The document outlines various personality disorders, highlighting their definitions, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Specifically, it discusses paranoid and schizoid personality disorders, detailing their characteristics, prevalence, and the challenges in treatment. It emphasizes the importance of psychotherapy and the limited effectiveness of medication for these disorders, as well as the difficulties patients face in forming trusting relationships with therapists.

1. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
CREATED: Mark Anthony Adenir Baladhay
BS-PSYCHOLOGY

2. PERSONALITY?
comes from the Latin word persona, which
referred to a theatrical mask work by
performers in order to either project
different roles or disguise their identities.
pattern of relatively permanent traits and
unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a person's
behavior.“ (Feist and Feist, 2009)

3. PERSONALITY DISORDER?
DSM IV-TR:
An enduring pattern of
inner experience and
behavior that deviates
markedly from the
expectations of the
individual's culture.

4. PERSONALITY DISORDER?
manifested in two (or more) of the following
areas:
Cognition – ways of perceiving and interpreting
Affectivity – intensity of emotional response
Interpersonal functioning – social functioning
Impulse control – control actions after thinking

5. CHARACTERIZING NORMAL PERSONALITY
FIVE–FACTOR MODEL OF
PERSONALITY:
• NEUROTICISM – anxiety
• EXTRAVERSION/INTROVERSION – activity
• OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE – feelings
• AGREEABLESNESS/ANTAGONISM – trust
• CONSCIENTIOUSNESS – competence

6. NEUROTICIS
M
EXTRAVERSI
ON
OPENNESS
TO
EXPERIENCE
AGREEABLEN
ESS
CONSCIENTI
OUSNESS
Anxiety Warmth Fantasy Trust Competence
Angry–
Gregariousne
Aesthetics Straightforwa
Order
Hostility
ss
rdedness
Depression Assertiveness Feelings Altruism Dutifulness
Self–
conscientious
ness
Activity Actions Compliance Achievement
striving
Impulsivenes
s
Excitement
seeking
Ideas Modesty Self–
discipline
Vulnerability Positive
emotions
Values Tender
mindedness
Deliberation

7. Cluster A Paranoid, Schizoid and Schizotypal
Seem odd or eccentric; with unusual behavior ranging
from distrust and suspiciousness to social detachment.
Cluster B
Histrionic, Narcissistic, Anti-social
and Borderline
Individuals with these disorders share a tendency to be
dramatic, emotional and erratic.
Cluster C
Avoidant, Dependent and
Obsessive-Compulsive
In contrast to the other two clusters, people with these
disorders often show anxiety and fearfulness.

8. PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
Paranoid personality
disorder is characterized
by a distrust of others
and a constant suspicion
that people around you
have sinister motives.

9. CRITERIA FOR PARANOID
PERSONALITY DISORDER
DSM-IV-TR
A. Evidence of pervasive distrust or
suspiciousness of others present in
at least four of the 7 following ways:

10. (1) Pervasive suspiciousness of being
deceived, harmed, or exploited.

11. (2) Unjustified doubts about loyalty or
trustworthiness of friends or associates.

12. (3) Reluctance to confide in others because
of doubts of loyalty or trustworthiness

13. (4) Hidden demeaning or threatening
meanings read into benign remarks or events

14. (5) Bears grudges; does not forgive
insults, injuries, or slights

15. (6) Angry reactions to perceived attacks on
his or her character or reputation

16. (7) Recurrent suspicious regarding fidelity
of spouse or sexual partner

17. B. Does not occur exclusively during
course of Schizophrenia, Mood disorder
with Psychotic Features, or other
psychotic disorder
It is important to remember that
people with PPD are not usually
psychotic; most of the time they
are in clear contact with reality.

18. CAUSAL FACTORS of PPD
– Little is known for the causes and no clear cut
– Partial genetic transmission that may link the
disorder to schizophrenia, but results examining
this issue are inconsistent (Kendler, Czajkowski,
et al., 2006; M. B. Miller et al., 2001)

19. CAUSAL FACTORS of PPD
– Psychosocial are suspected to play a role
include parental neglect or abuse and exposure
to violent adults.

20. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
categorized under
“odd” personality
disorders or
“Schizophrenia
Spectrum Disorders”

21. Theorists believe that this
disorder develops from
unsatisfied need for
human contact. Their
parents are believed to
have been unaccepting,
neglective, or abusive of
their children. People with
this disorder are unable to
give or receive love.
(Comer 2009)
Psychoanalytic View

22. CRITERIA FOR SCHIZOID
PERSONALITY DISORDER
A. Evidence of a pervasive pattern of
detachment from social relationships and
a restricted range of expression of
emotions in interpersonal settings shown
in at least four of the 7 followings ways:

23. (1) Neither desires nor enjoys close
relationships.

24. (2) Almost always chooses solitary
activities

25. (3) Has little if any interest in sexual
experiences with another person.

26. (4) Takes pleasure in few if any activities.

27. (5) Lacks of close friends and confidants

28. (6) Appears indifferent to the praise or
criticism of others.

29. (7) Shows emotional coldness,
detachment, or flat affect

30. B. Does not occur exclusively during
course of Schizophrenia, Mood disorder
with Psychotic Features, or other
psychotic disorder or Pervasive
Developmental Disorders

31. CAUSAL FACTORS of Schizoid PD
• Little causes known and inconsistent.
• Likely precursor to the development
of schizophrenia but still challenged.
• Traits have shown to have
only modest heritability.

32. Paranoid PD vs. Schizoid PD
NEO-PI-R
Paranoid PD High Angry-hostility,
(Neuroticisim)
Low in Trust,
Straightforwardness
, and compliance
(Agreeableness)

33. Paranoid PD vs. Schizoid PD
NEO-PI-R
Schizoid PD Low in warmth,
gregariousness,
positive emotions
(EXTRAVERSION)
Low in feelings
(OPENNESS)

35. DEMOGRAPHICS AND PREVALENCE OF
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
The estimated overall prevalence of DSM-IV
personality disorders was 9%. Cluster A
disorders were most prevalent in men who
had never married. Cluster B disorders were
most prevalent in young men without a high
school degree, and cluster C disorders in high
school graduates who had never married.

36. DEMOGRAPHICS AND PREVALENCE OF
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
In general, the prevalence of personality
disorders in this community sample was
higher in men than in women; higher in
formerly married and highest in never-married,
compared with ever-married
individuals; and higher in people who
dropped out of high school than in
graduates.

38. TREATMENTS FOR PPD
The therapist must be
careful to balance
being objective in
therapy and with
regards to these
thoughts, and of raising
the suspicions of the
client that he or she is
not trusted.
PSYCHOTHERAPY

39. TREATMENTS FOR PPD
It is a difficult
balance to
maintain, even
after a good
working rapport
has been
established.
PSYCHOTHERAPY

40. TREATMENTS FOR PPD
Medications which
are prescribed for
specific conditions
should be done so
for the briefest time
period possible to
bring the condition
under management.
MEDICATIONS

41. TREATMENTS FOR PPD
An anti-anxiety agent,
such as diazepam, is
appropriate to
prescribe if the client
suffers from severe
anxiety or agitation
where it begins to
interfere with normal,
daily functioning.
MEDICATIONS

42. TREATMENTS FOR PPD
An anti-psychotic
medication, such as
thioridazine or
haloperidol, may be
appropriate if a patient
decompensates into
severe agitation or
delusional thinking
which may result in self-harm
or harm to others.
MEDICATIONS

43. TREATMENTS FOR PPD
There are not any
self-help support
groups or
communities that
we are aware of that
would be conducive
to someone
suffering from this
disorder.
SELP-HELP

44. TREATMENTS FOR PPD
Such approaches would
likely not be very
effective because a
person with this
disorder is likely to be
mistrustful and
suspicious of others and
their motivations,
making group help and
dynamics unlikely and
possibly harmful.
SELP-HELP

45. TREATMENTS FOR SPD
While there are many
suggested treatment
approaches one could
make for this disorder,
none of them are likely
to be easily effective. As
with all personality
disorders, the treatment
of choice is individual
psychotherapy.
PSYCHOTHERAPY

46. TREATMENTS FOR SPD
However, people with
this disorder are
unlikely to seek
treatment unless they
are under increased
stress or pressure in
their life.
PSYCHOTHERAPY

47. TREATMENTS FOR SPD
Goals of treatment
most often are
solution-focused
using brief therapy
approaches.
PSYCHOTHERAPY

48. TREATMENTS FOR SPD
Medication is usually
not an issue for
someone who suffers
from this disorder,
unless they also have
an additional Axis I
disorder, such as major
depression.
MEDICATIONS

49. TREATMENTS FOR SPD
Most patients show no
additional improvement
with the addition of an
antidepressant
medication, though,
unless they are also
suffering from suicidal
ideation or a major
depressive episode.
MEDICATIONS

50. TREATMENTS FOR SPD
SELP-HELP Self-help methods for
the treatment of this
disorder are often
overlooked by the
medical profession
because very few
professionals are
involved in them.

51. TREATMENTS FOR SPD
SELP-HELP The social network
provided within a self-help
support group can be a
very important
component of increased,
higher life functioning and
a decrease in an inability
to function in the face of
unexpected stressors.

53. Prognosis of Paranoid and
Schizoid Personality Disorders
Treatments are very
difficult for these two
disorders and there
are not many options.
Many psychiatrists
believe it to be out of
their expertise and/or
untreatable .

54. Prognosis of Paranoid and
Schizoid Personality Disorders
People with these
disorders have a hard
time becoming
emotionally close to their
therapists. Sometimes
therapy helps suffers to
experience more positive
feelings and have better
social interactions.

55. Prognosis of Paranoid and
Schizoid Personality Disorders
Drug therapy
is also
administered
but has
limited help.