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European Renaissance
- 1. Art, architecture, and poetry European Renaissance Vitruvian man by Leonardo da Vinci
- 4. Spread of Renaissance Early spread (through Italy) Later spread Florence
- 7. Comparison Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy By Filippo Brunelleschi Wollaton Hall, near Nottingham, England by Robert Smythson, 1580โ88;
- 9. Comparison Mona Lisa By Leonardo da Vinci Henry Prince of Wales on the Hunting Field By Robert Peake Paintings
- 10. Comparison Sculptures Piet รก, Basilica di san Pietro, Rome by Michelangelo The head of St. Anne, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg by Tilman Riemenschneider
- 13. ย
Editor's Notes
- Today I am going to present you an important period in European culture -the Renaissance My choice of picture, the Vitruvian man of Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most outstanding works of the period. It represents basic elements of its style โ symmetry, proportion, study of human body, and contains elements of classicism.
- The renaissance derives from the French word meaning โrebirthโ. The movement emerged in the 14 th century Florence and later spread throughout Europe. Overall time span covers 14 th to 17 th century. Modern scholars refer to the renaissance as a cultural bridge from the Middle Ages to Modern Era
- The renaissance featured intellectual pursuits, social and political upheavals. However, the most important in the Renaissance period was efflorescence of culture. Interestingly, one cultural factor didnโt really develop during the renaissance โ philosophy. The Renaissance relies on the revival of classicim, a style based on the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, characterized by emotional restraint and regularity of form. Classicism remained up until the next cultural period โ Baroque. The icture on this slideis Michelangeloโs David. It clearly demonstrates classic style and shape.
- This map shows the spread of the movement. First it developed in Florence in roughly 14 th century, then spread to the remainder of Italy. It didnโt move north yet, for 100 years war raged in northern Europe. When the war finished, Renaissance freely spread north and to Spain and Portugal. But then, Italian states began war with each other, so many remarkable scholars and artists were pushed out into other states, which allowed Northern Renaissance to flourish even more.
- As the movement spread, it unveiled distinct characteristics in every region. They are classified as Southern and Northern renaissance. Italy, Spain, and Portugal relate to Southern Renaissance, the most developed and culturally rich region of the era. France, England, Germany, Poland, Hungary and Netherlands relate to Northern renaissance. France might be considered the center of Northern Renaissance, as many of Italian masters fled there during the war between Italian states. Culture is the very cornerstone of the renaissance. So in this presentation I am going to focus on comparing and contrasting Northern and Southern renaissance due to art, architecture, and literature. as the two examples Iโm going to use are Italy, as a birthplace of the movement, and England, as the most remote state.
- Renaissance architects took inspiration from buildings of classic antiquity. The emphasis is placed upon symmetry, proportion, and regularity of parts. Architecture was an eminent part of the Renaissance, esp in Italy Renaissance architects mainly erected massive cathedrals, chapels, and churches, which shows that despite humanist ideas of the movement, the church was still a strong institution. Buildings were generally built for or requested by and sponsored by the church. In Northern Europe buildings were erected not only for ecclesiastical purposes: the renaissance came to England during the Elizabethan era, and constructions were meant for and sponsored by the crown and served diverse purposes than those of Italy St peters basilica is one of the most well known and breathtaking monument in Italy, and it was rebuilt during the renaissance
- Southern architects included great variety of decorative details that added grandeur to their buildings, such as massive domes, pilasters, columns, arched windows, porticos, etc. In SantaMaria del Fiore, we see rosette windows, ornamented walls, windows and doors under arches, beautiful pilasters. The building also features grand dome, and two symmetrical domed towers, which we unfortunately cannot see on this picture. Northern architects kept essentials of renaissance style โ symmetry, proportion and geometric regularity; but generally did not incorporate decorative details much. Looking at the Wollangton hall building, we can still see that it has variety of details, but they are not those associated with the renaisance; some elements come from gothic style (sharpness of edges). But borders, geometrical shapes, towers and borders, and symmetry show its relation to the renaissance.
- Art was mostly developed by Italian masters, such as Michelangelo and Raphael, and later imitated by masters elsewhere. It is also greatly influenced by classicism. But meanwhile masters apply new techniques, and develop highly realistic linear perspective. They still focus on ecclesiastical themes and Biblical motifs, but at the same time we can see the changing ideas of the era โ notes of humanism, changing images. After the Protestant revolution, renaissance masters might have sympathized with revolutionaries, but couldnโt freely express their views for fear of being persecuted by the Roman Catholic church. The only way they had was to indirectly express themselves in their works.
- Artists learned more about light and shadow, making pictures a โwindow into spaceโ, they also turned their attention to geometry and proportion. The two paintings here, Leonardo da Vinciโs Mona Lisa, one of the most famous paintings in the whole world and Peakeโs Henry Prince of Wales relate to the Renaissance preiod. Technically, Mona Lisa should be related to Northern Renaissance but we will look at it as a work of Italian artist. The painting features very accurate form, proportion, balance of light and shadow, and is very harmonious in forms, color and mood. This painting doesnโt seize to affect people despite ages. With the second picture, on the other hand, we see that teachings of renaissance paining are yet to come to England โ Henry Prince of Wales has very bright colors, the image is unbalanced and unproportional, the whole picture does not look like a window into space, but rather as an image under lens. So we see that painting was not as developed at the time in England.
- Meanwhile, sculptors, influenced by works of Leonardo da Vinci, learned more about human anatomy, and emulated and improved classic forms. As we can judge by the two sculptures, ecclesiastical theme so far had the leading role in art. There is an interesting choice of material in these two examples โ while Michelangelo uses by far the most predictable material, white marble, which was dominantly used for statues at the time; his Northern counterpart uses wood. As the renaissance migrated north, creating sculptures was not as spread. However, wood-carving was very popular, so sculptural rules and developments were adopted in this interesting way. All the same, these two pieces do have stylistic similarities โ lines, shapes, proportion, and most strikingly, deep emotion in both.
- In England no form of the renaissance art was as readily adopted as literature, and crucial role in this played sonnets. And in England It was marked by works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Spencer. The sonnet became an essential type of poetry. Spencer and Shakespeare, inspired by sonnets of Italian author Petrarch, created a hundred years earlier, worked out their own forms of sonnet. Even though Petrarch technically relates to pre-renaissance, he became that bridge and the foundation of renaissance regarding use of poetry.
- The two sonnets have diverse rhyme scheme: Petrarchan sonnet has a abbaabba rhyme pattern in the octave and cdecde pattern in the sestet; while Shakespeare uses his salient abab cdcd efef gg pattern. There is also volta, a change of subject, that comes after octave in Petrarchan sonnet and comes in the last two lines of Shakespearean sonnet. The topic of both pieces is the very heart and basic of a sonnet โ love. Petrarchโs message is very personal โ it is about unshared love, his ever-consuming passion toward the woman; and his reluctance to tell her about his feelings. In fact, Petrarch is talking about a woman named Laura, with whom he was in love so much that she became his eternal muse. He dedicated her over 400 sonnets. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is very analytical and impersonal - he talks about immortality and depth of real love โ that it is within a personโs heart, not on surface. With Petrarch we get more emotion, full of dilemma piece of poetry; with Shakespeare - very beautiful, however stating no dilemma sonnet, describing the emotion.