Personality disorders refer to long-standing patterns of behavior that depart from cultural expectations and impair functioning. They are coded on Axis II of the DSM and can co-occur with Axis I disorders. Personality disorders fall into three clusters - odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful - and include paranoid, schizoid, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders. Therapies aim to change understanding of childhood issues underlying disorders and target specific symptoms, with the goal of changing disorders into styles except for antisocial personality disorder. Complications can include depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and substance abuse.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
All About Psychology >>
Psychology Super-Notes >> Personality >> Personality Theories and Assessment >> Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to Personality
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• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
American psychologist Henry Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, and needs. Murray described a need as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances.
Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.
Interpersonal theory of personality was proposed by Harry Stack Sullivan. He believed that one’s personality involved more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacted with others. He also explained about the importance of current life events to psychopathology. The theory further states that the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
The biomedical model of health has been dominant around the globe since several decades. The main content of shared document is to explain its actual meaning, its core principles and its claims about health and illness. At the end, some of the critical suggestions have been highlighted for the readers to create an awareness among the health professionals for adopting the other more appropriate models of health in order to exceed the longevity with health promotion.
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Key Concepts of Individual Psychology
Adlerian counselling
Striving for Superiority (The Striving for Perfection, Striving for Self-Enhancement, Inferiority Feeling, Drive Satisfaction)
Styles of Life
Fictional Finalism
Social construction of race and gender, patriarchy and prejudice and discrimi...Service_supportAssignment
Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual, a group or an idea which is constructed because of a culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this research paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of race and gender and the problems associated with the same. In addition to this, how can social construct forms to be the basis for discrimination and prejudice? Further, racism and sexism will be discussed with examples and the role of power in the same. To end, patriarchy will be discussed and its role in racism and sexism will be added
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
All About Psychology >>
Psychology Super-Notes >> Personality >> Personality Theories and Assessment >> Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to Personality
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
American psychologist Henry Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, and needs. Murray described a need as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances.
Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.
Interpersonal theory of personality was proposed by Harry Stack Sullivan. He believed that one’s personality involved more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacted with others. He also explained about the importance of current life events to psychopathology. The theory further states that the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
The biomedical model of health has been dominant around the globe since several decades. The main content of shared document is to explain its actual meaning, its core principles and its claims about health and illness. At the end, some of the critical suggestions have been highlighted for the readers to create an awareness among the health professionals for adopting the other more appropriate models of health in order to exceed the longevity with health promotion.
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Key Concepts of Individual Psychology
Adlerian counselling
Striving for Superiority (The Striving for Perfection, Striving for Self-Enhancement, Inferiority Feeling, Drive Satisfaction)
Styles of Life
Fictional Finalism
Social construction of race and gender, patriarchy and prejudice and discrimi...Service_supportAssignment
Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual, a group or an idea which is constructed because of a culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this research paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of race and gender and the problems associated with the same. In addition to this, how can social construct forms to be the basis for discrimination and prejudice? Further, racism and sexism will be discussed with examples and the role of power in the same. To end, patriarchy will be discussed and its role in racism and sexism will be added
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
This slide contains information regarding Adult Personality Disorder. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
It explains about what is personality, give a brief introduction about personality disorder, describes three clusters of personality disorder with detailed explanations about the 10 personality disorder starting from cluster A disorder paranoid personality disorder to anti social personality disorder from cluster B to Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Nowell des personality disorders october 2014David Nowell
Overview of the personality disorders, including the DSM5 alternative model, with particular focus on how these disorders impact the disability review process.
Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate significantly from the expectations of the individual's culture. These patterns are inflexible, pervasive across many contexts, and lead to significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Personality disorders are usually categorized into three clusters based on similar characteristics and symptoms:
**Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Disorders**
1. **Paranoid Personality Disorder**: Characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. Individuals often believe that others are out to harm, deceive, or exploit them, even without substantial evidence. They may be reluctant to confide in others and often interpret benign remarks or events as personal attacks.
2. **Schizoid Personality Disorder**: Marked by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression. People with this disorder tend to be solitary, have little desire for social interactions, and are indifferent to praise or criticism from others.
3. **Schizotypal Personality Disorder**: Involves acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentric behaviors. Individuals may have odd beliefs, magical thinking, or peculiar ways of dressing and speaking. They often have social anxiety and may come across as eccentric or bizarre.
**Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders**
1. **Antisocial Personality Disorder**: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Individuals may engage in deceit, manipulation, and impulsivity, and often have a history of criminal behavior. They typically show a lack of remorse for their actions.
2. **Borderline Personality Disorder**: Involves instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions. People with this disorder may experience intense episodes of anger, depression, and anxiety, often lasting a few hours to a few days. They may have a chronic fear of abandonment and may engage in self-harming behaviors or suicidal gestures.
3. **Histrionic Personality Disorder**: Marked by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior. Individuals often feel uncomfortable when they are not the center of attention, and they may use their physical appearance or provocative behavior to draw attention. They tend to be highly suggestible and may consider relationships to be more intimate than they actually are.
4. **Narcissistic Personality Disorder**: Involves a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy for others. People with this disorder often have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, and a lack of understanding or consideration for the feelings of others. They may exploit relationships for personal gain.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
1. Personality Disorders
• Personality Disorders refer to long-standing,
pervasive and inflexible patterns of behavior
– Depart from cultural expectations
– Impair social and occupational functioning
– Cause emotional distress
• Personality disorders are coded on Axis II of the
DSM
– Personality disorders can be a co-morbid condition for
an Axis I disorder
Ch 13.1
2. Personality Disorders: Facts and
Statistics
• Prevalence of Personality Disorders
– About 0.5% to 2.5% of the general population
– Rates are higher in inpatient and outpatient settings
• Origins and Course of Personality Disorders
– Thought to begin in childhood
– Tend to run a chronic course if untreated
• Co-Morbidity Rates are High
• Gender Distribution and Gender Bias in Diagnosis
– Gender bias exists in the diagnosis of personality disorders
– Such bias may be a result of criterion or assessment gender bias
3. Personality Disorder Clusters
• Personality disorders fall into three general
clusters:
– Persons in cluster A seem odd or eccentric
• Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
– Persons in cluster B seem dramatic, emotional
or erratic
• Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
– Persons in cluster C appear as anxious or
fearful
• Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Ch 13.2
4. Odd/Eccentric Cluster
• Paranoid personality disorder (PD) involves
suspicion of others, hostility, jealousy
– No hallucinations and no full-blown delusions
are present in paranoid PD
• Paranoid PD occurs more frequently in men
than in women
• Lifetime prevalence is about 1 percent
Ch 13.3
5. Odd/Eccentric Cluster
• Schizoid personality disorder (PD) involves
– Reduced social relations and few friends
– Reduced sexual desire and few pleasurable
activities
– Indifference to praise or criticism
– Lonely life style
• Prevalence of schizoid PD is less than 1
percent and occurs more commonly in men
than women
Ch 13.4
6. Odd/Eccentric Cluster
• Schizotypal personality disorder (PD) involves
– An attenuated form of schizophrenia
• Odd beliefs and magical thinking
• Recurrent illusions (things not present)
• Ideas of reference (hidden meaning)
• Behavior and appearance is eccentric
• Prevalence of schizotypal PD is about 3 percent
and occurs slightly more commonly in men than
women
Ch 13.5
7. Paranoid Personality
Disorder
Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness, sees
motives of others as malevolent. Four or more of
the following:
(1) suspects, without sufficient basis, that others
are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her
(2) preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the
loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
(3) reluctant to confide in others b/c lack of trust
8. (4) persistently bears grudges, i.e., is
unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights
(5) reads hidden demeaning or
threatening meanings into benign
remarks/events
(6) Perceives attacks on character or
reputation that are not apparent to
others and responds with
counterattacks
(7) has recurrent suspicions, without
justification, regarding fidelity of spouse
or sexual partner
9. Characteristics of Paranoid
Personality Disorder
•Aloof, emotionally cold
•Unjustified suspiciousness, hostility
•Hypersensitivity to slights, jealousy
•Rigid, unforgiving, sarcastic, litigious
•Prevalence: 1-2%; M>F
•Therapy, including meds, of little value – trusting
relationship is key but hard to come by b/o ‘self-
fulfilling prophecy’
10. Schizoid Personality
Disorder
Pervasive detachment from social
relationships and a restricted range of
emotional expression interpersonally.
Four or more of the following:
(1) neither desires nor enjoys close
relationships, including being part of a
family
(2) almost always chooses solitary
activities
11. (3) little interest in having sexual
experiences with another person
(4) takes pleasure in few, if any,
activities
(5) lacks close friends or
confidants
(6) appears indifferent to the
praise or criticism of others
(7) emotionally cold, detached
12. Characteristics of Schizoid
Personality Disorder
•Can perform well in solitary activities (computers, night
watchman)
•Limited emotional range, detached, daydream a lot
•NO increased risk for schizophrenia but many may
actually suffer from autism-spectrum disease
•“Loners” not necessarily schizoid, unless functioning
impaired (traits vs disorder)
•Treatment of little help
•Prevalence 2%; M>F
13. Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
(diagnostic criteria)
Little capacity for close relationships
accompanied by cognitive or perceptual
disturbances and eccentricities of behavior
(1) ideas of reference
(2) odd beliefs or magical thinking, inconsistent
with cultural norms
(3) unusual perceptual experiences, including
bodily illusions
14. (4) odd thinking and speech (e.g.,vague,
circumstantial,metaphorical,over
elaborate)
(5) suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
(6) inappropriate or constricted affect
(7) behavior or appearance that is odd,
eccentric, or peculiar
(8) lack of close friends or confidants
(9) excessive social anxiety r/t paranoid
fears
15. Characteristics of Schizotypal
Personality Disorder
•Isolated, anhedonic, aloof but also “peculiar”
•Strange intra-psychic experiences, odd and
magical beliefs
•Reason in odd ways (ideas of reference)
•Anxious, detached
•NOT psychotic proportions
•3% incidence; M=F
16. Etiology of the Odd/Eccentric
Cluster
• These disorders are linked to schizophrenia and
may represent a less severe form of the disorder
– Schizophrenia has clear genetic determinants
– Family studies reveal that relatives of schizophrenic
patients are at increased risk for developing schizotypal
PD as well as paranoid PD
• No clear pattern for schizoid PD
• Additional similarities for Schizotypal PD
– Have cognitive and neuropsychological problems
similar to those found in individuals with schizophrenia.
– Have enlarged ventricles and less temporal lobe gray
matter.
Ch 13.6
17. Dramatic/Erratic Cluster
• Borderline personality disorder (PD) involves
– Impulsivity (gambling, spending, sexual sprees)
– Instability in relationships, mood and self-image
– Borderline PD persons are argumentative and difficult
to live with
• Prevalence of Borderline PD is about 1-2 percent
and occurs more commonly in women than men
• Linehan’s diathesis-stress theory
– Difficulty controlling emotions (biological diathesis)
– Raised in “invalidating” family environment
Ch 13.7
18. Figure 13.1 Linehan’s Diathesis-Stress theory:
Etiology of borderline personality disorder
•Emotional dysregulation in child (diathesis) and a failure to
validate the child’s feelings by the parents (stress) leads to a
vicious cycle.
–The emotional dysregulation may be inadvertently
reinforced by parents if it becomes one of the only times the
child receives parental attention.
19. •
Etiologyplay aAntisocial PDof
Family issues may
of role in the development
antisocial PD
– Lack of affection
– Severe parental rejection
– Inconsistent (or no) discipline
• Twin studies show a greater concordance for antisocial PD
in MZ twins relative to DZ twins
• Adoption studies (e.g., Cadoret et al., 1995)
– Adverse adoptive environment may be the stressor triggering the
ASPD biological diathesis
• Psychopaths
– Have reduced gray matter in frontal lobes
– Perform more poorly on tests of frontal lobe functioning
– These findings are supportive of a key role for impulsivity in
psychopathy
Ch 13.11
20. Cluster B: Antisocial
Personality Disorder
Figure 12.2 Barlow/Durand, 3rd. Edition
Overlap and lack of overlap among antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and criminality
21. Dimensional Approach to Personality
Disorders
• Five-Factor Model (McRae & Costa, 1990)
– Neuroticism
– Extroversion/introversion
– Openness to experience
– Agreeableness/antagonism
– Conscientiousness
• Relationship of PDs to FFM (Widiger & Costa, 1994)
• Advantages of dimensional model
– Handles the comorbidity problem
– Makes a link between normal and abnormal personality
– Supported by behavior-genetic and statistical techniques
22. Therapies for Personality
Disorders
• Therapists treating PD patients are concerned about co-
morbid Axis I disorders
• Therapy modalities include:
– Antianxiety or antidepressant drugs
– Psychodynamic therapy aims to change the person’s
understanding of the childhood problems that underlie the PD
– Behavioral and cognitive therapy focuses on specific symptoms
and issues (e.g. social skills)
• Overall therapeutic goal: change the “disorder’ into a
“style”, except for ASPD (D&N, p.377)
– Recent meta-analysis show promising results with CBT for
younger psychopaths.
Ch 13.15