Opportunities for increasing energy efficiency and decarbonisation of heating in the Eastern and Southeastern Europe

9th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems
12-13 September 2023
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OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING ENERGY
EFFICIENCY AND DECARBONISATION OF HEATING
IN THE EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE
Assoc. Prof. Goran Krajačić
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture
Zagreb, Croatia

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Status of district heating sector by country (4DH report)
Countries
Number of DH
systems
Number of
cities with DH
system
Number of DH
users
Number of
companies
involved in DH
systems
DH network
length (km)
Albania 0 0 0 0 -
Belarus n/d n/d n/d n/d -
Bosnia
Herzegovina
30 [1] 22 [2] 120,000 [3] 26 [13] 698[4]
Bulgaria 21 [5] 21 [17] 600,000 [6] 24 [17] 1,566[9]
Croatia 115[7] 18 [19] 155,509 [19] 13 [19] 410 [19]
Czech Republic 449 [8] n/d 1,600,0001
[9] n/d 11,440 [10]
Estonia 200 [20] n/d n/d n/d 1,450 [9]
Greece - 5 [11] 51,900 [23] 5 [23] -
Hungary 92 [20] 8 113 [12] 650,000 [18] n/d 2,158 [9]
Kosovo 3 [13] 3 [25] 13,260 [25] 3 [25] 92.5 [14]
Latvia 40 [20] 3002
[15] n/d n/d 1,700 [16]
Lithuania 55 [17] n/d n/d 31 [29] 2,565 [9]
Macedonia 5 [18] 3 [30] 46,500 [19] 5 [30] 203.9 [20]
Moldova n/d 2 [21] n/d 2 [33] -
Montenegro3
[22] 1 1 470 1 -
Poland 499 [20] 800 [23] 5,300,0004
[24] 500 [25] 20,137 [9]
Romania 91 [37] 92 [26] 1,900,000 [27] 104 [28] 7,611 [29]
Russia 50,000 [30] n/d n/d n/d 176,512 [31]
Slovakia 365 [20] n/d n/d n/d 4,984 [9]
Slovenia 80 [32] 54 [44] 121,430 [44] 50 [44] 753 [9]
Serbia 57 [33] 55 [34] 500,000 [46] 55 [46] 2,085 [9]
Ukraine 8250 [35] 25 [47] n/d 38 [47] 35,830 [36]

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RES share in electricity production

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OpenStreetMap view on PV
4
4 (3.3) GW
7.9 (5.3) GW
7.5 (3.8) GW
2.7 (2.5) GW
4.9 (3.2) GW
https://www.statista.com/statistics/612412/insta
lled-solar-photovoltaics-capacity-eu/

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Wind power plants 2021
Statistically wind turbines
generated in 2021:
Denmark 2749 kWh/capita,
Ireland 2019 kWh/capita,
Germany 1381kWh/capita
Portugal 1295 kWh /capita,
Austria 719 kWh/capita.
Croatia 514 kWh/capita,
Hungary 70 kWh / capita
Slovenia 5 kWh / capita
2290 kWh/capita
EU 2030. RePowerEU

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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
kW
Load
Solar to Load
Grid
Solar electricity production on one building

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7

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8
Sustainable energy management
DH
N(f)G

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Sustainable development of communities
• https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:37120:ed-2:v1:en

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ISO 37120

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ISO 37122:2019(en)
Sustainable cities and communities — Indicators for smart cities
12
ISO
37123:2019(en)
Sustainable cities
and communities
— Indicators for
resilient cities

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Digital Twins (best practicies)
• https://pharosnavigator.com/

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REPOWER-EU
14
45% REPowerEU plan
40% (Revision RED II directive)
32% (Renewable Energy Directive
2018/2001/EU)
42.5% Energy Directive (REDIII)

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Total cost abatement curve in the case of
optimisation of measures for the 45%, 55% and
maximal (63%) CO2 reduction
Matak, N., Mimica, M., and Krajačić, G. (2022).
Optimising the cost of reducing the CO2
emissions in sustainable energy and climate
action plans. Sustain. Switz. 14 (6), 3462.
doi:10.3390/su14063462

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Systematic approach?
Izvor: https://www.menea.hr/energetska-obnova-obiteljskih-kuca-2/

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Solar thermal (Croatia)
18
4065253 inhabitants x 0.225 m2 per inhabitant
= 914681 m2 (640 MW)
2019.
190.5 MW  272142 m2
(0.067 m2 per inhabitant (~ 30%)

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Solar thermal Denmark
~ 1100 MW solar thermal ~ 1600000 m2
5,792,202 ppl  0.276 m2 per capita

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ENERGY TRANSITION  REPowerEU
Digitalization
Decentralization
Diversification
Decarbonization
Decoupling
Deregulation
Democratization
Reconstruction
REPower
Resilience
Reliability
Robustness
Regulation

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21
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A
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F
O
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B
L
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SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS
S M A R T ENERGY SYSTEMS

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Discussion, questions and debate
• Systematic approach (spatial planning, standardization, …) ?
• Regulation (financial, energy regulators…) ?
• Supply chains ?
• Workforce ?
• Digitalization/automatization ?
22

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Thank you for your attention!
goran.krajacic@fsb.hr
23

Opportunities for increasing energy efficiency and decarbonisation of heating in the Eastern and Southeastern Europe

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