravos river. The development and disappearance of near offshore in the mouth of the San Bathelomeo river is
also a possible consequence of sediment discharge into the Atlantic Ocean. Hence the nature of the River Niger
system, and its main tributaries of the Nun and Forcados river is an important player in coastline
dynamics,Abam, et al. (2004). Figure 3.1 shows map of the Niger Delta where Escravos river is situated.
The study adopted an experimental design and a Purposive Sampling Method in examining the produced water
effluent discharged into the Ugborodo River froman oil terminal, Escravos, Delta State. Samples of produced
water from the Point of Discharge, and Upstream and Downstream of the point of discharge of the receiving
river were collected.. Samples were collected at three main points, Upstream, Point of Discharge and
Downstream.
Table 1 Sampling Points and Coordinates
Sample Points: Upstream Produced Water Downstream
Latitude: 5°36'24.54"N Latitude: 5°36'21.13"N Latitude: 5°36'16.89"N
Longitude: 5°11'26.88"E Longitude: 5°11'32.04"E Longitude: 5°11'38.31"E
The upstream and downstream sampling points are about 30 meters from the point of discharge of the produced
water effluent into the Ugborodo River as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 2: A Map Showing Ugborodo River and Sampling Points
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The collected samples were taken to End Point Laboratory, AGIP Estate, Port Harcourt for assessment and
evaluation of their physicochemical properties and heavy metals to ascertain that discharged produced water
meets the required standard.
Standard field methods were used in the samples collection at the sampling locations. Sample collection was
done by dipping the sample bottles into the medium after rinsing the sample bottles with the same medium. It
involves dipping a laboratory glass sampler bottle into the effluent at the point of discharge into the river, as
midstream, where a representative sample was collected and also at the upstream and downstream of the point of
discharge into the Escravos River. I obtained a sample that meets the requirements of the sampling program.
Collected samples were taken to the Lab for analyses, however, proper handling of samples was ensured to avoid
samples being deteriorated, contaminated or compromised before it is analyzed.I ensured that all sampling
equipment were clean and free from contaminants.
Samples for BOD was collected in amber glass bottles while samples for other physicochemical parameters were
collected in plastic containers. Also, sample for hydrocarbon content analysis was collected in glass bottle. For
measurements of heavy metal concentration levels, few drops of concentrated nitric acid was added to acidify
the various samples.
The effluent samples were collected in plastic bottles. The bottles were made ready by first rinsing them with the
same sample medium before collecting the samples to avoid contamination. Samples collection involves dipping
the sampling bottles completely in the effluent at the point of discharge, and then upstream and downstream
samples of the Ugborodo River and collected representative samples. The samples collected from the river are to
serve as a baseline to determine the condition of the river as a result of the continuous discharge of produced
water effluent into it. The collected samples were labelled properly, stored in ice-parked cooler and taken to the
laboratory, End Point Laboratory, for physicochemical properties and heavy metals analyses. Each sample
collected was further divided into three samples (Samples 1, 2 and 3) and analyzed accordingly to ascertain
correctness of the analyses results.
Results and Discussion
The results obtained in this study are presented in Tables 4.1 – 4.6.
Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals
Table 2: Levels of Physicochemical Parameters in Produced Water Effluent Sample
S/N Parameters Method (Code) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average SD(±)
1. pH APHA 4500-HᶧB 7.38 7.34 7.40 7.37 0.03
2. Temperature(°C) APHA 2550B 30.92 31 31 31 0.14
3. Salinity(mg/l) APHA 25208 9390 9397 9400 9396 5.13
4. TDS(mg/l) APHA 2540C 11408 11412 11406 11409 3.06
5. Turbidity(NTU) APHA 2130C 37 40 39 39 1.53
6. TSS(mg/l) APHA 2540D 42 46 43 44 2.08
7. BOD5(mg/l) APHA 5210B 152 148 157 152 4.51
8. COD(mg/l) APHA 5220C 210 216 220 215 5.03
9. THC(mg/l) API 45 & EPA 418.1/413.2 38 35 33 35 2.52
Table 3: Levels of Physicochemical Parameters in Upstream Water Sample
S/N Parameters Method (Code) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average SD(±)
1. pH APHA 4500-HᶧB 6.70 6.70 6.73 6.71 0.02
2. Temperature(°C) APHA 2550B 27.81 27.95 27.98 27.91 0.09
3. Salinity(mg/l) APHA 25208 7874 7880 7887 7880 6.51
4. TDS(mg/l) APHA 2540C 9455 9451 9452 9453 2.08
5. Turbidity(NTU) APHA 2130C 35 33 33 34 1.15
6. TSS(mg/l) APHA 2540D 26 28 25 26 1.53
7. BOD5(mg/l) APHA 5210B 98 95 92 95 3.00
8. COD(mg/l) APHA 5220C 140 145 142 142 2.52
9. THC(mg/l) API 45 & EPA 418.1/413.2 24 22 22 23 1.15
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Table 4: Levels of Physicochemical Parameters in Downstream Water Sample
S/N Parameters Method (Code) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average SD(±)
1. pH APHA 4500-HᶧB 7.33 7.35 7.30 7.33 0.03
2. Temperature(°C) APHA 2550B 28.56 28.50 28.10 28.39 0.25
3. Salinity(mg/l) APHA 25208 6240 6250 6242 6244 5.29
4. TDS(mg/l) APHA 2540C 7560 7556 7563 7560 3.51
5. Turbidity(NTU) APHA 2130C 56 45 49 50 5.57
6. TSS(mg/l) APHA 2540D 37 35 37 36 1.15
7. BOD5(mg/l) APHA 5210B 112 118 114 115 3.06
8. COD(mg/l) APHA 5220C 180 167 192 180 12.50
9. THC(mg/l) API 45 & EPA 418.1/413.2 35 30 33 33 2.52
Table 5: Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Produced Water Effluent Sample
S/N Heavy Metals (mg/l)
Method
(Code)
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average SD(±)
1. Cr APHA 3111C <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.00
2. Cu APHA 3111C <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.00
3. Cd APHA 3111C <0.0028 <0.0028 <0.0028 <0.0028 0.00
4. Fe APHA 3111C 0.705 0.712 0.696 0.704 0.01
5. Pb APHA 3111C 0.031 0.024 0.038 0.031 0.01
6. Zn APHA 3111C 0.116 0.121 0.130 0.122 0.01
7. Ni APHA 3111C 0.141 0.148 0.156 0.148 0.01
8. Mg APHA 3111C 1.647 1.650 1.638 1.645 0.01
9. Na APHA 3111C 1.927 1.938 1.930 1.932 0.01
10. V APHA 3111D <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 0.00
Table 6: Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Upstream Water Sample
S/N Heavy Metals (mg/l) Method (Code) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average SD(±)
1. Cr APHA 3111C <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.00
2. Cu APHA 3111C <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.00
3. Cd APHA 3111C <0.0028 <0.0028 <0.0028 <0.0028 0.00
4. Fe APHA 3111C 0.503 0.386 0.365 0.418 0.07
5. Pb APHA 3111C <0.012 <0.012 <0.012 <0.012 0.00
6. Zn APHA 3111C 0.011 0.015 0.018 0.015 0.00
7. Ni APHA 3111C 0.021 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.00
8. Mg APHA 3111C 1.821 1.822 1.816 1.820 0.00
9. Na APHA 3111C 2.609 2.776 2.104 2.496 0.35
10. V APHA 3111D <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 0.00
Table 7: Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Downstream Water Sample
S/N Heavy Metals (mg/l) Method (Code) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average SD(±)
1. Cr APHA 3111C <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.00
2. Cu APHA 3111C <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.00
3. Cd APHA 3111C <0.0028 <0.0028 <0.0028 <0.0028 0.00
4. Fe APHA 3111C 0.355 0.376 0.397 0.376 0.02
5. Pb APHA 3111C <0.012 <0.012 <0.012 <0.012 0.00
6. Zn APHA 3111C 0.164 0.192 0.173 0.176 0.01
7. Ni APHA 3111C 0.038 0.042 0.042 0.041 0.00
8. Mg APHA 3111C 1.985 1.947 1.909 1.947 0.04
9. Na APHA 3111C 2.497 2.613 2.497 2.536 0.07
10. V APHA 3111D <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 0.00
Physicochemical Properties
The analyses results obtained indicate that some
physicochemical parameters have values that are
negligible while others that have slightly higher
values require further treatment of the produced water
to meet regulatory standards is recommended before
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discharging to the environment as stated by the
regulatory authority, Environmental Guidelines and
Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria
(EGASPIN) 2018 by the regulatory body, DPR as
referenced.
pH
The pH analyses result of the produced water effluent
was 7.37, this value is within the permissible limit of
the regulatory authority, Department of Petroleum
Resources (DPR) which ranges from pH value of 6.5
– 8.5 as an acceptable or permissible limit for
produced water effluent to be discharged to the
environment. The results obtained from the upstream
and downstream samples (6.71 and 7.33 respectively)
are also in line with the permissible limits and
therefore no environmental concern.
Temperature (ºC)
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a
body. The produced water temperature average value
of 31ºC is within the permissible limit of the
regulatory authority which ranged from 27°C – 31°C
as an acceptable limit for produced water effluent to
be discharged within inland and near shore
environments according to the regulatory body
(DPR). The results indicate that there will be no
negative environmental impact.The analyses result of
the upstream and downstream samples of 27.91ºC and
28.39ºC respectively also indicate no negative impact
on the environment.
Salinity (mg/l)
The average salinity value for the produced water
effluent analysis was 9396mg/l. The difference in
values of upstream and downstream is as a result of
dilution during the flooding processes. The obtained
value is above the permissible limit of 600mg/l –
2000mg/l for inland and near shore environments
from the regulatory authority, therefore
environmental concern is expected.
High ion and chloride concentration results in water
hardness and acidity of the surrounding waters which
may be harmful for rural dwellers depending on the
rivers and lakes around them for water supply for
their daily survival. Meeting discharge regulatory
specifications is the only way out of this harm that
may befall human lives, aquatic lives and the
ecosystem.
Turbidity (NTU)
The analysis result for turbidity was 50NTU, this
value is above the permissible limit of ˂10 and ˂15
for inland and near shore environments and no limit
for offshore environments by the regulatory body
(DPR) as stated in the Environmental Guidelines and
Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria
(EGASPIN). Also, 34NTU and 50NTU which are
values for the upstream and downstream processes
respectively show that turbidity increased during the
ebbing phase due to dissolved solids from inland.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
The produced water effluent analyses result obtained
for Total Dissolved Solids was 11409mg/l. This value
is over two times greater than the permissible limit of
2000mg/l – 5000mg/l for inland and near shore
environments respectively from the regulatory
authority (DPR). This also affected the analyses
results for upstream and downstream samples of
9453mg/l and 7560mg/l respectively, therefore
negative environmental impact is a concern here.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
The Total Suspended Solids value for the produced
water effluent of 44mg/l is within the permissible
limit of ˂30mg/l - ˂50mg/l for inland and near shore
ecosystem respectively from DPR. Upstream and
downstream samples results are (26mg/l and 36mg/l)
respectively are also in line with the permissible limit,
therefore, there is no environmental concern.
Total suspended solids exceeding required limit
present in produced water as well as oil and grease
content would result in discharge of oily water into
the environment, polluting the environment and
destroying the ecosystem and aquatic habitat. These
could be very harmful because the important
component in the marine and aquatic food web
(phytoplankton, periphyton, sphergiral and
zooplankton) would be destroyed. Respiration of
aquatic animals would be hampered by the sealing
caused by large oil droplets in aquatic habitats. This
results in suffocation of aquatic animals.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The produced water effluent analyses average value
for Biochemical Oxygen Demand is 152ml/g. This
value is within the permissible limit of 140mg/l –
313mg/l for inland and near shore ecosystem
respectively as regulated by DPR. The values for the
upstream and downstream samples analyses results
(95mg/l and 115mg/l) were lower than that of the
produced water as a result dilution from the receiving
river. Therefore, there is no environmental concern or
negative impact on the environment.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand is defined as the amount
of a specified oxidant that reacts with the sample
under controlled conditions. The produced water
effluent value for COD was 215mg/l. This value is
slightly higher than the permissible limit of 125mg/l
for inland and near shore environments and no limit
for offshore environments as regulated by DPR as
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stated in Environmental Guidelines and Standards for
the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN). The
upstream and downstream analyses results of 142mg/l
and 180mg/l show increase in value above the
regulated value. Concentration levels of chemical
oxygen demand of the produced water effluent is
higher than that of the receiving river, environment
will be impacted in the long run.
Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC)
The Total Hydrocarbon Content analysis result
obtained for the produced water effluent was 35mg/l.
The obtained value is slightly higher than the
permissible limit of 20mg/l by the regulatory
authority for inland and near shore environments and
no limit for offshore environments. The upstream and
downstream samples values of 23mg/l and 33mg/l is
an indication of dilution during the flooding and
ebbing process of the receiving Ugborodo river.
Heavy Metals
Ten (10) out of twenty-one (21) heavy metals that
were considered to be common in other sited works in
produced water were analyzed. In addition, a few
metals are of particular environmental concern
because their concentrations may be high enough to
cause bioaccumulation and toxicity (Ray and Rainer,
1992). Heavy metals are very harmful because of
their ability to accumulate in the bodies of fishes and
sea foods, this leads to Bioaccumulation (the gradual
accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or
other chemicals such as contaminants in an
organism). Such fishes and sea foods when consumed
by man and other animals will lead to the
accumulation of heavy metals in different parts of the
body. Heavy metals are non-degradable in nature and
have long biological half-lives because
bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a
substance at a rate faster than that at which the
substance is lost or eliminated by catabolism and
excretion. Though, they are essential components in
metabolism, they are also toxic when present in high
concentration and over a long period of time. The
quantities of heavy metals in produced water can vary
from different formations, and they vary depending
on the age and geology of the formation from which
the oil and gas are produced. The results of the heavy
metals analyzed were presented in Table 2 – 7
representing produced water effluent, upstream and
downstream samples and results discussed as follows:
Chromium (Cr)
The mean Chromium concentration in the produced
water effluent sample analysis was ˂ 0.005mg/l. This
value of ˂ 0.005mg/l is slightly higher than the
permissible limit of 0.0mg/l of the regulatory
authority (DPR). The upstream and downstream
samples analyses value was also the same as that of
the produced water effluent which is ˂ 0.005mg/l.
Therefore, environmental concern over a period of
time is expected.
Lead (Pb)
The mean Lead concentration in produced water
effluent analyses value was 0.031mg/l. Though this
value is slightly higher but is negligible going by the
allowable or permissible limit of 0.0mg/l and no limit
for inland and near shore by the regulatory authority
(DPR). Also, the upstream and downstream analyses
values are same as <0.012 is lower than that of the
produced water. Therefore, environmental concern
over a period of time is expected.
Nickel (Ni)
Nickel’s mean concentration level value of the
produced water effluent was 0.148mg/l and the
permissible limit is 0.0mg/l. The analysis value is
slightly higher than the permissible value though
negligible. Also, upstream and downstream samples
analyses values of 0.020mg/l and 0.041mg/l
respectively are smaller than that of the produced
water sample value. Therefore, environmental
concern over a period of time is expected.
Zinc (Zn)
Mean concentration level of Zinc in the produced
water effluent analysis was 0.122mg/l. This value is
considered negligible compared to the value of the
allowable limit of 1.0mg/l – 5.0mg/l by the regulator
(DPR) for inland and near shore environments
respectively is far more than the obtained value. The
upstream and downstream samples values are
0.015mg/l and 0.176mg/l respectively. Environmental
issue is not a concern here.
Cupper (Cu)
The mean concentration level of Cupper in the
produced water effluent was ˂ 0.004mg/l for all the
samples. The concentration of cupper as indicated is
of no environmental concern. Also, the permissible
limit as prescribed by DPR for inland and near shore
locations are 2mg/l and no limit respectively, which is
higher than the obtained analysis result. The same
result of 0.004mg/l was obtained for upstream and
downstream samples also. Therefore, no
environmental concern of any sort is expected.
Cadmium (Cd)
The mean concentration level of Cadmium in the
produced water effluent was ˂ 0.0028mg/l Same
concentration level was obtained in the upstream and
downstream samples. No permissible limit was giving
by the regulators. Therefore, no consequences to the
environment.
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Iron (Fe)
Iron’s mean concentration level according to the
analysis result in the produced water effluent was
0.704. This value is lower than the permissible limit
value of 1.0mg/l and no limit for inland and near
shore by the regulator (DPR).The values for the
upstream and downstream samples of 0.418mg/l and
0.376mg/l respectively are also lower than that of the
produced water effluent, therefore, no threat to the
environment is envisaged.
Magnesium (Mg)
The mean level of Magnesium concentration in the
produced water effluent as per the analysis report was
1.645mg/l, this concentration value is lower than that
of the values of the upstream and downstream
samples of 1.820mg/l and 1.947mg/l respectively. No
permissible limit from the regulatory authority. This
lower value in the produced water effluent compared
to the receiving river indicates no harm to the
environment.
Sodium (Na)
Produced water sample analysis of Sodium mean
concentration level was 1.932mg/l. This has the
highest concentration of all the heavy metals analyzed
and is lower than the values of the upstream and
downstream samples results of 2.496mg/l and
2.532mg/l respectively obtained. These higher values
are attributable to the fact that salt water contains
sodium naturally as expected. However, no
environmental consequence.
Vanadium (V)
The mean concentration level of Vanadium in the
produced water effluent as analysed was < 0.12mg/l.
This value is the same for upstream and downstream
samples concentration. It is therefore negligible and
of no environmental concern of any kind going by the
allowable limit of 0.0mg/l by the regulatory authority
(DPR). From the samples analyses reports as
indicated, most of the heavy metals except chromium,
lead and nickel, have values that are lower than the
permissible limits by the regulatory authority (DPR).
This means that the environment may not be severely
affected in the short while but will be affected in the
long run.
This work is supported by studies carried out by
Oboh et al. (2009), in the Niger Delta which noted
that discharged produced waters had high metal ions
and total hydrocarbon concentrations, THC. Okoro
(2010), on the other hand, demonstrated that
produced water discharges in near shore environment
in the Niger Delta led to substantial accumulation of
hydrocarbons and microorganisms up to 500m from
discharge points. Isehunwa and Onovae (2011)
observed that the produced water discharged into the
environment had high levels of oil and grease as well
as TDS and TSS. Recent environmental impact
assessments show that contrary to the trend in the
Niger Delta, North Sea and Gulf of Mexico have
continued to review their effluent limits pursuant to
ZERO effluent discharge. This contrasts sharply with
the Niger Delta which has maintained its effluent
discharge limits for a long time without review. This
has left the region with discharged effluents that may
fall short of the needed environmental friendliness
level (Adaobi and Omowumi, 2016).
Environmental Impact
The environmental impact caused by discharging
untreated or poorly treated produced water effluent to
surface or coastal waters causes degradation of the
ecosystem and the environment at large. Therefore,
safely disposing of this highly saline water and
mitigating the effect of past disposal practices is a
national concern for environmental officials, land
managers, petroleum companies, and land owners.
Within the oil and gas production industry there is an
increased focus on the discharge of produced waters
to the environment. That there is no universally
agreed standard for oil-in-water discharge quality is
partly an indication of the different capacities of
receiving waters to absorb the pollutants. It is,
however, compounded by a lack of any universally
agreed methods even on how to measure oil-in-water,
which in extreme cases leads to varying results by
orders of magnitude according to the actual methods
used.
Treating produced water properly before disposal
ensures elimination of the harms done to the
environment by the oil and gas industry. This study
indicates that produced water effluent discharged into
the Ugborodo river can be treated further to improve
on the recommended permissible limits and continued
monitoring and supervision by the regulatory
authorities cannot be over emphasized.
Conclusion
The evaluation of produced water effluent discharged
into the Ugborodo River, Escravos indicates that
Some of the physicochemical properties and heavy
metals analyzed such as pH, temperature, total
suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) other physicochemical properties
such as salinity, turbidity, total dissolved solids
(TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total
hydrocarbon content (THC) whose values were
slightly higher than the permissible limits are
recommended for further treatment and management
before being discharged to meet regulatory
requirement or standard by the Department of
10. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47758 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2021 Page 188
Petroleum Resources (DPR) in the protection of the
ecosystem and the environment in general.
Recommendations
The regulatory agencies should adopt strict
compliance measures by routine monitoring and
supervision of samples of produced water effluent to
be discharged and treatment facilities used for
produced water treatment and further treatment of the
produced water should meet regulatory standards as
recommended before discharging to the environment.
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