The European Union consists of 28 member countries with over 500 million citizens. It was established after World War 2 to promote peace and prosperity in Europe. Key institutions that govern the EU include the European Parliament, European Council, and European Commission. The EU works to establish policies in areas like trade, agriculture, immigration and more for the benefit of its citizens and member states.
On June 23rd 2016 the UK voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. Prime Minister David Cameron resigned the morning after the vote and a few weeks later, Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party and new Prime Minister
The process of Brexit has begun although the timing of the decision to invoke Article 50 of the EU treaty remains uncertain
Once Article 50 is invoked, there is a maximum period of two years before the UK finally leaves the EU. The terms of the UK’s new economic relationship with the EU also remain uncertain.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. The EU symbols
The European flag
The European anthem
The euro Europe Day, 9 May
The motto:
United in diversity
4. 24 official languages
Български
Čeština
dansk
Deutsch
eesti keel
Ελληνικά
English
español
français
Gaeilge
hrvatski
Italiano
latviešu valoda
lietuvių kalba
magyar
Malti
Nederlands
polski
português
Română
slovenčina
slovenščina
suomi
svenska
6. The big enlargement: uniting east and west
Fall of Berlin Wall – end of Communism
EU economic help begins: Phare
programme
Criteria set for a country to join the EU:
• democracy and rule of law
• functioning market economy
• ability to implement EU laws
Formal negotiations on enlargement begin
Copenhagen summit agrees to a big
enlargement of 10 new countries
Ten new EU members: Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,
Slovenia
1989
1992
1998
2002
2004
2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU
2013 Croatia joins on 1 July
7. Candidate countries and potential candidates
Country
Area
(x 1000 km²)
Population
(millions)
Wealth
(gross domestic
product per person)
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
51 3.8 7 600
Montenegro 14 0.6 10 900
Iceland 100 0.3 30 000
Kosovo under UN
Security Resolution
1244
11 1.8 :
The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
25 2.1 9 100
Albania 28 2.9 7 500
Serbia 77 7.2 9 100
Turkey 783 76.7 13 800
The 28 EU countries
together
4 272 507.4 25 700
8. The treaties – basis for democratic cooperation built on law
The European Coal and Steel Community
The treaties of Rome:
• The European Economic Community
• The European Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM)
The European Single Act: the Single Market
Treaty on European Union - Maastricht
Treaty of Amsterdam
1952
1958
1987
1993
1999
2003 Treaty of Nice
2009 Treaty of Lisbon
9. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Binding for all the EU's activities
54 articles under 6 titles:
Freedoms Equality
Solidarity Citizens’ rights Justice
Dignity
11. EU surface area compared to the rest of the world
Surface area (x 1000 km²)
12. How rich is the EU compared to the rest of the world?
Size of economy:
GDP in trillions of euro (2012)
Wealth per person:
GDP per person (2012)
13. How big are the EU countries?
Surface area (x 1000 km²)
14. How many people live in the EU?
Population in millions (2014)
507 million in total
15. GDP per inhabitant: the spread of wealth
GDP per inhabitant (2013)
Index where the average of the 28 EU countries is 100
16. Europe 2020 – Europe's growth strategy
In 2020, EU leaders agreed the overall strategy to
overcome the economic crisis by means of:
• Smart growth
Better education, more research, greater use of
communication technologies
• Sustainable growth
A resource-efficient, greener and more
competitive economy
• Inclusive growth
More and better jobs, investment in skills and
training, modernisation of the labour market
and welfare systems and spreading the
benefits of growth to all parts of the EU
• Good economic governance
Better coordination of economic policy
17. The five targets for the EU in 2020
Agreed in the Europe 2020 strategy:
• Employment
75 % of 20 to 64-year-olds to be employed
• Research and innovation
3 % of the EU's GDP to be invested in research
• Climate change/energy
Greenhouse gas emissions to be 20 % lower than in 1990
20 % of energy to be from renewable sources
20 % increase in energy efficiency
• Education
School drop-out rates to be below 10 %
40 % of 30 to 34-year-olds to be completing third-level education
• Poverty
20 million fewer people in, or at risk of, poverty and social exclusion
18. Europe's response to the economic crisis
2008: Worldwide financial crisis starts in the United States
Coordinated response from the EU's national governments,
the European Central Bank and the European Commission:
• Commitment to the euro and to financial stability
• New crisis management tools and reforms of rules:
European Stability Mechanism: fund to help countries in extraordinary
economic difficulties
New laws for stability of banks
EU-wide financial supervisory authorities
• Better economic governance:
European Semester: annual procedure to coordinate public budgets
Euro+ pact, ‘Fiscal compact treaty’: mutual commitments to sound public
finances
19. How does the EU spend its money?
2015 EU budget: € 145.3 billion
= 1.02 % of gross national income
Global Europe:
including development aid
6 %
Other, administration
6 %
Smart and inclusive growth:
jobs, competitiveness,
regional development
46 %
Security and citizenship, justice
2 %
Sustainable growth –
natural resources:
agriculture, environment
40 %
20. Climate change – a global challenge
• reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
40 % by 2030, compared to 1990
• raise the share of renewable energy
to 27 % by 2030 (wind, solar, hydro
power, biomass)
• increase energy efficiency by 27 % by
2030
To stop global warming, EU leaders decided in 2014 to:
21. Energy sources in a changing world
Fuel used in the EU
in 2013
Share of fuel imported from
outside the EU in 2013
22. Research - investing in the knowledge society
Spending on research and development in 2012 (% of GDP)
23. Solidarity in practice: the EU cohesion policy
• Regional fund
• Social fund
• Cohesion fund
Less-developed regions: GDP per
capita under 75 % of the EU average
Transition regions: GDP per capita
between 75 % and 90 % of the EU
average
More-developed regions: GDP per
capita over 90 % of the EU average
2014-2020: € 352 billion invested in infrastructure, business,
environment and training of workers for the benefit of poorer regions
and citizens
24. The euro – a single currency for Europeans
EU countries using the euro
EU countries not using the euro
Why the euro?
•No fluctuation risk and foreign exchange cost
•More choice and stable prices for consumers
•Closer economic cooperation between EU
countries
Can be used everywhere in
the euro area
•Coins: one side with national symbols, one
side common
•Notes: no national side
25. Beating inflation
European Economic and Monetary Union: stable prices
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Average annual inflation in the 18 EU countries using the euro (2013)
26. The single market: freedom of choice
The single market has led to:
• significant reductions in the price of many
products and services, including airfares and
phone calls
• more choice for consumers
• 2.8 million new jobs
Four freedoms of movement:
• goods
• services
• people
• capital
27. Free to move
‘Schengen’
• No police or customs checks at borders
between most EU countries
• Controls strengthened at the EU’s external
borders
• More cooperation between police from
different EU countries
• Buy and bring back any goods for personal
use when you travel between EU countries
28. Cheaper mobile abroad
The EU has reduced the cost of phone calls, text messaging
and data roaming abroad by over 80 % since 2007
Sending an SMS when abroad
Calling from abroad (per minute)
Downloading data when abroad
Euro cent,
excluding VAT
29. Going abroad to learn
Erasmus+
Every year, more than 400 000
young people study or pursue
personal development in other
European countries with the
support of the EU’s Erasmus+
programme for education,
training, youth and sport.
30. Improving health and the environment
EU action has helped bring about:
•cleaner bathing water
•much less acid rain
•lead-free petrol
•free and safe disposal of old electronic
equipment
•strict rules on food safety from farm to fork
•more organic and quality farming
•more effective health warnings on cigarettes
•registration and control of all chemicals
(REACH)
Pollution knows no borders – joint action needed
31. An area of freedom, security and justice
• EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
• Joint fight against terrorism
• Cooperation between police and law-
enforcers in different EU countries
• Coordinated asylum and immigration
policies
• Civil law cooperation
32. The EU: an exporter of peace and prosperity
• World trade rules
• Common foreign and security policy
• Development assistance and
humanitarian aid
33. The EU – a major trading power
% of global exports
goods
(2012)
% of global exports
services
(2012)
34. The EU is the biggest provider of development aid
in the world
The EU provides over half of all development aid
Official development aid, billion € (2013)
35. Protecting consumers' rights
• Clear labelling
• Health and safety standards
• Unfair practice in contracts prohibited
• Passengers’ rights, such as compensation for long delays
• Help to resolve problems
As a consumer you are protected by basic laws all
over the EU, even when you travel or shop online
37. Three key players
The European Parliament
- voice of the people
Martin Schulz, President of the European
Parliament
The European Council and the Council
- voice of the Member States
Donald Tusk, President of the European
Council
The European Commission
- promoting the common interest
Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European
Commission
38. The EU institutions
European Parliament
Court of
Justice
Court of
Auditors
Economic and Social
Committee Committee of the Regions
Council of Ministers
(The Council) European Commission
European Investment Bank European Central BankAgencies
European Council (summit)
39. How EU laws are made
Citizens, interest groups, experts: discuss, consult
Commission: makes formal proposal
Parliament and Council of Ministers: decide jointly
National or local authorities: implement
Commission and Court of Justice: monitor implementation
40. The European Parliament – voice of the people
Number of members elected in each country
Decides EU laws and budget together with the Council of Ministers
Democratic supervision of all the EU’s work
Austria - 18
Belgium - 21
Bulgaria - 17
Croatia - 11
Cyprus - 6
Czech Republic - 21
Denmark - 13
Estonia - 6
Finland - 13
France - 74
Germany - 96
Greece - 21
Hungary - 21
Ireland - 11
Italy - 73
Latvia - 8
Lithuania - 11
Luxembourg - 6
Malta - 6
Total - 751
Netherlands - 26
Poland - 51
Portugal - 21
Romania - 32
Slovakia - 13
Slovenia - 8
Spain - 54
Sweden - 20
United Kingdom - 73
41. The European political parties
Number of seats in the European Parliament
per political group (November 2014)
Greens/European Free Alliance
50
European Conservatives
and Reformists
70
Alliance of Liberals and
Democrats for Europe
67 European People’s Party
(Christian Democrats)
221
Non-attached members
52
Progressive Alliance of
Socialists and Democrats
191
European United
Left - Nordic Green Left
52
Europe of Freedom
and Direct Democracy
48
Total:
751
42. Council of Ministers – voice of the Member States
• One minister from each EU country
• Presidency: rotates every six months
• Decides EU laws and budget together with Parliament
• Manages the common foreign and security policy
43. Council of Ministers – how they vote
Most decisions in the Council are taken by ‘double majority’.
A decision must have the support of at least:
• 55 % of Member States (16 countries)
• Member States that represent 65 % of the EU’s population
44. Summit at the European Council
• Held at least 4 times a year
• Sets the overall guidelines for EU policies
• President: Donald Tusk
Summit of heads of state and government of all EU countries
45. A high representative for foreign affairs and security
• Double role:
– chairs meetings of the Foreign Affairs
Council
– Vice-President of the European
Commission
• Manages the common foreign affairs and
security policy
• Head of the European External Action Service
Federica Mogherini
46. The European Commission – promoting the common interest
28 independent members, one from each EU country
•Proposes new legislation
•Executive organ
•Guardian of the treaties
•Represents the EU on the international stage
47. The Court of Justice – upholding the law
28 independent judges, one from each EU country
• Rules on how to interpret EU law
• Ensures EU countries apply EU laws in the same way
48. The European Ombudsman
Emily O’Reilly
The European Ombudsman
• Investigates complaints about poor or
failed administration by the EU
institutions
• For example: unfairness, discrimination,
abuse of power, unnecessary delay,
failure to reply or incorrect procedures
• Anyone in the EU can make a complaint
49. The European Court of Auditors: getting value
for your money
28 independent members
•Checks that EU funds are used properly
•Can audit any person or organisation dealing with EU funds
50. • Ensures price stability
• Controls money supply and decides
interest rates
• Supervises that banks are safe
• Works independently from governments
The European Central Bank: managing the euro
Mario Draghi
President of the Central Bank
51. The European Economic and Social Committee:
voice of civil society
• Represents trade unions, employers, farmers,
consumers and so on
• Advises on new EU laws and policies
• Promotes the involvement of civil society in EU matters
353 members
52. The Committee of the Regions: voice of local government
• Represents cities and regions
• Advises on new EU laws and policies
• Promotes the involvement of local government in EU
matters
353 members
53. Civil servants working for the EU
The Commission employs about 23 000 permanent civil
servants and 11 000 temporary or contract workers
Other EU institutions employ about 10 000 staff
• Permanent civil servants
• Selected by open competitions
• Come from all EU countries
• Salaries decided by law
• EU administration costs €15 per EU citizen per year
• EU staff will be reduced by 5% between 2013 and 2017
54. Getting in touch with the EU
Questions about the EU? Europe Direct can help
• By phone, email or webchat
• Over 500 regional information
centres
europa.eu/europedirect