This document discusses various aspects of European culture, history, and communication styles. It provides information on topics like multiculturalism in Europe, the spread of European influence through colonization and imperialism, key events in European history like the Renaissance, Reformation, Industrial Revolution, and World Wars, as well as analysis of trust levels, leadership styles, and communication patterns in different European countries. The document also describes some notable European cultural landmarks and features of the built landscape.

2. National Communication Patterns
• – Finland –

3. © 2001, 2009 Richard D Lewis
National Communication Patterns
– Germany –

4. © 2001, 2009 Richard D Lewis
National Communication Patterns
– UK –

6. National Communication Patterns
• – Sweden –

7. British Coded Speech (1)
What is said What is meant
Hm….interesting idea
You could say that
We must have a meeting about
your idea
We shall certainly consider it
I’m not quite with you on that
one
I agree, up to a point
What a stupid suggestion
I wouldn’t
Forget it
We won’t do it
That is totally unacceptable
I disagree

8. British Coded Speech (2)
What is said What is meant
Remind me once more of your
strategy
We must wait for a politically
correct time to introduce this
It has lots of future potential
He works intuitively
He’s our best golfer
Let me make a suggestion
I wasn’t listening last time
Forget it
It’s failed
He’s completely disorganised
We keep him out of the office
This is what I’ve decided to do

9. U.S and U.K
Trust, mistrust and communication

10. American Qualities…
As Seen by Others
American Qualities Others’ Perception
democracy and equality
individualism
competitiveness
speedy decisions
hard sell
frank, direct
optimism
charisma
seeks change and improvement
result-oriented
self-confidence
informal, smiling
future orientation
defends democracy & free trade
doesn’t exist. Impractical anyway (Asians)
lack of concern for others (Asians, Swedes)
aggressiveness (French)
too rushed (Japanese, Chinese)
over the top (Germans, Finns)
rude (Japanese, French)
lack of realism (Scandinavians)
charisma is suspect (Germans, Dutch)
doesn’t protect status quo (Saudi Arabia)
lacks people-orientation (Italians, Asians)
arrogance (South Americans, Arabs)
lacks respect, insincere (Germans, French)
lacks tradition (Chinese)
defends US interests (Russians, Arabs)

11. German Qualities…
As Seen by Others
Others’ Perception German View
They complicate things too much
They are tactless
They have no sense of humor
Their speeches are long and boring
They are too formal
They criticize and complain
Life is not simple
The truth is always the truth, why pretend?
We don’t waste time wisecracking in
business meetings
We want to know all the facts.
We are good listeners
Formality and use of surnames show
Respect
We are trying to help you improve.
We are perfectionists

12. Leadership:
Germany

13. High trust and low trust societies

14. Low trust – e.g. China, Italy

15. Low trust

16. High trust

17. Trust variance

18. 18
National Communication Patterns
– Italy –

19. National Communication Patterns
– Finland –

20. © 2001, 2009 Richard D Lewis
National Communication Patterns
– Germany –

21. © 2001, 2009 Richard D Lewis
National Communication Patterns
– UK –

22. Trust variance

23. European Culture

24. Multiculturalism
• Because Europe is one of the world’s
most densely populated regions, it is
made up of many ethnic groups,
languages, religions and customs.
• The earliest people of Europe came
from Asia more than 30,000 years ago.

25. Multiculturalism
• Over 50 languages are spoken in Europe
– Slavic, Germanic and Romantic.
• Most Europeans speak more than one
language.
• The Francophone World consists of
French speaking countries of the world.
• Religion: Mostly Catholic or Protestant.

26. The Spread of
European Culture
• The birthplaces of western culture are
both found in Europe – Athens, Greece
and Rome, Italy.
• European culture has spread to other
parts of the world

27. The Spread of European
Culture
• Colonization: a large-scale migration of any
one or more groups of people to a colonial
area (like the United States).
• Imperialism: a policy of extending a country's
power and influence through diplomacy or
military force (ex. Africa).
• Ex. Spanish language and Roman Catholic
religion in Latin America.

28. Renaissance
• 500 A.D., Europe entered the Middle Ages.
• By 1500, the Great Renaissance
• 1300 to 1500 that focused on the rebirth of ancient
Greek and Roman culture.
• Started in Italy.
• Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press in
1440
• First book printed was the Bible

29. Causes of the
Reformation?
Church corruption
•Avignon Papacy
Marsilius of Padua Defensor Pacis
[Defender of the Peace]
•Attacked papal authority
•The Christian community is the sum of ALL its
parts!
Greed of secular leaders
•1/3 of Europe church land
•Papal need for money indulgences
Printing Press

30. The Spread
of the
Printing Press

31. The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
“Why the
Germanies?”

32. The Spread of Lutheranism

33. The Peasant
Revolt - 1525

34. Calvin’s World in the 16c

35. Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)

36. The Anabaptists

37. Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)

38. Industrial Revolution
• Europe is considered the birthplace of the
Industrial Revolution: the transition to new
manufacturing processes in the period from
about 1760 to 1840.

39. Industrial Revolution
• Changes that led to the
Revolution:
• the invention of
machines to do the
work of hand tools
• the use of steam, and
later of other kinds of
power, in place of the
muscles of humans
• the adoption of the
factory system

40. Black Death
• Bubonic Plague: a sickness that caused the death
of 75 to 200 million people in Europe during the
1300s.
• The plague originated in Central Asia and
traveled along the Silk Road via rat fleas.
• It later spread to merchant ships and made
its way around Europe.

41. Black Death
• Bubonic Plague: a sickness that caused the
death of 75 to 200 million people in
Europe during the 1300s.
• The plague originated in Central Asia
and traveled along the Silk Road via rat
fleas.
• It later spread to merchant ships and
made its way around Europe.

42. Max Weber:
The
Protestant
Ethic and the
Spirit of
Capitalism
(1904)
Separation of productive enterprise from the
household
Development of Western city
Tradition of Roman law
Bureaucratic officials - Nation state
Bookkeeping
Formation of “free” wage labourers

43. “A glance at the occupational statistics of any
country of mixed religious composition
brings to light with remarkable frequency a
situation which has several times provoked
discussion in the Catholic press......, namely,
the fact that business leaders and owners of
capital, as well as the higher grades of
skilled labour, and even more the higher
technically and commercially trained
personnel of modern enterprises, are
overwhelmingly Protestant”

45. Zygmunt
Bauman:
Modern
Liquidity (2000)
• Solid modernity
- Tying labour and capital (Henry Ford);
mutual dependency
- Welfare state takes care of “health” of
capital and of labour (state of
readiness)
- Long term orientation of labour and
capital

46. • Liquid modernity:
- Flexibility
- Capital can move freely (not tied to
machines)
- No delay of gratification
- Insecurity (leading to consumerism;
community)

47. Bauman :
Society under
siege (2002)
• Integration by succession of short term projects
needs little, or no control from the top..... No
other form of social control is more efficient
than the spectre of insecurity hovering over the
heads of the controlled” (p. 35)

48. Regulation
School Theory
(cf Webster,
2006)
• Fordist-Keynesian era of accumulation
(1945 - 1973)
- Mass production
- Industrial workers
- Full employment
- Mass consumption
- Nation state and national oligopolies
(4-5 companies having 60% market
share

49. The end of
Fordism:
Globalisation
• Globalisation means the growing
interdependence and interpenetration of
human relations alongside the increasing
integration of the world’s socio-economic life.
• The transnational company (50,000 nowadays)
• 25% of total world production
(Webster, 2006; p. 69, 70)

50. Results
Globalisation of the market
Globalisation of production (made possible by ICT)
Globalisation of finance
Globalisation of communications
Information structure

51. Post-Fordism
• Downsizing (jobless growth)
• Vertical disintegration (outsourcing)
• Needs information infrastructure
• Flexibility
- flexibility of employees
- flexibility of production
- flexibility of consumption

52. Conflicts & Wars
• Northern Ireland: conflict between the Roman
Catholics and Protestants.
• The former Yugoslavia: conflict between the Serbs,
Croats, Bosnians and Albanians on the Balkan
Peninsula

53. Cultural Landscape
• Castles: a type of fortified structure
built in Europe and the Middle East
during the Middle Ages by nobility.
• Chalets: a type of building or house,
with a heavy, gently sloping roof and
wide, well-supported eaves
(Switzerland).

54. Cultural Landscape
• Notre Dame (1345): A medieval
Catholic cathedral in Paris, France
• Arc de Triomphe (1806): A famous
monument in Paris, France

55. Cultural Landscape
• Louvre (1792): Large
museum and historic
landmark in Paris, France
• Contains the “Mona Lisa”
• Eiffel Tower (1887): An
iron tower in Paris, France
that is named after the
famous engineer Gustave
Eiffel

56. Cultural Landscape
• Colosseum (70 A.D.): The
largest, oval amphitheater in
the world located in Rome,
Italy.
• Made of concrete and sand
• Leaning Tower of Pisa
(1360): free standing bell
tower in Pisa, Italy

57. Cultural Landscape
• Vatican City (1929): a city-
state surrounded by Rome,
Italy.
• Headquarters of the Roman
Catholic Church and Pope
• Home of the Sistine Chapel
• St. Peter’s Basilica:
Italian Renaissance
church in Vatican City

58. Cultural Landscape
• Parthenon (447 B.C.):
Former temple in Athens,
Greece dedicated to the
goddess Athena, whom the
people of Athens
considered their patron
• Westminster Abbey (1090
A.D.): Gothic Church in
London, England where
coronation takes place for
British monarchy

59. Cultural Landscape
• Big Ben (1859): Clock
tower in London,
England
• Windmills (1414):
Holland, Netherlands
• First used as corn mills