This document summarizes a study that analyzed the quality of wastewater effluent from the Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) in Ghana against standards set by the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Samples of effluent were collected over three months and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters as well as heavy metal content. The results found that conductivity, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand exceeded EPA standards, though heavy metal levels were within standards. It is recommended that TOR improve its wastewater treatment processes to better control contaminant levels in effluent discharged into the environment.
Introduction to Waste Water Treatment by Root Zone TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document discusses root zone wastewater treatment techniques. It provides an abstract and introduction on using constructed wetlands with root zones to effectively treat domestic and industrial effluents. It then reviews 7 previous literature sources that studied the effectiveness of root zone systems in reducing parameters like BOD, COD, nutrients, and heavy metals from wastewater. The document outlines the objectives, motivations, and methodology of studying root zone treatment on a pilot unit with plants like Canna and Alocasia. It concludes that root zone systems provide a natural, low-cost method for wastewater treatment and can be used for small communities or as polishing for other systems.
Hazardous waste is produced from industrial processes and discarded products that are dangerous to human health and the environment. The main sources in the UAE are the petroleum industry, industrial sector, health sector, and agriculture. Hazardous waste management in Abu Dhabi has been inadequate, with wastes being disposed in substandard landfills and some illegally dumped, threatening groundwater resources. Efforts are underway to improve facilities and regulate handling and disposal.
Land treatment-as-viable-solution-for-waste-water-treatment-anddisposal-in-in...science journals
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality of wastewater from major drains in Lahore City, Pakistan and assessed its suitability for irrigation. Samples were collected from 8 drains in winter and spring and analyzed for various parameters. Many parameters exceeded standards for irrigation. Long term use of this wastewater for irrigation poses risks to soil quality, accumulation of heavy metals in crops, and potential health impacts. The wastewater quality in the drains needs improvement to reduce pollution and risks to the environment, agriculture and public health.
Hazardous wastes are types of waste that are harmful to human health or the environment. They include petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, dyes, fertilizers, asbestos, caustic soda, and inorganic chemicals. Nuclear waste and electronic waste can also be hazardous. Medical waste, construction waste, industrial chemicals, and waste from pharmaceutical manufacturing may contain hazardous components if not properly managed. The government has established rules to ensure the safe treatment and disposal of hazardous waste and reduce its generation.
Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Our readily available water monitoring system PowerPoint slide designs provide an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality check PPT slide deck. You can easily present the key statistics that play a vital role in analyzing the water industry by using this water treatment PPT slideshow. It is easy to present the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using content-ready water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. You can edit water quality testing PPT themes to present the sources of water pollution. Highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Provide an overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality. You also can present the chemicals and biological pollutants that deteriorate the water quality. Showcase the water quality monitoring types and their objectives by downloading our visually attention-grabbing water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3lzljrF
IRJET - Environmental Impact Assessment of Ground Water Quality around Ve...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the environmental impact of groundwater quality around the Vellalore dumping yard in Coimbatore, India. It finds that parameters like total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, fluorides, turbidity and alkalinity exceed permissible limits, indicating the groundwater is unsuitable for human use. A water quality index was calculated using a weighted arithmetic method and found the water quality rating around the dumping yard ranges from poor to very poor. A health survey also found higher rates of diseases like asthma, fever and dysentery among people living near the landfill site, suggesting environmental pollution is negatively impacting human health in the area.
Introduction to Waste Water Treatment by Root Zone TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document discusses root zone wastewater treatment techniques. It provides an abstract and introduction on using constructed wetlands with root zones to effectively treat domestic and industrial effluents. It then reviews 7 previous literature sources that studied the effectiveness of root zone systems in reducing parameters like BOD, COD, nutrients, and heavy metals from wastewater. The document outlines the objectives, motivations, and methodology of studying root zone treatment on a pilot unit with plants like Canna and Alocasia. It concludes that root zone systems provide a natural, low-cost method for wastewater treatment and can be used for small communities or as polishing for other systems.
Hazardous waste is produced from industrial processes and discarded products that are dangerous to human health and the environment. The main sources in the UAE are the petroleum industry, industrial sector, health sector, and agriculture. Hazardous waste management in Abu Dhabi has been inadequate, with wastes being disposed in substandard landfills and some illegally dumped, threatening groundwater resources. Efforts are underway to improve facilities and regulate handling and disposal.
Land treatment-as-viable-solution-for-waste-water-treatment-anddisposal-in-in...science journals
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality of wastewater from major drains in Lahore City, Pakistan and assessed its suitability for irrigation. Samples were collected from 8 drains in winter and spring and analyzed for various parameters. Many parameters exceeded standards for irrigation. Long term use of this wastewater for irrigation poses risks to soil quality, accumulation of heavy metals in crops, and potential health impacts. The wastewater quality in the drains needs improvement to reduce pollution and risks to the environment, agriculture and public health.
Hazardous wastes are types of waste that are harmful to human health or the environment. They include petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, dyes, fertilizers, asbestos, caustic soda, and inorganic chemicals. Nuclear waste and electronic waste can also be hazardous. Medical waste, construction waste, industrial chemicals, and waste from pharmaceutical manufacturing may contain hazardous components if not properly managed. The government has established rules to ensure the safe treatment and disposal of hazardous waste and reduce its generation.
Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Our readily available water monitoring system PowerPoint slide designs provide an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality check PPT slide deck. You can easily present the key statistics that play a vital role in analyzing the water industry by using this water treatment PPT slideshow. It is easy to present the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using content-ready water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. You can edit water quality testing PPT themes to present the sources of water pollution. Highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Provide an overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality. You also can present the chemicals and biological pollutants that deteriorate the water quality. Showcase the water quality monitoring types and their objectives by downloading our visually attention-grabbing water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3lzljrF
IRJET - Environmental Impact Assessment of Ground Water Quality around Ve...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the environmental impact of groundwater quality around the Vellalore dumping yard in Coimbatore, India. It finds that parameters like total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, fluorides, turbidity and alkalinity exceed permissible limits, indicating the groundwater is unsuitable for human use. A water quality index was calculated using a weighted arithmetic method and found the water quality rating around the dumping yard ranges from poor to very poor. A health survey also found higher rates of diseases like asthma, fever and dysentery among people living near the landfill site, suggesting environmental pollution is negatively impacting human health in the area.
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an economical water purifier using natural and waste materials. It aims to remove pollutants from wastewater to make it safe for human and environmental health. The proposed purifier uses low-cost materials like charcoal, zeolite, coconut shells, alum, seashells, stones, corncobs, and wood to filter water. Laboratory tests will evaluate the filtered water quality for parameters like pH, turbidity and suitability for human and environmental use. The goal is to develop an inexpensive water purifier that can also enrich drinking water with minerals, while utilizing waste materials.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF EFFLUENT QUALITY FROM NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY ON...Adeyeba Adedeji
This document provides an assessment of the impact of effluent quality from Nigeria Bottling Company on the environment and public health. It examines various physico-chemical parameters of the company's effluents such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, colour, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and heavy metals. Water samples were taken from upstream of the company's discharge points, at the discharge points, and downstream. The results for effluent and water samples were compared to regulatory standards. Overall, the study found that the quality of effluents from the discharge point is unsatisfactory and has considerable negative effects on the receiving streams. Increased monitoring and enforcement of environmental regulations is needed to improve efflu
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
This document provides guidelines for designing small wastewater treatment plants up to 100 m3/day. It outlines the applicable legislative framework and discusses key design considerations including site selection, health and safety, operations, and maintenance. Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) and biological trickling filters are identified as the best appropriate processes for wastewater treatment at these small scales. The document provides flow sheets and checklists to guide the decision making process for selecting the appropriate treatment approach.
IRJET- Treatment of Landfill Leachate by NanofiltrationIRJET Journal
- The document discusses using nanofiltration to treat landfill leachate. Landfill leachate contains high levels of organic matter, color, heavy metals and toxins that can contaminate groundwater and water bodies.
- Nanofiltration is able to remove both organic and inorganic dissolved particles in leachate. It can remove 60-70% of COD and has been shown to be an efficient and promising method for treating leachate to meet discharge standards.
- The study involved collecting leachate from a landfill in Chennai, India. The leachate was then treated using nanofiltration after first being passed through an alumina bed to absorb contaminants. Analysis was performed
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Suitability on Treated Sewage Water for A...IRJET Journal
This study examines using rice husk and activated charcoal to treat sewage water for agricultural purposes. Sewage water was collected and tested for various parameters like pH, hardness, BOD, COD before and after treatment. Rice husk ash was used as a coagulant and rice husk and activated charcoal were used as filtering materials. Testing showed the treatment decreased pH, BOD, COD, hardness, chlorides, TSS and TDS, with optimal results at 3% coagulant. The treated water met permissible limits for irrigation use according to standards. Therefore, treating sewage water with natural adsorbents like rice husk could enable its safe use in agriculture.
This document summarizes an article that examines the impact of industrial effluents on water quality in Nigerian rivers. It finds that industrial wastewater entering water bodies represents a major source of pollution, affecting water quality, microbes, and aquatic life. Characteristics of industrial effluents like turbidity, conductivity, COD, TSS, BOD, and hardness are abnormal. The effluents contain nutrients that promote growth of coliform bacteria and other microbes. Sources of industrial effluents discussed include the pharmaceutical, soap and detergent, textile, food and beverage, pulp and paper industries. The effluents introduce pollutants like heavy metals, pathogens, and decomposing organic waste that deterior
This document summarizes a study on using spinach plants to remove copper and iron from polluted water through rhizofilteration and phytoextraction. The study involved planting spinach in pots with synthetic wastewater containing different concentrations of copper and iron over various time periods. The results showed that spinach was highly effective at accumulating metals, removing 86.5% of copper and 85.9% of iron from the water through rhizofilteration. The highest accumulation of metals occurred in the spinach leaves rather than the roots or stems. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that spinach is a good candidate for phytoremediation of copper and iron pollution from water.
Natural Resource Management Of Water Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Natural Resource Management Of Water PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Take advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, and discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. The water quality section will help you understand sources of water pollution, natural and human processes affecting water quality. Give a brief overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality and pollutants that deteriorate water quality on a global scale with the help of our water quality management PowerPoint infographics. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. You can design monitoring programs by describing monitoring types, monitoring areas, considerations while selecting the sampling site, frequency, and time of sampling etc by downloading this readily available water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3o9aXA1
Environmental Pollution, Global Climate Change and Biodiversity Management approaches
current status of pollution levels (air, soil and water), strategies implied to curb the problem (particularly in India) and recent research carried in different parts of the world. Mitigation and adaption approach to climate change.
This document discusses some technical problems and environmental impacts of composting. It addresses issues like odors, temperature regulation, pests, and heavy metals. Proper layering techniques and balancing the carbon to nitrogen ratio are important to avoid problems. While composting can benefit the environment as a soil conditioner and reduce landfill waste, the impacts depend on the waste composition and processing approach. Research into pre-processing techniques could help address issues from compost use like heavy metal levels. Small local facilities face challenges with viability, costs, and process success that may require technical guidance.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management techniques presented by students from Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College. It discusses the increasing problem of solid waste generation in Indian cities. It then summarizes various techniques for solid waste management including composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, refuse derived fuel production, plastic recycling, and landfilling. Factors governing the choice of technology are outlined. Directives for improving solid waste management systems are presented. Community-level waste management through recycling is discussed using Dharavi slum as an example.
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is threatened globally by various pollutants and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality degradation include the discharge of toxic chemicals, overpumping of aquifers, long-range transport of air pollutants, and eutrophication from nutrients. Water quality monitoring is important for sustainable development and managing these threats to aquatic ecosystems. The guide that follows is intended to provide practical guidance on designing and implementing freshwater quality monitoring programs.
This document discusses water reclamation and reuse. It describes the water reclamation process, which involves microfiltration to strain out particles, reverse osmosis to remove minerals, and advanced oxidation with UV light and hydrogen peroxide to disinfect. Tests conducted on wastewater for reclamation include measuring organics, solids, nutrients, and physical properties. The document also discusses the environmental, health, and agricultural aspects of water reclamation and reuse, concluding that it is needed to preserve freshwater sources and can augment water supplies when treated adequately.
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments for railway projects in India. It discusses how EIAs evaluate the environmental, social, and economic impacts of proposed projects. For railway projects specifically, it identifies potential impacts such as noise and vibration pollution, air pollution from train emissions, soil pollution from heavy metals, and water pollution. It also discusses how railway construction can cause soil erosion and changes to hydrology. The document outlines the key components of an EIA report and the methodology for conducting EIAs in India. It emphasizes the importance of EIAs for ensuring environmentally sound development.
This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Professor Fiona Regan from DCU is on the emerging contaminants in our water.
Quality Assessment of Water in Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Areaijtsrd
The focus of this study is to assess the contribution of waste dumping in water pollution. Water samples were collected from the nearby Htein Pin open dumping site in Yangon, lake, tube wells, river and leachate were analyzed and observed contamination. It has been found that most of the parameters of water are not in the acceptable limit in accordance with the WHO drinking guide lines. It is concluded that the contamination is due to the solid waste that are dumped in the area. Khin Win | Ni Ni Win"Quality Assessment of Water in Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15843.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/15843/quality-assessment-of-water-in-municipal-solid-waste-dumpsite-area/khin-win
Implementation of ETP & effect of Textile waste water on environment Rois Mahmud Hridoy
The document summarizes the implementation of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Niagara Textile Industry Ltd. in Bangladesh. It describes the ETP's physico-chemical treatment process which includes screening, sedimentation, filtration, pH control, coagulation, flocculation, and aeration. The ETP treats about 120m3 of wastewater per hour. While the ETP aims to treat wastewater, the quality of its discharged water remains poor with visible color and odor, potentially harming the local canal waters. Untreated textile wastewater from industries pollutes Bangladesh's environment through high levels of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Proper implementation and maintenance of ETPs is needed
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document reviews potential alternative reuse pathways for water treatment residuals and discusses remaining barriers. It begins by explaining that water treatment residuals are byproducts of the coagulation process used in most water treatment plants globally to remove particles and improve water quality. They are generally in liquid or sludge form. The document then discusses various proposed alternative reuse options for the residuals, including use as a sorbent to remove pollutants from soils and water, land application to agricultural soils, use in construction materials, and elemental recovery. It concludes by examining the main limitations and knowledge gaps regarding these reuse pathways, such as potential risks from phosphorus immobilization and aluminum toxicity in soils from land application.
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an economical water purifier using natural and waste materials. It aims to remove pollutants from wastewater to make it safe for human and environmental health. The proposed purifier uses low-cost materials like charcoal, zeolite, coconut shells, alum, seashells, stones, corncobs, and wood to filter water. Laboratory tests will evaluate the filtered water quality for parameters like pH, turbidity and suitability for human and environmental use. The goal is to develop an inexpensive water purifier that can also enrich drinking water with minerals, while utilizing waste materials.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF EFFLUENT QUALITY FROM NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY ON...Adeyeba Adedeji
This document provides an assessment of the impact of effluent quality from Nigeria Bottling Company on the environment and public health. It examines various physico-chemical parameters of the company's effluents such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, colour, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and heavy metals. Water samples were taken from upstream of the company's discharge points, at the discharge points, and downstream. The results for effluent and water samples were compared to regulatory standards. Overall, the study found that the quality of effluents from the discharge point is unsatisfactory and has considerable negative effects on the receiving streams. Increased monitoring and enforcement of environmental regulations is needed to improve efflu
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
This document provides guidelines for designing small wastewater treatment plants up to 100 m3/day. It outlines the applicable legislative framework and discusses key design considerations including site selection, health and safety, operations, and maintenance. Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) and biological trickling filters are identified as the best appropriate processes for wastewater treatment at these small scales. The document provides flow sheets and checklists to guide the decision making process for selecting the appropriate treatment approach.
IRJET- Treatment of Landfill Leachate by NanofiltrationIRJET Journal
- The document discusses using nanofiltration to treat landfill leachate. Landfill leachate contains high levels of organic matter, color, heavy metals and toxins that can contaminate groundwater and water bodies.
- Nanofiltration is able to remove both organic and inorganic dissolved particles in leachate. It can remove 60-70% of COD and has been shown to be an efficient and promising method for treating leachate to meet discharge standards.
- The study involved collecting leachate from a landfill in Chennai, India. The leachate was then treated using nanofiltration after first being passed through an alumina bed to absorb contaminants. Analysis was performed
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Suitability on Treated Sewage Water for A...IRJET Journal
This study examines using rice husk and activated charcoal to treat sewage water for agricultural purposes. Sewage water was collected and tested for various parameters like pH, hardness, BOD, COD before and after treatment. Rice husk ash was used as a coagulant and rice husk and activated charcoal were used as filtering materials. Testing showed the treatment decreased pH, BOD, COD, hardness, chlorides, TSS and TDS, with optimal results at 3% coagulant. The treated water met permissible limits for irrigation use according to standards. Therefore, treating sewage water with natural adsorbents like rice husk could enable its safe use in agriculture.
This document summarizes an article that examines the impact of industrial effluents on water quality in Nigerian rivers. It finds that industrial wastewater entering water bodies represents a major source of pollution, affecting water quality, microbes, and aquatic life. Characteristics of industrial effluents like turbidity, conductivity, COD, TSS, BOD, and hardness are abnormal. The effluents contain nutrients that promote growth of coliform bacteria and other microbes. Sources of industrial effluents discussed include the pharmaceutical, soap and detergent, textile, food and beverage, pulp and paper industries. The effluents introduce pollutants like heavy metals, pathogens, and decomposing organic waste that deterior
This document summarizes a study on using spinach plants to remove copper and iron from polluted water through rhizofilteration and phytoextraction. The study involved planting spinach in pots with synthetic wastewater containing different concentrations of copper and iron over various time periods. The results showed that spinach was highly effective at accumulating metals, removing 86.5% of copper and 85.9% of iron from the water through rhizofilteration. The highest accumulation of metals occurred in the spinach leaves rather than the roots or stems. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that spinach is a good candidate for phytoremediation of copper and iron pollution from water.
Natural Resource Management Of Water Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Natural Resource Management Of Water PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Take advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, and discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. The water quality section will help you understand sources of water pollution, natural and human processes affecting water quality. Give a brief overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality and pollutants that deteriorate water quality on a global scale with the help of our water quality management PowerPoint infographics. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. You can design monitoring programs by describing monitoring types, monitoring areas, considerations while selecting the sampling site, frequency, and time of sampling etc by downloading this readily available water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3o9aXA1
Environmental Pollution, Global Climate Change and Biodiversity Management approaches
current status of pollution levels (air, soil and water), strategies implied to curb the problem (particularly in India) and recent research carried in different parts of the world. Mitigation and adaption approach to climate change.
This document discusses some technical problems and environmental impacts of composting. It addresses issues like odors, temperature regulation, pests, and heavy metals. Proper layering techniques and balancing the carbon to nitrogen ratio are important to avoid problems. While composting can benefit the environment as a soil conditioner and reduce landfill waste, the impacts depend on the waste composition and processing approach. Research into pre-processing techniques could help address issues from compost use like heavy metal levels. Small local facilities face challenges with viability, costs, and process success that may require technical guidance.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management techniques presented by students from Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College. It discusses the increasing problem of solid waste generation in Indian cities. It then summarizes various techniques for solid waste management including composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, refuse derived fuel production, plastic recycling, and landfilling. Factors governing the choice of technology are outlined. Directives for improving solid waste management systems are presented. Community-level waste management through recycling is discussed using Dharavi slum as an example.
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is threatened globally by various pollutants and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality degradation include the discharge of toxic chemicals, overpumping of aquifers, long-range transport of air pollutants, and eutrophication from nutrients. Water quality monitoring is important for sustainable development and managing these threats to aquatic ecosystems. The guide that follows is intended to provide practical guidance on designing and implementing freshwater quality monitoring programs.
This document discusses water reclamation and reuse. It describes the water reclamation process, which involves microfiltration to strain out particles, reverse osmosis to remove minerals, and advanced oxidation with UV light and hydrogen peroxide to disinfect. Tests conducted on wastewater for reclamation include measuring organics, solids, nutrients, and physical properties. The document also discusses the environmental, health, and agricultural aspects of water reclamation and reuse, concluding that it is needed to preserve freshwater sources and can augment water supplies when treated adequately.
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments for railway projects in India. It discusses how EIAs evaluate the environmental, social, and economic impacts of proposed projects. For railway projects specifically, it identifies potential impacts such as noise and vibration pollution, air pollution from train emissions, soil pollution from heavy metals, and water pollution. It also discusses how railway construction can cause soil erosion and changes to hydrology. The document outlines the key components of an EIA report and the methodology for conducting EIAs in India. It emphasizes the importance of EIAs for ensuring environmentally sound development.
This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Professor Fiona Regan from DCU is on the emerging contaminants in our water.
Quality Assessment of Water in Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Areaijtsrd
The focus of this study is to assess the contribution of waste dumping in water pollution. Water samples were collected from the nearby Htein Pin open dumping site in Yangon, lake, tube wells, river and leachate were analyzed and observed contamination. It has been found that most of the parameters of water are not in the acceptable limit in accordance with the WHO drinking guide lines. It is concluded that the contamination is due to the solid waste that are dumped in the area. Khin Win | Ni Ni Win"Quality Assessment of Water in Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15843.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/15843/quality-assessment-of-water-in-municipal-solid-waste-dumpsite-area/khin-win
Implementation of ETP & effect of Textile waste water on environment Rois Mahmud Hridoy
The document summarizes the implementation of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Niagara Textile Industry Ltd. in Bangladesh. It describes the ETP's physico-chemical treatment process which includes screening, sedimentation, filtration, pH control, coagulation, flocculation, and aeration. The ETP treats about 120m3 of wastewater per hour. While the ETP aims to treat wastewater, the quality of its discharged water remains poor with visible color and odor, potentially harming the local canal waters. Untreated textile wastewater from industries pollutes Bangladesh's environment through high levels of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Proper implementation and maintenance of ETPs is needed
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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This document discusses using a bio mechanical filter to treat wastewater and assess water quality index. Key points:
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- The water quality index was calculated to be 3.52, indicating the treated water was moderately harmful and could potentially be used for irrigation or other purposes with some additional treatment.
- The experimental results showed the bio mechanical filter was effective in making the contaminated water safer, though more treatment may still be needed to make it completely harmless. The treated water could be used for gardening or growing some crops
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gricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
Agricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
2 Governance-Reuse of Wastewater in Urban Local Bodies - 2 (1).pptxCOEPTech
1. Nagpur generates around 425 million liters of wastewater per day but only had treatment capacity for 100 million liters.
2. In 2008, MAHAGENCO and NMC signed an agreement where MAHAGENCO would build and operate a wastewater treatment plant and transmission system in exchange for a guaranteed supply of treated wastewater.
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A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the use of root zone technology (RZT) as a low-cost alternative for sewage treatment, especially for small towns. It reviews literature on using constructed wetlands and reed beds to treat sewage. A pilot study was conducted using reactors planted with different species to treat sewage from Herle, India. The results showed that RZT was effective at reducing pollutants like BOD, COD, and nutrients. It was found to be a more cost-effective option than conventional treatment plants, making it suitable for small communities that cannot afford expensive options.
This study assessed the biodegradability and biogas production potential of three substrates - sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants, waste-grown algae, and waste paper. The substrates were analyzed in a batch reactor under anaerobic digestion. Results showed the substrates were biodegradable and could complement each other when co-digested. Degradation kinetics found the sewage sludge degraded almost 50% faster than waste paper and 33% faster than algae. The study concluded the substrates have potential for biogas production through co-digestion.
Characterizing Automobile Industrial Wastewater and its Impacts on Surroundin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents. It is necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system since lack of adequate treatment of the effluent can cause deterioration of the ecosystem, die off and contamination of the aquatic environment. These adverse effects necessitated the study of wastewater effect on surface water body at Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected, analyzed and compared with the plot of treatment means. The results obtained from the study were compared with WHO and NIS 554 water standards. The wastewater analysis suggested that contaminant at the untreated stage was very high. The results of the treated and river sample were within the WHO and NIS 554 allowable water ranges. Samples at discharge point recorded increased values which suggest high re-contamination along the open channel (from non-point sources) before discharge. This calls for proper monitoring and treatment of the industrial effluent prior to ground water recharge or discharge to surface water.
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
In todays world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials TiO2, Fe3O4 Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3 and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. Gajendra Kumar Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50327/purification-of-wastewater-by-metal-oxide-nanoparticles/gajendra-kumar-tardia
IRJET- Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewater by Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating dairy industry wastewater using a hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The dairy wastewater has high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total solids that require treatment before disposal. The study constructed a laboratory-scale UASB reactor and analyzed parameters like BOD, COD, pH, and total solids at different hydraulic retention times. Results showed reductions in BOD and COD and increases in pH and total solids, with optimal treatment achieved at a 36 hour retention time. The UASB reactor was found to effectively treat dairy wastewater through simple biological processes.
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A comparative study of the quality of wastewater from tema
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
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85
A Comparative Study of the Quality of Wastewater from Tema
Oil Refinery (TOR) Against EPA Standards and its Effect on
the Environment
Peter Abum Sarkodie1*
Daniel Agyapong2
George Obiri Larbi3
Ernest Owusu-Ansah4
1, 2 Department of Science Education (College of Agriculture) – University of Education, Winneba -Ghana
3, 4 Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast - Ghana
* E-mail of the corresponding author: peterssarkodie@gmail.com
Abstract
The proliferation of industrialization has resulted in increased wastewater generation and its disposal has rapidly
been of serious concern in recent times to environmental scientists. The discharge of these untreated or partially
treated effluents into the environment, especially, surface water poses a great threat to the environment and also
causes adverse human health. Industrial wastewater may contain high levels of contaminants such as suspended,
colloidal and dissolved minerals, inert organic matter, heavy metals, possible pathogenic bacteria which might be
either excessively acidic or alkaline in a way that may have negative impact on all forms of life in the
environment. This study was therefore conducted to determine the treated effluent quality of Tema (Ghana) Oil
Refinery against the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA standards and also assess its impact on the
environment. Samples of the effluents discharged from the refinery were taken and analyzed for
physico-chemical parameters as well as Heavy Metals; lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), chromium(Cr), vanadium
(V), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) for three consecutive months and their mean values compared with
EPA standard. The results revealed that, all the heavy metals were within the standard of the EPA regulatory
standard but mean conductivity was very high with a mean value of 10399.0 as against 1500 .
Also a high TDS mean value of 5358.67mg/l was recorded as against the EPA standard of 1000mg/l.
Unsatisfactory mean levels of BOD and COD which reflected the organic load in the water were recorded. The
BOD value was found to be 60mg/l as against the EPA standard of 50mg/l while COD value was 423.7mg/l which
was far above the EPA standard of 250mg/l. It is therefore recommended that, the wastewater treatment unit of the
Tema Oil Refinery should be revamped to enhance the control of contaminant levels of the final effluent
discharged into the environment.
Keywords: Tema Oil Refinery; environment; wastewater; regulatory bodies; waste management; Environmental
Protection Agency
1. Introduction
Wastewater generation in recent times is on the increase due to rapid urbanization and increased industrialization
and therefore its treatment before final disposal or reuse is now receiving greater attention from the World Bank
and government regulatory bodies (Mishra and Jhansi, 2013). Untreated or inefficient treated wastewater poses
great threat to the environment because of its known hazardous constituents. It pollutes water bodies, adversely
affects flora and fauna; affects land use and human health; disruptive of economic activities such as agriculture,
fishing and recreation (Achaw and Danso-Boateng, 2013).
Only a small fraction of the total water on earth are in usable forms. Unfortunately, the existing water sources are
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contaminated because untreated sewage and industrial wastewater are continually being discharged into surface
waters resulting in impairment of water quality (Mustafa, 2013). Freshwater is used for various domestic and
industrial activities. Once freshwater has been used for an economic or beneficial purpose, it is generally discarded
as waste. In many countries, these wastewaters are discharged, either as untreated waste or as treated effluent, into
natural waterways (Mishra and Jhansi, 2013). Naturally, flowing rivers and streams have the ability to undergo self
purification. However, at certain levels of contamination, self purification becomes almost impossible or might
take longer time. Treatment is therefore necessary to correct these wastewater characteristics in such a way that
the use or final disposal of the treated effluent can take place in accordance with the rules set by the relevant
legislative bodies without causing an adverse impact on the receiving bodies (Njau and Mlay, 2003).
In spite of these contaminants present in wastewater and their negative toll on the health and the environment,
industrial and domestic wastewaters, especially, in developing countries are either not effectively treated or not
treated at all before reuse or final disposal. An estimated 90 per cent of all wastewater generated in developing
countries is discharged untreated directly into rivers, lakes or the oceans (Corcoran et al., 2010) because
conventional wastewater treatment systems comprising of energy intensive and mechanized treatment components
require heavy investment and entail high operating costs (Mustafa, 2013) which is not affordable in developing
countries. In Ghana, efficient wastewater treatment is not an option for the municipal authorities and industries
due to high cost involved (Keraita et al., 2002). Thus, increase in municipal wastewater generation originating
from domestic, commercial and industrial facilities and institutions have resulted in considerable amounts of
wastewater discharged into water bodies. As a result, despite considerable amount of intervention by national and
municipal authorities, serious water quality problems still exist and sewage contamination of our lakes, rivers, and
domestic water bodies has reached dangerous levels.
Even though domestic water usage results in wastewater generation, nevertheless, industrial development has
always been afflicted with the issue of residue disposal, and it has become accepted by all bodies of knowledge that
industrial effluents from oil and gas companies are one of the largest sources of water pollution and one with the
most lethal composition of toxins (Mishra and Jhansi, 2013). While these petroleum refinery and petrochemical
industries are most desirable for national development and improved quality of life, the unwholesome and
environmentally unacceptable pollution effects of the waste from these industries are cause for worry (Atubi,
2011). The process of converting crude oil into petroleum products (liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, kerosene,
diesel oil and residual oil) and petrochemical products (polypropylene, polyethylene), generates different kinds
of waste. Because of its known constituents (Suleimanov, 1995) of the waste generated by these companies and
its known environmental and health hazards, it must immediately be conveyed away from its generation sources
and treated appropriately before final disposal (Turkar et al., 2001). Due to this, regulatory bodies like the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have acceptable wastewater standards concerning the quality of effluent
disposal and highly recommend that, before these industrial effluents are discharged into river bodies, they must
be effectively treated to the recommended standards. However, it is not known whether the legally accepted
levels for refinery effluents are adhered to.
Nevertheless, some industries in Ghana are unable to treat effluent to harmless levels to meet the acceptable
effluent quality standards set by EPA. The Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) according to EPA publication on industry
specific environmental rating (2001), is unable to treat effluent discharged effectively and is therefore below the
agency’s Regulatory standard. The current project therefore seeks to determine the quality of the treated effluents
discharged into the environment and to demonstrate their compliance with Ghana EPA effluent quality guidelines.
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2. Methodology
Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) is located in the heavily industrialized area of Tema in Ghana and is situated 24km east
of the capital, Accra. TOR It is linked to an Oil Jetty at the Tema Harbour by pipelines of various diameters for
transportation of raw materials (crude oil) and finished products. The land of the refinery is 440000 square meters.
The land area provides opportunity for on-site disposal of solid wastes. TOR is Ghana’s only refinery established
in 1963 to enhance the country’s economic, investment and development programs. Crude Oil is used as a raw
material by the refinery for production. The crude oil is usually imported from neighboring Nigeria and transported
through pipelines to the refinery storage and tanks for processing into several finished products. The wastewater
from the refinery is treated by the Wastewater Treatment Unit before it is being discharged into the environment.
The wastewater comprises of storm water basin, stripped sour water and domestic wastewater. All these are
channeled through the refinery wastewater treatment unit before it is discharged into the environment to a nearby
lagoon called the Chemu Lagoon.
The study was cross-sectional and retrospective in design and used both qualitative and quantitative methods to
collect the required data. Informed consent was also sought from the Human Resource Department of the Tema Oil
Refinery stating clearly the objectives of the study, what would be involved and its significance before data
collection. Samples of the discharged effluent were taken and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as
Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Conductivity, Temperature, Colour, Turbidity, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). Heavy Metals concentration
analysis were done for lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Vanadium(V), nickel(Ni), copper(Cu) and
iron( Fe). Sampling was done bimonthly and the average values for each month used for the study. The sampling
months were January, February and March 2013. In all, sixty (60) samples representing three (3) effluents
samples taken at each treatment plant were analyzed. The instrument used in this study includes Bulk Scientific
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Computerized Model 210VGP with Epson Printer LX300 which
was used to measure the heavy metals. Conductivity was measured with the suntex conductivity meter, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) was measured with the Hatch TDS meter, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) was determined
using weight loss technique. Temperature of the samples was measured in-situ with Hanna Instrument
Figure 1: Location of the Tema Oil Refinery
(courtesy: Google maps)
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checktemp packet digital thermometer with stainless steel penetration probe. BOD was analyzed using the BOD5
determination method. The 5 – day BOD test (BOD5) was done by placing samples of the effluent into two
standard BOD bottles. One sample was analyzed immediately to measure the initial dissolved oxygen
concentration in the effluent using the Winkler titration. The second BOD bottle was sealed and stored at 20°C in
the dark to avoid photosynthetic oxygen generation. The amount of dissolved oxygen remaining in the sample
after 5 days was measured and the BOD5 was calculated from the results. The COD was determined using the
standard COD determination procedure. The effluent samples collected were immediately stored in an ice-chest
and transported to Tema Oil Refinery Chemical laboratory for analysis for other parameters. The results from the
Laboratory analysis were compared to the EPA acceptable effluent quality standards.
3. Results and Discussions
The physico-chemical parameters used to assess the quality of effluent discharged into the environment from the
two wastewater treatment systems are temperature, pH, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), as well as heavy
metals (Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Copper, Lead and Vanadium. A summary of the wastewater results of the study
are given in Table 1. The table shows the mean monthly effluent values for pH, temperature, conductivity,
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as well as the heavy metals studied. Acomparison of these values with standards of
the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is also shown in the table.
Table 1. Monthly mean of physic-chemical parameters and heavy metals compared to EPA standard
Parameter WWT
Effluent for
January
WWT
Effluent for
February
WWT
Effluent for
March
Average
Mean
Effluent
EPA Standard
pH 8.00 8.17 8.03 8.10 6-9
Temperature (°C) 34 33 35 34.0 < 3°C amb
Conductivity(
5200 4397 21600 10399 1500
COD (mg/L) 247 746 219 423.7 250
BOD (mg/L) 59 60 61 60 50
TSS (mg/L) 32 49 61 47.3 50
TDS (mg/L) 2193 2083 11800 5358.67 1000
Iron (mg/L) 0.200 0.102 0.100 0.134 3
Manganesse (mg/L) 0.120 0.022 0.020 0.054 0.2
Chromium (mg/L) 0.210 0.112 0.110 0.144 0.2
Nickel (mg/L) 0.125 0.027 0.025 0.059 0.5
Copper (ppm) 0.600 0.502 0.050 0.384 5
Lead (ppm) 0.101 0.003 0.001 0.036 0.1
Vanadium (ppm) 0.102 0.004 0.002 0.036 1
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From Fig. 2, there was a high increase in the mean monthly conductivity value of 10399.0 as against the
EPA standard of 1500 . The high effluent conductivity values may be attributed to the high concentration
of dissolved ions present in the wastewater (Agyeman et al., 2013) and showed the ability of water to conduct
electrical current and will therefore contribute to more organic matter and salinity in water thereby having a major
effect on the environment.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) are the most important parameters
commonly used to examine wastewater quality since they reflect the organic load to in wastewater. The mean
monthly BOD value of 60mg/l from the graph was slightly higher than the EPA standard of 50mg/l. However, the
mean monthly COD from the graph was 423.7mg/l as against the EPA standard of 250mg/l. This was indeed, on
the higher side. These higher COD and BOD values amply suggest that there could be depletion of natural oxygen
resources in the effluent which may lead to the development of more devastating conditions and also significantly
high level of biodegradability in the environment as was reported by Hodgson (2007). Nevertheless, the mean
monthly TSS value of 47.3mg/l as against the EPA standard of 50mg/l recorded was very encouraging and most
satisfactory. However, a high monthly mean TDS value of 5358.67mg/l was recorded as against the EPA standard
of 1000gm/l. In fact, this figure was extremely high and thus, unacceptable. This high mean monthly level of TDS
could be due to high concentrations of dissolved inorganic and organic molecules and ions present in the
wastewater. Therefore the final exit of the effluent into the nearby lagoon will pose a threat to aquatic life in the
water body (Mishra and Jhansi, 2013; Corcoran, 2010). Mean monthly effluent temperature value of 34o
C was
within the EPA standard of < 3o
C amb. The slight drop in temperature of about 0.05°C of the mean value could be
due to loss of heat by convection to the atmosphere and conduction to the walls of the asbestos pipes conveying the
effluent to the receiving drain. The comparatively low mean monthly temperature recorded could enhance the
growth and activity of most micro-organisms (Pearson et al., 1987).
Furthermore, the mean monthly pH value of 8.10 (slightly alkaline) was within the EPA standard pH range of 6 to
9 as shown in Table 1. The alkalinity of the effluent might be due to the salt in the raw material (crude oil) which
could be suitable for the existence of most biological life or activities according to Tchobanogolous et al., 2003).
Figure 2: Mean TOR Effluent against the EPA standards
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Finally, the mean monthly effluent heavy metal concentrations were found to occur within the EPAstandard values
as shown in Figure 3. Theses mean monthly values were 0.134. 0.054, 0.144, 0.059, 0.384, 0.036 and 0.036 for Fe,
Mn, Cr, Ni, CU, PB and V respectively as against the EPA standards of 3.0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.5, 5.0, 0.1 and 1.0
respectively. In fact, these low levels of mean monthly effluent heavy metals like Lead, Nickel and Chromium
might have been due to bioaccumulation by plants, which may lead to degradation as was reported by Sorme and
LagerKvist (2002).
Figure 3: TOR Effluent Heavy metals against EPA standards
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
Treated effluent from the refinery showed high levels of COD, BOD, TDS as well as conductivity which were
unsatisfactory, though the other parameters like Temperature, pH, TSS and the heavy metals were within the
permissible limits of EPA. However, the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant which is not functioning to its
maximum capacity might have contributed to some of these unacceptable levels which were far above the EPA
limits. It is therefore recommended that disinfection of the effluent wastewater may be carried out before final
discharge into receiving water bodies. Also the damaged embankments of the waste treatment plant should be
repaired. Regular cleaning of the inlet and outlet chambers of the waste stabilization ponds is recommended.
Finally, the time for aeration of the Activated-sludge treatment plant should be increased to enhance the activated
sludge formation and separation through sedimentation.
References
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