1. HTM2118 Hospitality and Culture Italy Chester Chung Conry Koo Lisa Tam Viann Wong

4. History of Italy

5. History of Italy Romans (5th c. BC to 5th c. AD) Middle Ages (6th to 14th c.) Renaissance (15th to 16th c.) Foreign domination (1559 to 1814) Unification (1814 to 1861) Monarchy, Fascism and World Wars (1861-1945) Italian Republic (after 1945)

6. Romans (5th c. BC to 5th c. AD) I. Civil Wars (1st century BC) II. The Roman Empire (1st-2nd centuries AD) III. Decline and Fall (3rd-5th centuries) ． Nearly dominated the whole southern Europe ． Later in A.D.395 separated into Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire ． In A.D.476, Roman Empire dissolved. ． Famous emperors: Constantinus I Magnus, Theodosius the Great

7. Middle Ages (6th to 14th c.) ． City- states: During the late Middle Ages Italy was divided into smaller city-states and territories: South : Kingdom of Naples Center: Republic of Florence and the Papal States North and West: Milanese East: Venetians ． Fifteenth-century Italy was one of the most urbanized areas in Europe and the birthplace of Renaissance.

8. Middle Ages (6th to 14th c.) ． Focused on trade: Venice and Genoa were Europe's gateways to trade with the East, with the former producer of the renowned venetian glass . Florence was the capital of silk, wool, banks and jewelry. ． Republic: Italy during this period became notable for its merchant Republics. These city-states, oligarchic in reality, had a dominant merchant class which under relative freedom nurtured academic and artistic advancement. The four classic Maritime Republics in Italy were Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi.

9. Renaissance (15th to 16th c.) ． It’s a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. ． The Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.

10. Foreign domination (1559 - 1814) ． In 1494 the French king Charles VIII opened the first of a series of invasions, lasting up to sixteenth century, in a competition between France and Spain for the possession of Italy. ． Later, Austrian influence was getting bigger. ． Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy during early 19-century and set up new kingdom. ． Later fell back into the hands of Austria during Metternich ‘s era. ． The foreign domination greatly stimulated nationalism which later greatly inspired unification. Napoleon Metternich

11. Unification (1814 to 1861) ． The unification was mainly led by House of Savoy . ． Main obstacles were Austria and later France. ． Methods: by universal suffrage, wars, foreign aid (early by France and later by Prussia) ． Finally unified in 1861 (except Rome), in 1870, Rome was unified and became the capital of the new-born Italian kingdom. Significant figures: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour Cavour Garibaldi Mazzini

12. Monarchy, Fascism and World Wars (1861-1945) ． Monarchy After unification, monarchy was adopted by House of Savoy . ． First World War (1914-1919) - firstly a member of Triple Alliance but later betrayed the Alliance. Italian therefore had been hated by Germans and Austrians. ． Fascism – the small National Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini which advocated Totalitarianism, Expansionism, Self-sufficient, glorifying wars and great past history…. -anti-American cultural policies -Extreme nationalism -anti-communism -violent expansion

13. Second World War (1939- 1945) ． Cooperated with Nazi Germany and Japan, formed Axis powers . ． Finally defeated by allied power. ． In September 1943, Italy surrendered, leading to the collapse of the fascist regime and the arrest of Mussolini. Mussolini Hitler

14. Italian Republic (after 1945) ． Republican: In the 1950s Italy became a member of NATO and allied itself with the United States. The Marshall Plan helped revive the Italian economy which, until the 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "Economic Miracle". In 1957, Italy was a founder member of the European Economic Community (EEC), which became the European Union (EU) in 1993. ． Failure of the government: From 1992 to 2009, Italy faced significant challenges, as voters, disenchanted with past political paralysis, massive government debt and extensive corruption Silvio Berlusconi NATO European Union

15. Cultural issue ． Italians are very proud of the past glorious Roman Empire , they think their race and culture are pretty superior in Europe. ． The Renaissance is also proud for Italians, it greatly affected the European culture in middle ages, the renaissance also affirmed the value of Italian culture. ． Italy was almost the latest western power which entered the tide of Industrial Revolution in 19-century, that’s why its economic development was slow. Because of this, Italians were always teased by other western power in that time. ． Italians always avoid talking about the matters involving the defeat in the Second World War and the shameful Fascism , which are the stains of their history, these topics always make Italians embarrassed. ． Nowadays , the inefficiency of the government and corruption problems make Italians feel great disappointed to politics.

16. Geography and climate

17. Climate and Geography Italy is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia.

18. Mediterranean climate The climate is a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters.

19. Alps, Mount Vesuvius and Sicily ． Alps are located at the north of Italy are one of the great mountain range systems of Europe ． Mount Vesuvius is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years ． Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

20. Cultural issue ． Italians are Latin. Latin people are well known as enthusiastic, climate may contribute to formation of this personality. They tend to have fun outside rather than at home. ． Italy is a peninsula and it nears Mediterranean Sea, Italians are adventurous because they used to travel and travel by ships. ． Volcanoes makes Italians feel insecure and so they have high tendency to avoid risk in daily life (Total life insurance premiums written in 2001 equaled US $68.988 billion compared to US $35.7 billion in 1992.)

22. Religion

25. Catholicism in Italy National holiday Coronation Day of Pope BENEDICT XVI, 24 April (2005) Flag of Vatican city

31. Fashion

38. Food and Beverage

48. Music

53. Sport

54. Sport ． Italy has a long sporting tradition. In almost all sports, both individual and team, Italy has good representative and many successes. The most popular sport is Football . ． Cycling and Volleyball are the next most popular/played, with Italy having a rich tradition in both.

55. Football Their honours include: 4 FIFA World Cups 1 European Football Championship 1 Olympic Gold Medal 5 European Championships U21 3 European Championships U18 2 European Championships U16 8 World Military Championships

56. Football ． Italians are very proud of their achievements in football. Also they are very loyal fans of the football clubs that they like. Famous clubs: Juventus, AC Milan, Internazionale ． Violent disputes always take place between fans of different Italian football clubs.

57. Volleyball ． Volleyball (pallavolo) is played by a lot of amateur players and professional players compete in the Italian Volleyball League . Italian national male and female teams are often in top four ranking of national teams in the world, ． Italians regarded it as the best volleyball league in the world.

61. Architecture

67. Visual Art

69. Prehistoric Civilizations The Etruscans 8th centuries BC 2nd centuries BC Roman Period 5th centuries AD 4th centuries AD 11th centuries AD Early Christian and Late Medieval Art 11th centuries AD Romanesque Gothic 12th centuries AD 14th centuries AD Renaissance 15th centuries AD 16th centuries AD Mannerism Neo-Classicism and Romanticism Different art periods:

75. The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo The Last Judgment by Michelangelo

77. The Last Supper (ca. 1492/94–1498) Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (ca. 1503–6 and later) Leonardo da Vinci

80. Social

81. Social change - Population Low birth rate – Italy is well known as low birth rate, it is second low in western world. In early 21 century, it is only 1.23 children per woman. Catholic country should always have higher birth rate but the situation of Italy is odd. Reasons: ． Due to the social change, women tend to work rather than stay at home, they have no time to afford an extra child. ． Traditionally, Italian men do not spend much time at home, they are not willing to spend time to look after their new born babies, that’s why Italians are always be described as lazy and low sense of responsibility . ． Due to the social change, pension system develops better day by day, aging parents are less dependent to their children.

82. Social change – Rise of women Liberation of women was a world trend since early 20 century. ． In1898 various Radical feminists formed an association’ For Woman’ ． Committees for Female Suffrage existed in all the major cities by 1906 ． In 1908, the Union of Women founded ． In 1910 there was a women’s trade union Women take part in various occupations such as judges, fashion designers, athletes etc.

83. Social change - leisure ． Before Industrial Revolution, Italians liked to spend their leisure time by enjoying wine and coffee, and also playing Bocce (a traditional sport of Italy) and winter sports. ． After the entrance of football craze in Europe, invention of bicycle and movie in 19 century, they started to play a important roles in the leisure time. In 1906, the people of Milan drank 213 liters of wines each and in 1911, according to a research, Italian people spent on average two hours a day in the wine shops.

84. Social – Education System The Italian Economist Sylos Labini: (an Italian is) ‘A people of semi-illiterates’. ． The Italian school teach in traditional ways: ‘assessing, testing, selecting.’ ． The education system ‘overproduces useless graduates, classifying everyone else as a failure, there was no attempt to link the separate subjects.’ Official ‘Illiterate rate’ In 1951: 12.9% In 1971: 5.2% In recent years: 1.5% For a western developed country, the illiterate rate is pretty high.

85. Social – Mafia In Cantonese: ‘Black Hand Secret Society’ Started by stimulation of nationalism in 1282. For protecting their families from the invasion of French in Sicily. ． Mafia is usually a family-run criminal society, the structure and composition of mafia is very tidy. Hierarchy is very obvious because lower-class members must listen to higher-class members. ． Mafia plays a unique role in Italian culture because many Italian and Hollywood movies take Mafia as a subject matter. E.g. The Godfather ( The Corleone family)