Bioethanol formation from sugarcane waste through acid hydrolysis

1. Sustainableproductionofbioethanol
fromsugarcanewaste.
PRESENTED BY :- Mohit Khichi and Rouhan
Qureshi.
Enroll.no.- 0701cm201040 and 0701cm201049.
GUIDED BY-: PROF. NAVNEETA LAL.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain

2. CONTENTS
I. What is bioethanol?
II. Bioethanol Production
III. Fuel Properties
IV. Application
V. Advantages
VI. Disadvantages and Concerns
VIII. Future Development.

3. What is Bioethanol
Bioethanol is an alcohol made
by fermentation, mostly
from carbohydrates produced
in sugar or starch crops such
as corn or sugarcane. Cellulosic biomass,
derived from non-food sources such as trees
and grasses, is also being developed as
a feedstock for ethanol production

4. Bioethanol Production
• Wheat/Grains/Corn/Sugar-cane can be used to
produce ethanol. (Basically, any plants that composed
largely of sugars)
• Bioethanol is mainly produced in three ways.
• Sugar ethanol
• starch sugar ethanol
• cellulose and hemicellulose ethanol

5. Bioethanol Production
• Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis
– ~77% of sulfuric acid is added to the dried biomass
to a 10% moisture content.
– Acid to be added in the ratio of 1/25 acid :1
biomass under 50°C.
– Dilute the acid to ~30% with water and reheat the
mixture at100°C for an hour.
– Gel will be produced and pressed to discharge the
acid sugar mixture.
– Separate the acid & sugar mixture by using a
chromatographic column .

6. Bioethanol Production
• Dilute Acid Hydrolysis
– oldest, simplest yet efficient method
– hydrolyse the bio-mass to sucrose
– hemi-cellulose undergo hydrolysis with the
addition of 7% of sulfuric acid under the
temperature 190°C.
– to generate the more resistant cellulose
portion, 4% of sulfuric acid is added at the
temperature of 215°C

7. Bioethanol Production
• Sugar fermentation
– Hydrolysis process breaks down the biomass
cellulosic portion into sugar solutions which will
then be fermented into ethanol.
– Yeast is added and heated to the solution.
– Invertase acts as a catalyst and convert the sucrose
sugars into glucose and fructose. (both C6H12O6).

8. Bioethanol Production
Chemical reaction 1
 The fructose and glucose sugars react with zymase
to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Chemical reaction 2
 Fermentation process requires 3 days to complete
and is carried out at a temperature of between
250°C and 300°C.

9. Bioethanol Production
• Fractional Distillation Process
– After the sugar fermentation process, the ethanol
still does contain a significant quantity of water
which have to be removed.
– In the distillation process, both the water and
ethanol mixture are boiled.
– Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water,
therefore ethanol will be converted into the vapour
state first  condensed and separated from water.

10. Feedstocks
• Sugar is required to produce ethanol by
fermentation.
– Plant materials (grain, stems and leaves) are
composed mainly of sugars
– almost any plants can serve as feedstock for ethanol
manufacture
• Choice of raw material depends on several
factors
– ease of processing of the various plants available
– prevailing conditions of climate
– landscape and soil composition
– sugar content
Crops used in Bioethanol production
Brazil
USA
India
Europe
sugar cane
corn
sugar cane
wheat and barley

11. • Sugar cane to Bioethanol
Simplest of all the processes

12. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as
sugar cane, bagasse, sugar
beet, switchgrass, potatoes, fruit, molasses
corn, stover, wheat, straw, other biomass, as well as many types
of cellulose waste and harvestings
Agricultural feedstocks are considered renewable because
they get energy from the sun using photosynthesis
Cornfield in South
Africa
Sugar cane harvest
Switchgrass
Contd.

13. Bioethanol Properties
 Colourless and clear liquid
 Used to substitute petrol fuel for road transport
vehicles
 One of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in
the world (Brazil & U.S.A are the largest ethanol producers)
 Much more environmentally friendly
 Lower toxicity level

14. Application
• transport fuel to replace gasoline
• fuel for power generation by thermal combustion
• fuel for fuel cells by thermochemical reaction
• fuel in cogeneration systems
• feedstock in the chemicals industry

15. Application
• Blending of ethanol with a small proportion of a
volatile fuel such as gasoline -> more cost effective
• Various mixture of bioethanol with gasoline or
diesel fuels
– E5G to E26G (5-26% ethanol, 95-74% gasoline)
– E85G (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
– E15D (15% ethanol, 85% diesel)
– E95D (95% ethanol, 5% water, with ignition improver)

16. Advantages
• Exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner
– it burns more cleanly as a result of more complete
combustion
• Greenhouse gases reduce
– ethanol-blended fuels such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline) reduce up to 37.1% of GHGs
• Positive energy balance, depending on the type of raw
stock
– output of energy during the production is more than
the input
• Any plant can be use for production of bioethanol
– it only has to contain sugar and starch
• Carbon neutral
– the CO2 released in the bioethanol production process
is the same amount as the one the crops previously
absorbed during photosynthesis

17. Advantages
• Decrease in ozone formation
– The emissions produced by burning ethanol are less reactive with
sunlight than those produced by burning gasoline, which results in a
lower potential for forming ozone
• Renewable energy resource
– result of conversion of the sun's energy into usable energy
– Photosynthesis -> feedstocks grow -> processed into ethanol
• Energy security
– esp. Countries that do not have access to crude oil resources
– grow crops for energy use and gain some economic freedom
• Reduces the amount of high-octane additives
• Fuel spills are more easily biodegraded or diluted
to non toxic concentrations

18. Disadvantages and Concerns
• Biodiversity
– A large amount of arable land is required to grow
crops, natural habitats would be destroyed
• Food vs. Fuel debate
– due to the lucrative prices of bioethanol some
farmers may sacrifice food crops for biofuel
production which will increase food prices around
the world
• Carbon emissions (controversial)
– During production of bioethanol, huge amount of
carbon dioxide is released
– Emission of GHGs from production of bioethanol is
comparable to the emissions of internal-
combustion engines

19. Disadvantages and Concerns
• Not as efficient as petroleum
– energy content of the petrol is much higher than bioethanol
– its energy content is 70% of that of petrol
• Engines made for working on Bioethanol cannot be
used for petrol or diesel
– Due to high octane number of bioethanol, they can be
burned in the engines with much higher compression ratio
• Used of phosphorous and nitrogen in the
production
– negative effect on the environment
• Cold start difficulties
– pure ethanol is difficult to vaporise

20. Disadvantages and Concerns
• Transportation
– ethanol is hygroscopic, it absorbs water from the air and thus
has high corrosion aggressiveness
– Can only be transported by auto transport or railroad
• Many older cars unequipped to handle even 10%
ethanol
• Negatively affect electric fuel pumps by increasing
internal wear and undesirable spark generation

21. Future development
• For bioethanol to become more sustainable to
replace petrol, production process has to be more
efficient
– Reducing cost of conversion
– Increasing yields
– Increase the diversity of crop used
• As microbes are use to convert glucose into sugar
which is ferment in bioethanol
– Microbiology and biotechnology will be helpful in the
genetic engineering

22. References
WWW.GOOGLEIMAGE.COM/BIOETHANOL
WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM/BIOETHANOL
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM/BIOETHANOL
PHILIPPIDIS, G. P., AND SMITH, T, K, 1995, LIMITING
FACTORS IN THE SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION
AND FERMENTATION PROCESS FOR CONVERSION OF
CELLULOSIC BIOMASS TO FUEL ETHANOL, APPL. BIOCHEM.
BIOTECHNOL. 51/52:117-124.
DEMIRBA AYHAN “BIOETHANOL FROM
CELLULOSICMATERIALS” 2005
SELCUK UNIVERSITY, KONYA, TURKEY