Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
Performance Evaluation of 830kW Wind Turbine and an Analysis of Various Param...Rohan Raibagkar
The project aimed at
1) Understanding the performance of wind power project of 830KW
2) Determining system reliability (Grid availability, Machine availability, System availability) and
operating hours of the wind conversion system from the data obtained at site
3) Analyzing the effect of various parameters like velocity, blade length, temperature, pressure, air
density on the power generation of a wind turbine
4) Forecasting or Predicting the performance of the wind turbine generators based on the above
parameters
This analysis can be used to existing sites which are nearby the above evaluated wind power project for Maximizing power generation
It helps us to understand effect of various parameters viz. air density, air pressure, air temperature, blade length, velocity on the power generation
According to the results, there is a high effect of air characteristics on the mechanical power.
The environment’s parameter has a massive effect on the generated power, which will lead the researchers to concentrate on it with highest priority
Complete one year data was used for the analysis of the wind power project
Results were executed using Matlab
Control Scheme for an IPM Synchronous Generator Based-Variable Speed Wind Tur...IJMTST Journal
This paper proposes a control strategy for an IPM synchronous generator-based variable speed wind turbine this control technique is simple and has many advantages over indirect vector control technique as in this scheme, the requirement of the continuous rotor position is eliminated as all the calculations are done in the stator reference frame and can eliminate some of the drawbacks of traditional indirect vector control scheme. This scheme possesses advantages such as lesser parameter dependence and reduced number of controllers compared with the traditional indirect vector control scheme Furthermore, the system is unaffected to variation in parameters because stator resistance is the only required criteria. This control technique is implemented in MATLAB/Sim power systems and the simulation results shows that this suggested control technique works well and can operate under constant and varying wind speeds. Finally, a sensorless speed estimator is implemented, which enables the wind turbine to operate without the mechanical speed sensor.
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
Performance Evaluation of 830kW Wind Turbine and an Analysis of Various Param...Rohan Raibagkar
The project aimed at
1) Understanding the performance of wind power project of 830KW
2) Determining system reliability (Grid availability, Machine availability, System availability) and
operating hours of the wind conversion system from the data obtained at site
3) Analyzing the effect of various parameters like velocity, blade length, temperature, pressure, air
density on the power generation of a wind turbine
4) Forecasting or Predicting the performance of the wind turbine generators based on the above
parameters
This analysis can be used to existing sites which are nearby the above evaluated wind power project for Maximizing power generation
It helps us to understand effect of various parameters viz. air density, air pressure, air temperature, blade length, velocity on the power generation
According to the results, there is a high effect of air characteristics on the mechanical power.
The environment’s parameter has a massive effect on the generated power, which will lead the researchers to concentrate on it with highest priority
Complete one year data was used for the analysis of the wind power project
Results were executed using Matlab
Control Scheme for an IPM Synchronous Generator Based-Variable Speed Wind Tur...IJMTST Journal
This paper proposes a control strategy for an IPM synchronous generator-based variable speed wind turbine this control technique is simple and has many advantages over indirect vector control technique as in this scheme, the requirement of the continuous rotor position is eliminated as all the calculations are done in the stator reference frame and can eliminate some of the drawbacks of traditional indirect vector control scheme. This scheme possesses advantages such as lesser parameter dependence and reduced number of controllers compared with the traditional indirect vector control scheme Furthermore, the system is unaffected to variation in parameters because stator resistance is the only required criteria. This control technique is implemented in MATLAB/Sim power systems and the simulation results shows that this suggested control technique works well and can operate under constant and varying wind speeds. Finally, a sensorless speed estimator is implemented, which enables the wind turbine to operate without the mechanical speed sensor.
This paper describes the design and implementation of Hardware in the Loop (HIL) system D.C. motor based wind turbine emulator for the condition monitoring of wind turbines. Operating the HIL system, it is feasible to replicate the actual operative conditions of wind turbines in a laboratory environment. This method simply and cost-effectively allows evaluating the software and hardware controlling the operation of the generator. This system has been implemented in the LabVIEW based programs by using Advantech- USB-4704-AE Data acquisition card. This paper describes all the components of the systems and their operations along with the control strategies of WTE such as Pitch control and MPPT. Experimental results of the developed simulator using the test rig are benchmarked with the previously verified WT test rigs developed at the Durham University and the University of Manchester in the UK by using the generated current spectra of the generator. Electric subassemblies are most vulnerable to damage in practice, generator-winding faults have been introduced and investigated using the terminal voltage. This wind turbine simulator can be analyzed or reconfigured for the condition monitoring without the requirement of actual WT’s.
Design Construction, Simulation and Testing of A 300W Wind-Powered Battery Ch...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Ingeteam participates in round table on Power Transfer and ConversionIngeteam Wind Energy
Igor Larrazabal, our Medium Voltage Platform Manager, participated in the round table discussion on Power Transfer and Conversion in the 'Advanced Manufacturing for Energy Applications in Harsh Environments' workshop on Industrial Challenges & Technology Roadmap. Brussels, 27 January 2016. Download the presentation.
Using position control to improve the efficiency of wind turbineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the renewable energies that can be using to generate electricity. Increasing demand for this type of renewable energy for sustainability and accessibility. Environmentally as it does not cause any pollution in addition to the abundance of required equipment and lessmaintenance and long operation life of its parts despite the high cost of the system at its installation but at long term, become cheaper. Wind power generators depend on their operation on wind speed and direction. Therefore,it should be installing in places where the wind speed is adequate and sufficient to rotate its rotor, it knows that wind speed is variable in its speed and direction they change every hour and every season. In this design, many practical and theoretical (simulation) experiments have been done which will be mentioned and explained in details in this research shows that this mechanism raises the efficiency of wind power generators by 80% when the rotor of the wind turbine directed towards the wind than if they were fixed direction.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
PSO-Backstepping controller of a grid connected DFIG based wind turbine IJECEIAES
The paper demonstrates the feasibility of an optimal backstepping controller for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG). The main purpose is the extract of maximum energy and the control of active and reactive power exchanged between the generator and electrical grid in presence of uncertainty. The maximum energy is obtained by applying an algorithm based on artificial bee colony approach. Particle swarm optimization is used to select optimal value of backstepping’s parameters. The simulation is carried out on 2.4 MW DFIG based wind turbine system. The optimized performance of the proposed control technique under uncertainty parameters is established by simulation results.
In this research paper we investigate the modelling and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven in rotation by wind turbine, the control objectives is to optimize capture wind, extract the maximum of the power generated to the grid using MPPT algorithm (Maximum Power Point Tracking) and have a specified reactive power generated whatever wind speed variable, the indirect field oriented control IFOC with the PI correctors was used to achieve such as decoupled control. To validate the dynamique performance of our controller the whole system was simulated using dSPACE DS1104 Controller board Real Time Interface (RTI) which runs in Simulink/MATLAB software and ControlDesk 4.2 graphical interfaces.
Design of Adjustable Blade Wind Turbine for Constant Generated PowerRajeev Kumar
Wind turbines use the kinetic energy of the wind for generating the electricity by using ac generators.
The produced energy mainly depends on the wind speed and the swept area of the turbine. As the wind speed increases accordingly the dimensions of the blades of wind turbine reduces. The blades are made auto adjustable with the help of stepper motor and control unit mounted on it.
The wind turbine blades power and efficiency has been measured at different tip-speed-ratios and a maximum efficiency of 30% at 1.27 N/m3 air density.
Present work gives an insight into the design aspects of a wind turbine, like turbine blade design, wind power and output power calculation. This paper presents an idea to maintain the generated power constant at variable wind speed by changing the blade dimensions
This paper describes the design and implementation of Hardware in the Loop (HIL) system D.C. motor based wind turbine emulator for the condition monitoring of wind turbines. Operating the HIL system, it is feasible to replicate the actual operative conditions of wind turbines in a laboratory environment. This method simply and cost-effectively allows evaluating the software and hardware controlling the operation of the generator. This system has been implemented in the LabVIEW based programs by using Advantech- USB-4704-AE Data acquisition card. This paper describes all the components of the systems and their operations along with the control strategies of WTE such as Pitch control and MPPT. Experimental results of the developed simulator using the test rig are benchmarked with the previously verified WT test rigs developed at the Durham University and the University of Manchester in the UK by using the generated current spectra of the generator. Electric subassemblies are most vulnerable to damage in practice, generator-winding faults have been introduced and investigated using the terminal voltage. This wind turbine simulator can be analyzed or reconfigured for the condition monitoring without the requirement of actual WT’s.
Design Construction, Simulation and Testing of A 300W Wind-Powered Battery Ch...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Ingeteam participates in round table on Power Transfer and ConversionIngeteam Wind Energy
Igor Larrazabal, our Medium Voltage Platform Manager, participated in the round table discussion on Power Transfer and Conversion in the 'Advanced Manufacturing for Energy Applications in Harsh Environments' workshop on Industrial Challenges & Technology Roadmap. Brussels, 27 January 2016. Download the presentation.
Using position control to improve the efficiency of wind turbineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the renewable energies that can be using to generate electricity. Increasing demand for this type of renewable energy for sustainability and accessibility. Environmentally as it does not cause any pollution in addition to the abundance of required equipment and lessmaintenance and long operation life of its parts despite the high cost of the system at its installation but at long term, become cheaper. Wind power generators depend on their operation on wind speed and direction. Therefore,it should be installing in places where the wind speed is adequate and sufficient to rotate its rotor, it knows that wind speed is variable in its speed and direction they change every hour and every season. In this design, many practical and theoretical (simulation) experiments have been done which will be mentioned and explained in details in this research shows that this mechanism raises the efficiency of wind power generators by 80% when the rotor of the wind turbine directed towards the wind than if they were fixed direction.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
PSO-Backstepping controller of a grid connected DFIG based wind turbine IJECEIAES
The paper demonstrates the feasibility of an optimal backstepping controller for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG). The main purpose is the extract of maximum energy and the control of active and reactive power exchanged between the generator and electrical grid in presence of uncertainty. The maximum energy is obtained by applying an algorithm based on artificial bee colony approach. Particle swarm optimization is used to select optimal value of backstepping’s parameters. The simulation is carried out on 2.4 MW DFIG based wind turbine system. The optimized performance of the proposed control technique under uncertainty parameters is established by simulation results.
In this research paper we investigate the modelling and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven in rotation by wind turbine, the control objectives is to optimize capture wind, extract the maximum of the power generated to the grid using MPPT algorithm (Maximum Power Point Tracking) and have a specified reactive power generated whatever wind speed variable, the indirect field oriented control IFOC with the PI correctors was used to achieve such as decoupled control. To validate the dynamique performance of our controller the whole system was simulated using dSPACE DS1104 Controller board Real Time Interface (RTI) which runs in Simulink/MATLAB software and ControlDesk 4.2 graphical interfaces.
Design of Adjustable Blade Wind Turbine for Constant Generated PowerRajeev Kumar
Wind turbines use the kinetic energy of the wind for generating the electricity by using ac generators.
The produced energy mainly depends on the wind speed and the swept area of the turbine. As the wind speed increases accordingly the dimensions of the blades of wind turbine reduces. The blades are made auto adjustable with the help of stepper motor and control unit mounted on it.
The wind turbine blades power and efficiency has been measured at different tip-speed-ratios and a maximum efficiency of 30% at 1.27 N/m3 air density.
Present work gives an insight into the design aspects of a wind turbine, like turbine blade design, wind power and output power calculation. This paper presents an idea to maintain the generated power constant at variable wind speed by changing the blade dimensions
Analysis and Electricity production by Ocean Current TurbineVishwendra Srivastav
CFD analysis report of NACA profiles blade for designing Ocean current turbine near Andaman & Nicobar island. And the amount of energy that can be generated by the selected profile
Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly Fed Induction GeneratorIJPEDS-IAES
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil fuels, especially on sites less windy. The performance of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of wind, the power curve of the turbine and the generator's ability to respond to wind fluctuations. This paper presents a control chain conversion based on a double-fed asynchronous machine (D.F.I.G). To improve the transient and steady state performance and the power factor of generation, a stator flux oriented vector control scheme is used in this work. The vector control structure employs conventional PI controllers for the decoupled control of the stator side active and reactive power. The whole system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink and the results are analyzed.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
The principle objective of this project is Rural Electrification via hybrid system which includes wind and solar energy. Our intention is to design a wind turbine compact enough to be
installed on roof tops. So we decided to design a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT are compact for same electricity generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance and reacts to wind from all directions.
The wind turbine designed to generate electricity sufficient enough for a domestic use. The electricity generated will be stored in the battery and then given to the load. This project emphasizes on electrification of remote areas with minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet with demand of urban areas.
Optimizing Energy Yield in Multi-MW Power Converters for Wind by Mikel Zabale...Ingeteam Wind Energy
Modularity effect on availability and energy yield
Efficiency effect on energy yield
Power converter arrangements for multi-MW wind turbines
Ingeteam’s solution for multi-MW wind turbines
Optimizing energy yield in multi-MW power converters for wind” by Mikel zabal...Ingeteam Wind Energy
Great conference last week in Bremen: 6th International Conference Drivetrain Concepts for Wind Turbines. Mikel Zabaleta, Ingeteam Wind Energy Product Manager, presented “Optimizing energy yield in multi-MW power converters for wind”.
Development of a low cost test rig for standalone wecs subject to electrical ...ISA Interchange
In this paper, a contribution to the development of low-cost wind turbine (WT) test rig for stator fault diagnosis of wind turbine generator is proposed. The test rig is developed using a 2.5 kW, 1750 RPM DC motor coupled to a 1.5 kW, 1500 RPM self-excited induction generator interfaced with a WT mathematical model in LabVIEW. The performance of the test rig is benchmarked with already proven wind turbine test rigs. In order to detect the stator faults using non-stationary signals in self-excited induction generator, an online fault diagnostic technique of DWT-based multi-resolution analysis is proposed. It has been experimentally proven that for varying wind conditions wavelet decomposition allows good differentiation between faulty and healthy conditions leading to an effective diagnostic procedure for wind turbine condition monitoring.
Drivers and Barriers in the current CSP marketLeonardo ENERGY
This webinar will provide a general view of drivers and barriers for CSP development, with a particular focus on the structure of the CSP Value Chain. From a technical point of view, the main key performances will be reviewed for the different technologies.
Similar to EUREC-NTUA Projects - Carlos Silva (20)
3. Wind Measurement Data Analysis
1 year wind data (10
minutes averaged wind
velocity)
Hub height
Wind Speed
Wind direction
Site wind provided by a R&D Energy Center.
4. Wind Measurement Data Analysis
Avg. Probability and Wind Speed Roses.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WS
W
W
WN
W
NW
NN
W
Avg. Probability
-
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Avg. Wind Speed
• WNW - S = 80 % from Operational Time!
• NW – WNW = Strongest AWS (7.2 m/s)
• WSW – SSW = Highest Operational Demand! (6.8 m/s)
Wind Rose Parameters
No. Wind Segments 16
Total angle [°] 360
Angle/direction [°] 22,5
First Segment Angle [°] 348,75
Uave [m/s] 6,41
Std.Dev 3,35
5. Wind Measurement Data Analysis
Wind Rose
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Wind Rose
0 to 4
4 to 8
8 to 12
12 to 16
16 to 20
20 to 24
24 to 28
28 to 32
6. -
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
WindSpeed[m/s]
Month
Mean monthly wind speed variation
Wind Measurement Data Analysis
Mean monthly wind speed variation.
Month Uave [m/s]
January 7,33
February 7,52
March 6,18
April 5,40
May 6,58
June 6,51
July 6,99
August 8,23
September 5,38
October 6,13
November 6,39
December 4,23
Total
Uave 6,41
7. Wind Measurement Data Analysis
Turbulence Intensity
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
TurbulenceIntensity%
Hub Wind Speed (m/s)
Turbulence Intensity per Hub Wind Speed
Determine the Wind Turbine Iref (A,B or C) using
IEC 61400-1 Ed.3 Wind Classification
8. Wind Measurement Data Analysis
Weibull Semi-Empirical, Least Square Fit method and Bins Probability
Bowden Semi-Empirical
Shape Factor K 2,02
Scale Factor C 7,23
Uave [m/s] 6,41
Least Square
Shape Factor K 1,85
Scale Factor C 7,52
Uave [m/s] 6,67
Semi Empirical
Least Square
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Probability%
Wind Speed m/s
Weibull Distribution Comparison
Bowden Semi-Empirical Probability per bins Least Square
10. Site Wind Turbine Selection
2MW Wind Turbine R&D Benchmark
Test Turbine Selection
Vave [m/s] 6,4
Hub Height [m] 90
Diameter [m] 90
Vmax[m/s] 32
Reference cost for the test turbine (€/kW) 950
TEST TURBINE
DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
Power (kW) 2000
Diameter (m) 90,0
Max Tip Speed (m/s) 80,0
Drive Train Efficiency 94,00%
Omega Rotor max (rad/s) 1,78
RPM Rotor max 16,98
Rated Rotor Torque (kNm) 1197
x = 1,50
COMPONENTS MASS & COST
MASS (kg) COST (euro)
Three Blades 19.677 255.801
Gearbox 10.308 123.690
Generator 5.550 80.478
Cost of blades, Gearbox, Generator 459.969
Rest cost of drive train (nacelle, power electronics, pitch etc)459.969
Subtotal drive train 919.938
980.062
Total cost of wind turbine 1.900.000
Share of BL, GB, Gen in the total WT cost 24,2%
Cost of the hub
90 m diameter as a
reference turbine!
Class III Wind Turbine!
ave refV 0.2V
11. Site Wind Turbine Selection and Power Curves
What the competition has available for IEC III 2 MW Wind Turbines?
Project Wind Data
Vave [m/s] 6,41
C 7,23
Std.Dev 3,4
K 2,021
12. Site Wind Turbine Selection
2MW Wind Turbine R&D Benchmark
90 m diameter as a reference turbine.
+ 80 and 100m diameters for industry
competition Go-To-Market!
3 Project testing diameters: 80, 90 and 100 m
IEC Class III (6 - 7.5 m/s)
80 m
90 m
100 m
32. Wind Penetration Limits
What is Wind Curltailment?
It means that wind was available, but the grid operator did not allow the wind farm to put
power on the grid (not dispatched).
There are 2 kinds of dispatching rules:
Physical Imperatives to keep the grid
in balance:
• Matching load
• Not over-loading transmission lines
• Taking into account how quickly
various plants can come on-line.
Economics and other non-physical
issues:
• Dispatching the least expensive
plants first
• Giving renewables a favored
position in the line-up.
33. Wind Penetration Limits
Off-Grid System Annual Electricity Demand
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 400 799 1198 1597 1996 2395 2794 3193 3592 3991 4390 4789 5188 5587 5986 6385 6784 7183 7582 7981 8380
Demand(MW)
Time (hr)
Power Demand
Demand characteristics
Maximum power demand 34,1 MW
Minimum power demand 6,7 MW
Annual electricity demand 118,04 GWh
Annual mean load 13,5 MW
Maximum Power Demand
Annual Mean Load
35. Wind Penetration Limits
Simplified Diagram
Total Load Demand (MWh) 118.036 118.036 118.036
Average Load (MW) 13,5 13,5 13,5
Average Wind Speed (m/s) 6,4 6,4 6,4
Power Rated per Wind Turbine (MW) 2 2 2
Number of Wind Turbines 6 5 4
Total Wind Turbine Capacity (MW) 12 10 8
Wind Installed Capacity (%) 89% 74% 59%
Capacity Factor (%) 39,2% 39,2% 39,2%
Absorbed by the grid (%) 68% 76% 86%
Rejected by the grid (%) 32,0% 24,0% 14,0%
Total Wind Energy Production (MWh) 39.110 32.592 26.073
Total Wind Energy Absorbed by the grid (MWh) 26.595 24.770 22.423
Real Capacity Factor (%) 25% 28% 32%
Wind Supply (%) 23% 21% 19%
Simplified Diagram Tables
The right balance across installed wind capacity and the 20% wind
energy annual energy supply is found at 10 MW (5 turbines),
providing:
• 24% curtailment
• 28% capacity factor
• 21% wind energy annual electricity supply
36. Wind Penetration Limits
Probabilistic Approach
No. Turbines Rated Capacity (MW)
Data 5 2
Wind Capacity 10 MW
Wind capacity as percentage of the average load 74,2%
Number of diesel units 10
Rated power of diesel unit 3,5 MW
Diesel units technical minimum 40%
Diesel Total Capacity 35 MW
Diesel technical minimum capacity 14 MW
Wind and Diesel Capacity
Wind energy which could be produced 33645 MWh
Wind Absorbed + Rejected 34,04 GWh
Wind energy absorbed by the grid 23,5 GWh
Wind energy rejected 10,5 GWh
Percentage of rejected wind energy 30,8%
Conventional energy produced 94,49 MWh
Conv+Wind absorbed 118,04 MWh
Capacity factor available 38,41%
Capacity factor real 26,88%
% wind supply 20%
Results
Wind Penetration Limits
Maximum instantaneous wind supply "δ" 38%
With a 38% wind penetration:
• We only require 5 turbines
with a total of 10 MW
installed wind capacity.
• 74,2 % from the average
load.
The wind curtailment is 30,8
% and the capacity factor is
26,88 %.
38. Capacity Credit
Capacity Credit Calculation
Wind Installed Capacity (MW) 10,0
LOLE System before wind installations 0,053%
LOLE System after wind installations 0,053%
ELCC 1,5
CC 15%
Capacity Credit Calculation
Capacity credit is the level of conventional generation that can be replaced with wind
generation. To perform such an analysis, it is important to define the way in which one type of
resource can be substituted for another.
Number of units 10
Mean rated power of each unit 3,5 MW
Total conventional capacity 35 MW
Propability of each unit to be available 95%
Propability of each unit not to be available 5%
CONVENTIONAL CAPACITY DATA
For our case, we measured the system reliability with the loss-of-load expectation (LOLE),
which is an indication of the statistically expected number of times within a given time period
that the system could not provide the demand load. When the given level of wind-generating
capacity can be substituted for conventional capacity, holding the reliability level constant, we
obtained the measure of wind plant capacity credit with 15%
40. Wake Effect Losses
Main Frecuency wind speed and wind sectors
As defined by the Wind Rose, our site
2 main operational wind speeds are
coming from 3 main wind direction
sectors: SSW, WSW and WNW
(202.5, 247.5 and 292.5 deg). This is a
decision factor to position our
turbines and minimize the Wake
Effect Losses.
41. Wake Effect Losses
Analysis Wind Farm Proposal 1
6.195
5.717
7,71%
Wind Farm Losses
Wind Energy Production [MWh]
Wind Energy Production with Wake Effect [MWh]
Wake Losses
The first project proposal is arranged in order to take the biggest advantage of the SSW and
WSW wind rose directions, the 2 biggest main sectors.
43. Wake Effect Losses
Analysis Wind Farm Proposal 2
6.195
5.792
6,51%
Wind Farm Losses
Wind Energy Production [MWh]
Wind Energy Production with Wake Effect [MWh]
Wake Losses
The aim from the second project proposal is to look for a wind turbine arrangement able to
reduce more drastically the losses generated by the 292,5 deg wind direction and the
separation of wind turbines to have an even cleaner wind segments at the 2 main wind
directions 247,5 and 202,5 deg.
45. Wake Effect Losses
Analysis Wind Farm Proposal 3
6.195
5.819
6,07%
Wind Farm Losses
Wind Energy Production [MWh]
Wind Energy Production with Wake Effect [MWh]
Wake Losses
For the final proposal, witch is the project selection, the aim was to find the proper
separation across turbines from the wind direction 292,5 deg that wont harm negatively the
wind turbiness efficiency from the 247,5 and 202,5 deg wind sectors.
49. Project Financial Evaluation
Sensitivity Analysis
Taxes NPV (thousand €) IRR % NPV % Change IIR % Change
20% 2.593 € 9% 36% 8%
25% 2.252 € 9% 18% 4%
30% 1.910 € 8% 0% 0%
35% 1.569 € 8% -18% -4%
40% 1.227 € 7% -36% -9%
Taxes Variation
Taxes Variation: the analysis
was performed from 20 to 40%
taxes band by 5% difference.
Observing how if the
goverment policies developed
by a country support
renewable energy wind
projects with 20% taxes, that
will improve +36% more the
NPV. On the other hand, a bad
policy desicion making to
increase taxes, will devaluate
our NPV to -36%.
50. Project Financial Evaluation
Sensitivity Analysis
Interest Rate NPV (thousand €) IRR % NPV % Change IIR % Change
3,0% 2.844 € 10% 81% 22%
4,0% 2.419 € 9% 54% 14%
5,0% 1.994 € 8% 27% 7%
6,0% 1.569 € 8% 0% 0%
7,0% 1.143 € 7% -27% -7%
8,0% 718 € 7% -54% -13%
Interest Rate Variation
Interest Variation: Looking at
the results, small increments
on the interest rate by the
banks will totally diminish the
NPV of our project. Example
from current 6% to 8% interest
rate will reduce the NPV -54%
their value.
51. Project Financial Evaluation
Sensitivity Analysis
Energy
Price
(€/MWh)
NPV (thousand €) IRR % NPV % Change IIR % Change
79 -2.780 € 3% -277% -64%
89 -606 € 5% -139% -32%
99 1.569 € 8% 0% 0%
109 3.743 € 10% 139% 34%
119 5.917 € 13% 277% 68%
Energy Price Variation
Energy Price Variation: Having
positive policies that provide
and attractive feed in tariff
retribution, example of values
higher than 99 €/MWh,
increases drastically our IRR%
and NPV peformaces. On the
other hand, an history of
policy changes of excluding
attractive feed in tariff
retributions, minimizing them
or avoiding them in order to
pay current market price, will
result in lower and even
negative NPV´s. This will make
investors look for other
investment opportunities
outside renewable energy
projects.
52. THANK YOU!!
Carlos E. Silva carlos.edmundo.silva@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://gr.linkedin.com/in/carlos-silva-1195a22b
53. 126/5MW Wind Turbine – (EOG) Extreme
Operating Gust simulation at rated speed 11.4 m/s
Carlos E. Silva
NTUA Athens May 2016
54. GAST WORKSHOP
Input Information for the 126/5MW Wind Turbine
EOG at 11.4 m/s
• 11.4 m/s initial wind speed
• 12 RPM initial rotor speed
• Controler with a 80 sec simulation
• Wind shear 0.2
• IWINDC : 2 (extreme condition)
• Time GUST (40 sec), Vref (42.5), Ti (0,16)
Vref = Reference wind speed average over 10 minutes,
A = Designates the category for higher turbulence characteristics
NOTE: Gamesa similar turbine than
the example analized.
55. IEC 61400-1 Ed.3 Extreme Wind Conditions
It includes:
• Wind shear events
• Peak wind speeds due to storms
• Rapid changes in wind speed and
direction.
It involves:
Extreme wind speed model (EWM)
Extreme operating gust (EOG)
Extreme turbulence model (ETM)
Extreme direction change (EDC)
Extreme gust with direction change (ECD)
Extreme wind shear (EWS)
• Extreme operating gust (EOG)
Time GUST (40 sec), Vref (42.5), Ti (0,16)
Longitudinal turbulence scale parameter
(89.56)r:
Hub height gust magnitude:
Turbulence standard deviation:
Wind profile (wind shear 0.2)
Wind speed:
69. Looking at the low speed shaft!
Total Aerodynamic Torque (kNm) & Rotor Speed (rad/sec)
Total Aerodynamic
Torque
Low Speed Shaft
Rotor speed
42.5
sec
45.2
sec
48.1
sec
50
sec
70. Looking at the low speed shaft!
Total Aerodynamic & Generator Torque Low Speed Shaft (kNm)
Total Aerodynamic
Torque
Generator Torque Low
Speed Shaft
42.5
sec
45.2
sec
48.1
sec
4,800 kNm
71. What happens at the tower with Extreme GUST?
Lets pretend the Wind Turbine
is generating electricity!
Will this guy fall if the tower
shakes too much?
If not at least he
will be
fired……..Safety
first!
72. Looking at the tower!
X and Z Tower Displacement (m)
43.2
sec
45.5 sec
0.7 m
fore-aft
side-to-side
0.8 m displacement in 2 sec
73. Looking at the tower!
Mx and Mz: moment at the tower base (kNm)
43.2
sec
45.5 sec
105,000 kNm
Fore Aft
Twisting
74. Conclusions!
• 7.7m blade maximum flapwise deformation.
• 14,200 kNm flapwise root moment.
• 4,800 kNM max shaft torque.
• 105.000 kNM tower base moment at the fore aft
direction.
As the wind turbine “control system” could not avoid the highest loads generated
by the peak gust wind speed. The Wind turbine need to be designed to withstand:
Possible Solution: If the “control system” reaction gets faster, it will activate
pitching before in order to reduce the maximum loads. However this needs to
be analyzed after all the extreme cases are taken in to consideration for our
turbine design.
75. THANK YOU!!
Carlos E. Silva carlos.edmundo.silva@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://gr.linkedin.com/in/carlos-silva-1195a22b
76. Wind Power Industry and its Global Players
by
Carlos E. Silva
NTUA Athens, May 2016
77. Introduction
Global Energy Powerty!
We have serious global problems!
• 1 of 7 in the worlds population live without
electricity!! (Around 1.3 billion people)
• 17%of global population lack access to electricity!
The world is melting!
• 2015 as the hottest year vs. preindustrial times!
• COP21 goal: Keep it lower than +2C.
• 2015 is already +1C higher.
• 2016 on their way to become 3rd hottest year in a
row!
78. Wind Power Industry and its Global Players - Presentation Content
1. Global Wind and Solar
Resource
2. Market Development
3. Main Wind Industry
Players
4. Manufacturers
Competitive Analysis
5. General Conclusions
